Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
TEM Study of Heavitree quartzite deformed at high temperatures and a pressure of 1.5 GPa with three different preparations: water-added, vacuum dried, and sodium doped show a wide range of dislocation microstructure. The vacuum dried sample has a very heterogeneous dislocation distribution varying from almost no dislocations to very high densities. Dislocation nucleation occurs by cross-slip mechanisms, such as Frank-Read sources and Orowan loops around hard inclusions. Shear bands develop in the basal plane composed of two closely spaced shear planes. Dislocations have straight segments and they are aligned along directions of dense packing, suggesting strong Peierls stress control due to the crystal structure. No voids, bubbles or dislocation walls where observed in the vacuum dried sample. The sodium-doped sample had a homogeneous high dislocation density. The water-added sample has a significantly lower, relatively uniform dislocation density. Bubbles associated with dislocations are seen in every grain. Dislocations were either present in loops around bubbles or as straight dislocations with small bubbles spaced along the dislocation line. Some of the long straight dislocations are aligned parallel to the c-axis. Sub-grains where very frequent, sometimes form cells of about 2 p,m in diameter with straight edges. Analysis of dislocations show 1/3 < a > and [c] dislocations in sub-grain walls and free 1/3 < a > dislocations on prism planes. There is clear evidence for dislocation climb with sub-grain walls, dislocation cells, dislocation junctions and dislocation debris of small loops. The major difference between vacuum dried and water-added samples are the homogeneity of the microstructure and evidence for climb in the water-added sample. Glide is clearly difficult, with a high Peierls stress in the vacuum dried sample as shown by areas of very low and very high dislocation density and the crystallographic control of dislocation line direction. The sodium-doped sample indicates that nucleation was easy by the high homogenous dislocation density, but no climb recovery has taken place. The density is high and the dislocations are strongly interacting causing tangles; no evidence for crystallographic control can be observed at these levels of strain. The activation energy for creep in Heavitree quartzite decreases with inferred water content of the specimens form 185 kJ mol(-1) for vacuum dried to 151 for 0.4 wt% water-added samples. Analysis of diffusion data for oxygen under hydrothermal conditions and inferred diffusion data for the hydrogarnet defect and dislocation velocity suggests activation energies for these processes are similar to the activation energy for the dislocation creep of Heavitree quartzite and other quartz aggregates. For data from the previously published experiments with the highest stress resolution there is a correlation between the A pre-factor in the power law creep equation and the activation energy for creep. It is speculated that the correlation may be due to variable hydrogarnet defect concentrations.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00413112
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413112
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Transmission electron microscopy observations on olivine crystals deformed at moderate (≤1273 K) temperature evidenced dislocations interactions explaining the hardening observed in the experiments, but also recovery mechanisms by the absorption or emission of point defects. Thus we investigate the possibility that, at geological strain-rates, these recovery processes allow steady-state deformation by dislocation creep at low to moderate temperatures in the lithospheric mantle. We test this hypothesis using a 2.5-D dislocation dynamics (DD) model, which combines dislocation glide and recovery by climb. This model shows that diffusion-controlled recovery processes allow for steady-state deformation by dislocation creep in the lithospheric mantle at stresses <500 MPa. For stresses of 50–200 MPa, steady-state strain-rates of 10−15 s−110−15 s−1 may be attained at temperatures as low as 900 K. Fitting of the DD model produces a flow law, which represents a lower bound for the lithospheric mantle strength, since the models describe the deformation of an olivine single crystal in an easy slip orientation. Comparison of strain-rates and Moho temperatures inferred for different geodynamic environments and the predictions of this model-based flow law implies, nevertheless, that, except in incipient rifts, most of the observed deformation may be produced by stress levels ≤200 MPa, consistent with those inferred to be produced by convection. This convergence suggests that the present models, which explicitly calculate the time-dependent dislocation dynamics, may provide a correct first order estimate of the mechanical behaviour of the lithospheric mantle, which cannot be derived directly from any existing data.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/file/Boioli.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD E Schweizerbart Science Publishers
Résumé : International audience
We present an electron tomography study of dislocations in deformed olivine single crystals, at ca. 0.5 T m, along two distinct orientations. The easiest slip systems are [001](100) and [001]{110}. Disorientating a single crystal away from easy glide conditions leads to massive cross-slip, which generates three-dimensional dislocations, and thus contributes to hardening. Fast motion of curved non-screw dislocation in those planes leaves long straight screw dislocations which bear lattice friction and control plastic strain. We have identified several hardening mechanisms. Non-screw [001] dislocations interact elastically to form dipoles. Recovery mechanisms leading to dipole annihilation are observed, but they are slow at those temperatures and produce numerous sessile loops. These loops represent obstacles for gliding dislocations. Interactions between dislocations and sessile loops produce sessile segments (super jogs), which efficiently impede dislocation motions.
ISSN: 0935-1221

