Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Challenging evaluation of tropical forest biodiversity requires the reporting of taxonomic diversity but also the systematic characterization of wood properties in order to discover new promising species for timber industry. Among wood properties, the dimensional stability is regarded as a major technological characteristic to validate whether a wood species is adapted to commercial uses. Cell structure and organization are known to influence the drying shrinkage making wood density and microfibrils angle markers of choice to predict wood dimensional stability. On the contrary the role of wood extractive content remains unclear. This work focuses on the fast-growing tropical species Bagassa guianensis and we report herein a correlation between heartwood drying shrinkage and extractive content. Chemical extractions and shrinkage experiments were performed on separate wood twin samples to better evaluate correctly how secondary metabolites influence the wood shrinkage behaviour. Extractive content were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using HPLC and NMR spectroscopy. We found that B guianensis heartwood has a homogeneous low shrinkage along its radius that could not be explained only by its basic density. In fact the low drying shrinkage is correlated to the high extractive content and a corrected model to improve the prediction of wood dimensional stability is presented. Additionally NMR experiments conducted on sapwood and heartwood extracts demonstrate that secondary metabolites biosynthesis occurs in sapwood thus revealing B. guianensis as a Juglans-Type heartwood formation. This work demonstrates that B. guianensis, a fast-growing species associated with high durability and high dimensional stability, is a good candidate for lumber production and commercial purposes.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01392725
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392725
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392725/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392725/file/2016_BossuBeaucheneEstevezDuplaisClair_PlosOne_WoodDimentionalStabilityAndSecondaryMetabolites.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0150777.s005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Walter de Gruyter
Résumé :  
A method for measuring shrinkage resulting from drying in the three anisotropic directions is developed and tested. Measurements are performed on sawn discs, a technique which simplifies preparation and enables large numbers of measurements. Shrinkage values can be represented as a map of the disc surface. The results indicate that comparisons between shrinkage distribution and tension wood distribution on the discs show a clear relationship and can be measured with relatively high accuracy in reference to the "shrinkage map". In the long term, this method could be useful in the timber industry as a means for choosing the direction in which logs are cut depending on their type of wood composition.
Holzforschung

hal-01032055
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032055
DOI : 10.1515/HF.2003.100

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Transverse drying shrinkage was measured at microscopic and mesoscopic levels in poplar wood characterised by an increasing growth strain (GS), from normal to tension wood. Results show that: (a) The drying shrinkage, measured as a relative thickness decrease, was significantly higher for G-layer (GL) than the other layers (OL), GL shrinkage was not significantly correlated with GS and OL shrinkage was negatively correlated with GS. (b) In gelatinous fibre (G-fibre), lumen size increased during drying and this increase was positively related with GS, but in normal wood fibre lumen size decreased during drying. These findings suggest that GL shrank outwards, so that its shrinkage feebly affected the total cell shrinkage and the mesoscopic shrinkage was controlled by the OL shrinkage which shrank inwards. (c) Measurements done on 7×7 mm² thin sections evidenced a negative correlation between transverse shrinkage and GS, significant in T direction but weak in R direction. These observations at both levels allow to discuss the contribution of GL to the mesoscopic shrinkage of tension wood.
ISSN: 0043-7719

hal-00194930
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194930
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194930/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194930/file/WST_FANG2006.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s00226-007-0148-3

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD De Gruyter
Résumé : A method for measuring shrinkage resulting from drying in the three anisotropic directions is developed and tested. Measurements are performed on sawn discs, a technique which simplifies preparation and enables large numbers of measurements. Shrinkage values can be represented as a map of the disc surface; the results indicate that comparisons between shrinkage distribution and tension wood distribution on the discs show a clear relationship and can be measured with relatively high accuracy in reference to the "shrinkage map". In the long term, this method could be useful in the timber industry as a means for choosing the direction in which logs are cut depending on their type of wood composition.
ISSN: 0018-3830

hal-00004531
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00004531
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00004531/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00004531/file/Holzforschung2003_Clair-Jaouen-Beauchene-Fournier_ccsd.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Context and aim : This study aimed to examine the effect of the tension wood G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of wood. Methods : Tension wood and opposite wood samples were obtained from six French Guianese tropical rainforest species (Sextonia rubra, Ocotea guyanensis, Inga alba, Tachigali melinoni, Iyranthera sagotiana and Virola michelii); the tension wood of the former three of these species had a Glayer, whilst the tension wood from the latter three had no Glayer. Tensile dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed on green never dried wood samples in the longitudinal direction with samples submerged in a water bath at a temperature (30°C) and frequency (1 Hz) representative of the conditions experienced by wood within a living tree. Then, DMA was repeated with samples conditioned to an air-dried state. Finally, samples were oven-dried to measure longitudinal shrinkage. Results : Tension wood did not always have a higher longitudinal storage (elastic) modulus than opposite wood from the same tree regardless of the presence or absence of a G‐layer. For the species containing a G‐layer, tension wood had a higher damping coefficient and experienced a greater longitudinal shrinkage upon drying than opposite wood from the same species. No difference was found in damping coefficients between tension wood and opposite wood for the species that had no G‐layer. Conclusion : It is proposed that the different molecular composition of the G-layer matrix has an influence on the viscoelasticity of wood, even if a biomechanical gain is not yet clear. This study shows that rheological properties and longitudinal shrinkage can be used to detect the presence of a G‐layer in tension wood.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-00677460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00677460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00677460/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00677460/file/Clair2.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-011-0164-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Résumé : International audience
Reaction wood produces very peculiar maturation stresses at the tree periphery i.e. compressive stress or very high tensile stress, for compression and tension wood respectively, as compared to moderately high tensile stress for normal wood. This means that both its mechanical state and its mechanical and physical properties differ from normal wood. Compression wood shows big differences from normal wood in conifers, for all physical and mechanical properties: higher density and axial crushing strength (MOR) but lower modulus of elasticity (MOE), far higher axial (longitudinal) shrinkage but lower radial and tangential shrinkage, sometimes even lower than the axial shrinkage. For tension wood things are less simple and can vary a lot from hardwood species to species. Globally there are no systematic differences in density and transverse shrinkage, MOE tends to be a little higher while MOR is slightly lower. However, axial shrinkage is much higher for tension wood with a gelatinous layer (G layer) than normal wood due to the specific gel like organization of cellulose microfibrils in the G layer. For tension wood without a G layer(which is rather frequent) axial shrinkage in the first drying operation is around two times higher than in normal wood mainly because of a kind of hygro-thermal release of locked in maturation stress. Overall the very high tensile stress and stored elastic energy in tension wood lead to problemsin wood processing (end splitting and board warping), which is far less the case for compression wood. But due to the large difference in properties relative to normal wood, compression wood occurrence is always a big problem for the in service behaviour of timber, which is seldom the case for tension wood.
The biology of reaction wood