hal-01277821
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277821
DOI : 10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2481

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In this paper, we determine dislocation core structures and Peierls stresses of wadsleyite, a high-pressure mineral present in the Earth mantle. We use a Peierls-Nabarro model combined with a finite-element method in which we introduce two-dimensional generalized stacking fault energies. Several potential slip planes of wadsleyite are considered. The results show that dislocations in this mineral can exhibit complex dislocation cores with linear or non-collinear dissociation and even three-dimensional dislocation cores. The calculation of the Peierls stresses gives information on the potential activity of slip systems governing the plasticity of wadsleyite. Our study confirms experimental observations that 1/2 < 1 1 1 >{1 0 1} is the easiest slip system in this structure at high-pressure and that [1 0 0](0 1 0) is the second easiest. Both these easily slip systems have dislocations that dissociate into collinear partial dislocations. In contrast [0 1 0] dislocations with very large Burgers vector (11.2 angstrom) are stabilized by complex dissociations involving four partial dislocations.
ISSN: 1359-6454

hal-00475548
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475548
DOI : 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.10.047

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis: STM Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles Taylor & Francis: STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles
Résumé : We have investigated by electron tomography, in a transmission electronic microscope, the interactions between dislocations in olivine single crystals and polycrystals deformed in axial compression at T < 1000 °C (T < 0.5Tm). Dislocations are mostly of the [0 0 1] type, except in the polycrystal where [1 0 0] and [0 0 1] dislocations have been activated. A few 〈1 0 1〉 junctions have been found and characterized. Many collinear interactions have been identified either involving direct interactions between crossing dislocations of opposite Burgers vectors or indirect interactions between dislocations gliding in parallel planes and sessile dislocation loops. We suggest that collinear interaction, already identified as the primary source of strain hardening in FCC metals, is the main dislocation interaction mechanism in olivine deformed at temperatures below 1000 °C.
ISSN: 1478-6443

hal-01174166
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174166
DOI : 10.1080/14786435.2014.1000996

Éditeur(s) : Neidine Editeurs
Résumé : The object of this article is to offer a synthesis of the knowledge clarifying the originality and the diversity of the submarine geological formations of the New Caledonian EEZ. A reminder is given onto the geologic history of the region, based upon the dislocation of the Gondwana Continent, the opening of the Tasman Sea, the presence of submarine volcanism, the setting up of heavy peridotitic rocks, the building up of the Fairway and Lord Howe Ridges and of sedimentary basins, the formation of volcanic domes and sea-mounts or guyots, the subduction along the Vanuatu Trench, the uplift of the Loyalty Islands, the development of carbonated ptatforms around the islands etc.... Of this complex history ensues an exceptional submarine geo-diversity. After this presentation the article clarifies the methods and the tools used in marine geosciences to map, explore, observe, analyze, sample, that they are embarked or are autonomous, teleoperated or inhabited systems. A chapter describes the programs which were set up since about forty years and the results obtained as well as the scientific teams concerned with. In conclusion, based on the unpublished character of this geo-diversity, the article introduces the second text to come in a next issue of theTai Kona magazine, text which will focus on the scientific, economic (mineral resources), environmental (deep biodiversity) and risks (seismicity) challenges that are worn by one of the most original submarine geologic context in the world.
L’objet de cet article est de proposer une synthèse des connaissances explicitant l’originalité et la diversité des formations géologiques sous-marines de la ZEE calédonienne. Un rappel est donné sur l’histoire géologique de la région basée sur la dislocation du continent Gondwana, l’ouverture de la Mer de Tasman, la présence de volcanisme sous-marin, la mise en place des péridotites, la formation des rides de Fairway et Lord Howe et de bassins sédimentaires, la formation de dômes et monts sous-marins ou guyots, la subduction le long de la fosse de Vanuatu, la surrection des Loyautés, la mise en place de plateformes carbonatées etc... De cette histoire complexe découle une géo-diversité sous-marine exceptionnelle. Après cette présentation l’article explicite les méthodes et les outils utilisés en géosciences marines pour cartographier, explorer, observer, analyser, prélever, qu’ils soient embarqués ou soient des systèmes autonomes, télé-opérés ou habités. Un chapitre décrit les programmes qui ont été mis en place depuis une quarantaine d’années et les résultats obtenus ainsi que les équipes scientifiques en place. En conclusion sur le constat du caractère inédit de cette géo-diversité, l’article introduit un deuxième texte à venir dans un prochain numéro de Tai Kona, texte qui se focalisera sur les enjeux scientifiques, économiques (ressources minérales), environnementaux (biodiversité profonde) et de risques (sismicité) portés par un contexte géologique sous-marin des plus originaux.
Tai Kona (2269-7535) (Neidine Editeurs), 2014 , N. 8 , P. 48-57

Droits : 2014 Tai Kona
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00194/30574/29098.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00194/30574/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : The core structures of dislocations in diopside have been calculated within the Peierls model, which assumes a planar core. 1/2 < 110 > dislocations can dissociate into two collinear partial dislocations. We show that [001] glide is very difficult in (010) and that a non-collinear dissociation of [001](100) (modelled within a Peierls-Nabarro-Galerkin approach) makes glide equally easy in (100) and {110}. A widely spread core structure corresponding to a low lattice friction has been found for [100](010) and [010](100) dislocations which is not supported by mechanical data and, together with TEM observations, suggests that another, probably non-planar core structure is possible for these dislocations.
ISSN: 0342-1791

hal-00558238
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00558238
DOI : 10.1007/s00269-010-0370-7

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We performed torsional deformation experiments on pre-hydrated fine-grained olivine aggregates using an innovative experimental assembly to investigate water weakening in mantle rocks at high shear strains. San Carlos olivine powder was cold-pressed and then hot-pressed under hydrous conditions, producing aggregates with average grain sizes of 7 or 15 μm. Deformation experiments were performed in a high-resolution gas-medium apparatus equipped with a torsional actuator, under a confining pressure of 300 MPa, a temperature of 1200 °C, and constant shear strain rates ranging from 8 × 10−5 to 1.4 × 10−4 s−1. Maximum shear stresses range from 150 to 195 MPa. These values are 30% lower relative to those determined in previous torsion experiments on dry, fined-grained dunites under similar conditions. Textures and microstructures of the starting and deformed specimens were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All deformed aggregates exhibit a shape-preferred orientation marking a foliation and lineation, as well as a reduction in mean grain size from 15 μm down to 3-4 μm due to dynamic recrystallization. Olivine crystallographic fabrics developed rapidly (γ < 0.1), but their strength, characterized by the J-index, is low compared to naturally deformed peridotites or to polycrystalline olivine deformed at similar finite shear strains under dry conditions. The crystallographic fabrics are consistent with deformation by a dislocation accommodated creep mechanism with activation of multiple {0 k l}[1 0 0] systems, among which the (0 1 0)[1 0 0] slip system is dominant, and minor participation of the (0 1 0)[0 0 1] slip system. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the occurrence of dislocations with [1 0 0] and [0 0 1] Burgers vectors in most grains. Analysis of unpolarized infrared spectra indicates that hydrogen concentration in the olivine lattice is below the saturation level of 18 ppm wt H2O, which is similar to those typically observed in spinel-bearing peridotite xenoliths, and also provide evidence for water-rich inter-granular material trapped in pores and grain boundaries. Seismic properties computed from the CPO observations correspond to those most commonly observed in naturally deformed mantle peridotites with fast P-wave propagation and S-wave polarization subparallel to the shear direction. These torsion experiments on fine-grained olivine polycrystals under hydrous conditions indicate that water weakening under lithospheric conditions is linked to various defects with hydrogen in the olivine structure, as well as with water-derived species in grain boundaries or pores.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00745170
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00745170
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2012.05.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
A San Carlos olivine polycrystal has been deformed under uppermost mantle conditions, by compression at 900 °C, at a strain rate of 1.1 × 10−5 s−1, under a confining pressure of 300 MPa, using the Paterson press. Transmission electron tomography of dislocations has been performed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, by conventional transmission electron microscopy using the weak-beam dark-field technique, associated with precession or not, in order to determine the glide planes of [001] screw dislocations. This recent technique is the most suitable one since most [001] dislocations exhibit straight screw segments due to the high lattice friction on this character at low temperature. We find that [001] dislocations glide in (100), (010) and {110} as already reported, but also more unexpectedly in {120} and {130}. We show that at 900 °C, [001] {110} glide is dominant in polycrystals. We have, however, noted and characterized numerous cross-slip events in the specimen.
ISSN: 0342-1791