ISBN : 978-3-642-10813-6
hal-01135273
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01135273

Résumé : Une étude de faisabilité de poutres en bois lamellé-collé a été menée en Guyane Française en utilisant les essences locales. Le but est de déterminer les paramètres de collage assurant la bonne résistance mécanique des assemblages par lamellation et par aboutage, nécessaires à la fabrication de poutres en bois lamellé-collé en climat tropical. Trois essences de bois abondantes de différentes densités ont été sélectionnées. Les adhésifs de types Mélamine-Urée-Formol et Résorcinol-Phénol-Formol ont été utilisées. Les paramètres de collage considérés sont : le grammage, le temps d’assemblage fermé et la pression.En utilisant les normes Européennes, plusieurs campagnes de tests ont été conduites sur des échantillons normalisés. Concernant le collage par lamellation, des tests élémentaires de délamination et de cisaillement des joints de colle ont été réalisés. Le test de délamination consiste en deux cycles d’immersion dans l’eau sous pression et de séchage, il induit de sévères variations d’humidité du bois susceptibles de créer des ouvertures des joints de colles. Le collage par aboutage est réalisé sur des poutres normalisées aboutées. Les entures sont obtenues grâce à un outillage standard communément utilisé pour les résineux. Les résultats ont mis en évidence l’influence des propriétés du bois et des paramètres de collage sur la résistance du joint et la résistance mécanique du produit. En effet, les paramètres du bois, tels que la densité, la rétractibilité et l’imprégnation, ont une forte influence sur le collage, en particulier sur la pression et le grammage nécessaires à la production d’un produit commercialisable. Il apparait qu’un bois de densité moyenne et poreux nécessite un grammage et une pression élevés comparé à un bois de densité élevée qui nécessite des valeurs moindres. Aussi, l’influence d’autres paramètres de fabrication, tels que le rabotage, l’encollage double face et simple face ainsi que l’épaisseur des lamelles, a été établie. Par contre il semblerait que le matériel communément utilisé pour l’aboutage des résineux n’est pas adapté aux feuillus tropicaux. En final, des paramètres de collage ont été validés pour la fabrication de lamellé-collé endémique en Guyane Française et une étude du coût de production d’une poutre lamellé-collé standard a identifié les conditions économiques d’une fabrication en Guyane Française.
A feasibility study of glued-laminated timber beams was carried out in French Guiana using local wood species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gluing parameters that could ensure good mechanical properties for the manufactured glued-laminated beams in tropical climates. Three abundant wood species with different specific gravity were selected for the study. Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde and Resorcinol-Phenol-Formaldehyde resins were used for gluing. The three gluing parameters considered are: adhesive spread rate, closing assembly time and gluing pressure.Using European standards, several laboratory tests were performed on normalized samples. The evaluation of a successful lamella’s gluing was done by using elementary tests of delamination and shearing. A delamination test consists of two cycles of water immersion at high pressure and drying which induces severe hygroscopic variation in wood thus causing joints opening. The finger-joints are made using a standard tool usually used for cutting softwoods. The performed tests revealed the influence of wood properties and the gluing parameters on the joint resistance and the mechanical properties of the product. Results show that wood properties such as specific gravity, shrinkage coefficient, and permeation, have a high degree of influence on the gluing step especially on the gluing pressure and on the adhesive spread rate needed to produce a commercial product. Furthermore, wood with medium specific gravity needs more adhesive and more pressure than the one with high specific gravity. Additionally, the effects of other manufacturing parameters, such as planning, double or simple side glue spreading and lamellae thicknesses, on the glue joint resistance were demonstrated. Finally, the common tools used for softwoods are not adapted to making the finger joints with tropical hardwoods.In conclusion, optimal gluing parameters for manufacturing glued-laminated timber beams in French Guiana were established and an economical study using standard glued-laminated timber beams revealed the economic conditions under which a successful manufacturing of these local beams can be implemented in French Guiana.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0484/document