hal-01054330
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01054330
DOI : 10.1007/s00269-014-0665-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Prediction of ice mass flow and associated dynamics is pivotal at a time of climate change. Ice flow is dominantly accommodated by the motion of crystal defects – the dislocations. In the specific case of ice, their observation is not always accessible by means of the classical tools such as X-ray diffraction or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Part of the dislocation population, the geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) can nevertheless be constrained using crystal orientation measurements via electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) associated with appropriate analyses based on the Nye (1950) approach. The present study uses the Weighted Burgers Vectors, a reduced formulation of the Nye theory that enables the characterization of GNDs. Applied to ice, this method documents, for the first time, the presence of dislocations with non-basal or Burgers vectors. These or dislocations represent up to of the GNDs observed in laboratory-deformed ice samples. Our findings offer a more complex and comprehensive picture of the key plasticity processes responsible for polycrystalline ice creep and provide better constraints on the constitutive mechanical laws implemented in ice sheet flow models used to predict the response of Earth ice masses to climate change.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01685565
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01685565
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.020

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We have performed tri-axial compression experiments on olivine aggregates at 900 °C and at a confining pressure of 300 MPa in a high-resolution gas-medium mechanical testing apparatus. Deformation at two different constant strain rates (1.1 × 10− 5 s− 1 and 3.4 × 10− 4 s− 1) yields continuous hardening, reaching maximal differential stresses of 930 and 1076 MPa, respectively, before sample failure at ca. 10% strain. The deformed samples were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) are weak but reveal an alignment of the [010] axes around the compression direction and some concentration of [001] and [100] axes normal to it. TEM observations confirm plastic deformation by dislocation glide, with both [001] and [100] Burgers vectors. Electron tomography, performed for the first time on deformed fined-grained olivine, shows that [001] dislocations glide extensively on {110} and {130} planes, in complement to the (010) and (100) glide planes often reported at high temperatures. [100] dislocations glide mostly on (010), but {011} and {041} planes are also activated. The experimental CPO and relative activity of slip systems are well reproduced by viscoplastic self-consistent simulations in which all [100] and [001] slip systems have similar strengths. They are also consistent with olivine CPO from natural samples deformed at low temperature. Comparison of the present mechanical results to those obtained for olivine single-crystals at similar conditions shows that at low temperature (below 1100 °C) and high stress (> 300 MPa) polycrystalline olivine has a more complex mechanical behavior than single crystals. However, both datasets advocate for a much weaker dry mantle lithosphere than previously thought.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01053513
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053513
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.022

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
I use GPS interseismic velocities and classic 2D elastic half-space models with a screw dislocation to estimate the long-term fault slip rate, locking depth, and the offset between the surface fault trace and the location of the dislocation below the seismogenic zone for 13 segments along 8 major strike-slip faults. Using deduced strike-slip rates and the position of the dislocation to normalize the interseismic velocities to facilitate comparison of spatial patterns of deformation, I show that no substantial differences can be detected, ruling out a large asymmetry in interseismic velocities across the 8 faults used in this study. Only the Carrizo Plain segment of the San Andreas Fault shows a significant asymmetry that cannot be explained by shifting the position of the dislocation at depth relative to the fault trace. However, the resulting perturbation is less than 10% of total strike-slip rate. Fault traces are usually curved, defining a concave side. When the dislocation at depth is significantly offset from the fault trace, the shift is always toward the block on the concave side of the fault trace. This suggests that the fault zone in the lower crust may develop a simpler geometry more consistent with relative motion across the fault than its upper seismogenic part constrained by the structural complexity of the brittle crust. Since the faults used in this study are at different times in their interseismic period, comparing the interseismic velocity fields across them allows identification of possible variations of the interseismic velocities with time. When normalized by slip rate and dislocation location, all the faults show the same interseismic strain with no significant differences between deduced locking depths. These comparisons suggest that if temporal variations occur as suggested by some dynamic earthquake cycle models, they are small and below the accuracy of the available geodetic measurements.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01171753
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01171753
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.01.013

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : We have studied the phase transformation of forsterite to wadsleyite under shear stress at the Earth's transition zone pressure and temperature conditions. Two-step experiments were performed using a multi-anvil press. First, we hot pressed iron-free forsterite at 6 or 11 GPa and 1100 degrees C. Then we deformed a slab of this starting material using a direct simple shear assembly at 16 GPa and 1400 degrees C for 1, 15, 35, 40, or 60 min. Both the starting material and the deformed samples were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy including measurements of crystal preferred orientations (CPO) by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The phase transformation occurs very rapidly, in less than 1 min, and metastable forsterite relics are not observed after deformation. The grain size of wadsleyite is slightly smaller than the forsterite starting material. The water contents obtained from FTIR analyses in forsterite and wadsleyite are 65-124 wt ppm H2O and 114-736 wt ppm H2O, respectively, which are well below water solubility at similar conditions in the presence of free water. Wadsleyite aggregates display weak CPO patterns with [1 0 0] axes concentrated at low angle to the shear direction, [0 1 0] axes perpendicular to the shear plane and nearly random [0 0 1] axes. Only a few dislocations were observed in wadsleyite with TEM. This observation is consistent with the assumption that most dislocations formed during the initial high-stress stages of these stress-relaxation experiments, were consumed in the phase transformation, probably enhancing the transformation rate. CPO patterns vary as a function of the water content: with increasing water content the density of [1 0 0] axes parallel to the shear direction decreases, and the density of [0 0 1] axes increases. Viscoplastic self-consistent modeling of CPO evolution using previously reported glide systems for wadsleyite, i.e., [1 0 0]{0 k 1} and 1/2 (1 1 1){1 0 1}, cannot reproduce the measured CPO, unless the [0 0 1](0 1 0) system, for which dislocations have not been observed by TEM, is also activated. In addition, wadsleyite grain growth suggests the participation of diffusion-assisted processes in deformation. Calculated anisotropies for P and S-waves using measured CPO are always below 1%. This very low anisotropy is due to both the low finite strain achieved in the experiments, which leads to weak wadsleyite CPO, and to the diluting effect of added majorite. The present experiments emphasize the importance of stress, grain size evolution and water content in the forsterite to wadsleyite phase transformation and subsequent deformation in the transition zone.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00617430
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617430
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2010.11.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In this study, we propose a theoretical approach to test the validity of the isomechanical analogues for post-perovskite structures. Intrinsic plastic properties are evaluated for three materials exhibiting a post-perovskite phase: MgSiO3, MgGeO3 and CaIrO3. Dislocation properties of each structure are determined using the Peierls-Nabarro model based on first-principles calculations of generalised stacking fault and the plastic properties are extended to crystal-preferred orientations using a visco-plastic self-consistent method. This study provides intrinsic parameters of plastic deformation such as dislocation structures and Peierls stresses that can be directly compared between the three materials. It appears that it is very difficult to draw any simple conclusions on polycrystalline deformation simply by comparing single crystal properties. In particular, contrasting single crystal properties of MgSiO3 and CaIrO3 lead to similar crystal-preferred orientation of the polycrystal aggregates.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00420104
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00420104
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.04.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Techno-Press
Résumé : Fractures and faults riddle the Earth’s crust on all scales, and the deformation associated with them is presumed to have had significant effects on its petrological and structural evolution. However, despite the abundance of directly observable earthquake activity, unequivocal evidence for seismic slip rates along ancient faults is rare and usually related to frictional melting and the formation of pseudotachylites. We report novel microstructures from garnet crystals in the immediate vicinity of seismic slip planes that transected lower crustal granulites during intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Bergen Arcs area, western Norway, some 420 million years ago. Seismic loading caused massive dislocation formations and fragmentation of wall rock garnets. Microfracturing and the injection of sulfide melts occurred during an early stage of loading. Subsequent dilation caused pervasive transport of fluids into the garnets along a network of microfractures, dislocations, and subgrain and grain boundaries, leading to the growth of abundant mineral inclusions inside the fragmented garnets. Recrystallization by grain boundary migration closed most of the pores and fractures generated by the seismic event. This wall rock alteration represents the initial stages of an earthquake-triggered metamorphic transformation process that ultimately led to reworking of the lower crust on a regional scale.
ISSN: 2287-528X

hal-01553309
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01553309
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01553309/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01553309/file/austrheim2017.pdf
DOI : 10.1126/sciadv.1602067

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Geological Society of London
Résumé : We have applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses coupled with viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) numerical modelling to identify the active slip systems and to better understand the crystal preferred orientation (CPO) development of the Torridon quartz mylonite (NW Scotland). TEM analyses showed evidence of activation of 1/3〈a〉{π′}, 1/3〈a〉{z} and possible 〈a〉(c) slip systems, as well as dislocation climb and dynamic recrystallization. All the CPOs generated by VPSC models share common characteristics with the Torridon quartz mylonite, but only Models 2 and 3 reproduce the [c]-axes maxima at low angle (<20°) to the foliation pole along the YZ plane, as observed in the mylonite. In Model 2, this concentration only occurs at γ≥2.6, whereas in Model 3 this maxima occurs at lower shear strains. The models that start with a previous preferred orientation acquire very strong CPOs after small-imposed strains, followed by the rapid rotation of the fabric in relation to the new imposed finite strain axes. The combined activation of 〈a〉{π′}, 〈a〉{z} and possibly 〈a〉(c) slip systems, as demonstrated by TEM analyses, suggests that the VPSC model that best predicts CPO development in the Torridon quartz mylonite is Model 2, where the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of 〈a〉{π/π′} is assumed to be slightly stronger than 〈a〉(c).
Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Microstructures, Mechanics and Anisotropy

hal-00688840
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00688840

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We use first first-principle methods and the Peierls-Nabarro model to evaluate the resistance to glide, characterized by the Peierls stress, of glide systems for end-member MgSiO3 Perovskite at mantle pressures. [010](100) is the easiest glide system in Mg-Perovskite at all pressures. Peierls stresses increase systematically with pressure for all systems except [001](010), indicating the importance of lattice friction at lower mantle pressures. The ratio of the maximum Peierls stress for each system relative to the [010](100) value defines their critical resolved shear stress (CRSS). These CRSS are used in a visco-plastic self-consistent homogenization model to predict the evolution of crystal preferred orientations (CPO) during deformation of polycrystalline Mg-Perovskite. In axial compression, [100] tends to align with the compression direction, in agreement with in situ observations in axial compression experiments. In simple shear, [010] concentrates near the shear direction and (100), although more dispersed, tends to align near the shear plane, consistent with the dominant activity of the easier [010](100) system. The calculated seismic anisotropy for a 100% Mg-Perovskite aggregate using the CPO in simple shear and the elastic constants Of MgSiO3 perovskite at lower mantle pressures and temperatures is weak (>3% for P-waves with and >2% for S-waves) and decreases with increasing temperature and pressure. P-waves show the fastest propagation parallel to the lineation and S-waves fast polarization is in the foliation at 38 GPa and normal to the lineation at 88 GPa. This weak anisotropy is consistent with global seismological observations of a nearly isotropic lower mantle. There are however two regions where strain-induced Mg-Perovskite CPO could contribute to anisotropy; a) low temperature regions in the uppermost lower mantle, where the predicted S-wave polarization anisotropy may attain 1.6% with a fast polarization parallel to the foliation, b) in high high-temperature domains in the D '' layer, where Mg-Perovskite may be the major stable phase, leading to polarization of fast S-waves normal to the lineation for propagation directions at high angle to the lineation and an apparent isotropy for all other propagation directions.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00411460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411460
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.058

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The origin of plate tectonics is one of the most fundamental issues in earth and planetary sciences. Laboratory experiments indicate that the viscosity of silicate rocks is so strongly temperature-dependent that the entire surface of the Earth should be one immobile rigid plate. The rheology of oceanic lithosphere is, however, still poorly understood, and there exist few constraints on the temperature dependency of viscosity on the field scale. Here we report a new kind of observational constraint based on the geoid along oceanic fracture zones. We identify a large number of conspicuous small-scale geoid anomalies, which cannot be explained by the standard evolution model of oceanic lithosphere, and estimate their source density perturbations using a new Bayesian inversion method. Our results suggest that they are caused most likely by small-scale convection involving temperature perturbations of ∼300 K±100 K∼300 K±100 K. Such thermal contrast requires the activation energy of mantle viscosity to be as low as View the MathML source100±50 kJmol−1 in case of diffusion creep, and View the MathML source225±112 kJmol−1 in case of dislocation creep, substantially reducing the thickness of the stiffest part of oceanic lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere may thus be broken and bent much more easily than previously thought, facilitating the operation of plate tectonics.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01467827
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467827
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.027

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis: STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles
Résumé : International audience
The dislocation microstructures in a single crystal of olivine deformed experimentally in uniaxial compression at 1090 °C and under a confining pressure of 300 MPa, have been investigated by transmission electron tomography in order to better understand deformation mechanisms at the microscale relevant for lithospheric mantle deformations. Investigation by electron tomography reveals microstructures, which are more complex than previously described, composed of and dislocations commonly exhibiting 3D configurations. Numerous mechanisms such as climb, cross-slip, double cross-slip as well as interactions like junction formations and collinear annihilations are the source of this complexity. The diversity observed advocates for microscale deformation of olivine significantly less simple than classic dislocation creep reported in metals or ice close to melting temperature. Deciphering mechanism of hardening in olivine at temperatures where ionic diffusion is slow and is then expected to play very little role is crucial to better understand and thus model deformation at larger scale and at temperatures (900–1100 °C) highly relevant for the lithospheric mantle.
ISSN: 1478-6443

hal-01667146
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01667146
DOI : 10.1080/14786435.2017.1367858

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Frontiers Media
Résumé : International audience
We present high resolution observations of microstructure and texture evolution during dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of ice polycrystals deformed in the laboratory at high temperature (≈0.98Tm). Ice possesses a significant viscoplastic anisotropy that induces strong strain heterogeneities, which result in an early occurrence of DRX mechanisms. It is therefore a model material to explore these mechanisms. High resolution c-axis measurements at sample scale by optical techniques and full crystallographic orientation measurements by cryo-Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) provide a solid database for analyzing the relative impact of the macroscopic imposed stress vs. the local and internal stress fields on DRX mechanisms. Analysis of misorientation gradients in the EBSD data highlights a heterogeneous dislocation distribution, which is quantified by the Nye tensor estimation. Joint analyses of the dislocation density maps and microstructural observations highlight spatial correlation between high dislocation density sites and the onset of nucleation taking place by grain-boundary bulging, subgrain rotation or by the formation of kink-bands.
ISSN: 2296-6463

hal-01515284
https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01515284
DOI : 10.3389/feart.2015.00081