Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Iran covers a large area limited in longitude by the meridians 44°E and 64°E and in latitude by the parallels 25°N and 40°N. Mapping a new gravity field over Iran is the first important data for geodetic, geophysicaland geodynamical considerations. In this thesis, the gravity measurements are used to determine the gravimetric geoid over Iran. This geoid is coupled with the GPS height and altitude (levelling) to realize an operational vertical surface at the territory of Iran. The contribution of the principal geodetic and gravimetric works realized in recent years are the establishment of: 1) the national absolute gravity network of Iran (NAGNI09), 2) the national gravity calibration line of Iran (NGCLI10) and 3) the multi-observations geodetic and gravimetric network of Iran (MPGGNI10). The absolute gravity network consists in 24 stations where the gravity measurement has been realized with the help of gravimeters FG5, with a precision better than 5μ Gal. The repetition of the observations at two stations between 2000 and 2007 makes obvious the inter-annual variations of gravity in relation of the amount of underground water changes and (or) tectonic deformation. The absolute gravity network has served the base stations for the realization of the MPGGNI10 geodetic and gravimetric network with a mesh of 55 km, at which the gravity is measured with the help of relative gravimeters CG-5 and CG-3/M, the GPS height and the altitude with a precision of 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m, and 3mm km respectively. The remove-restore technique coupled with the Helmert's condensation method is chousen to compute a new gravimetric geoid model, IRGeoid10, with a absolute and relative precision of the order of 0.26 m and 2.8 ppm respectively. The gravimetric geoid is adjusted at the GPS/levelling points to define new vertical reference surface over Iran
L'Iran couvre une grande superficie en longitude entre les méridiens 44°E et 64°E et en latitude entre les parallèles 25°N et 40°N. la cartographie de champ de pesanteur sur l'Iran est de premiére importance pour des considérations d'ordre géodésique, géophysique et geodynamique. Dans cette thèse, les mesures de pesanteur sont utilisées pour déterminer le géoïde gravimétrique sur l'Iran. Ce géoïde est couplé à la mesure de hauteur GPS et d'altitude (nivellement) pour réaliser une surface verticale opérationnelle sur le territoire Iranien. La contribution aux principaux travaux géodésiques et gravimétriques réalisés ces dernières années porte sur l'établissement: 1) du réseau national de gravimétrique absolu de l'Iran (NAGNI09), 2) de la ligne nationale d'étalonnage de gravimétrique de l'Iran (NGCLI10), 3) du réseau multi- observations géodésiques et gravimétriques de l'Iran (MPGGNI10). Le réseau gravimétrique absolu, comporte 24 stations où la mesure de la pesanteur a été réalisée à l'aide de gravimètres FG5, avec une précision meilleure que 5μ Gal. La répétition des observations sur deux sites entre 2000 et 2007 met en évidence des variations inter-annuelles de la pesanteur en relation avec l'évolution du contenu en eau du sous-sol et (ou) la déformation tectonique. Le réseau a servi de point d'appui pour la réalisation du réseau géodésique et gravimétrique MPGGNI10 de maille 55 km sur lequel a été mesuré la pesanteur à l'aide des gravimètres relatifs CG5 et CG-3/M, la hauteur de GPS et l'altitude avec une précision respectivement de 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m et 3mm km . La technique de retrait- restoration couplée à la méthode de condensation de Helmert a permis de calculer un nouveau modèle de géoïde gravimétrique, IRGeoid10, avec une précision absolue et relatif respectivement de l'ordre de 0.26m et 2.8 ppm. Ce géoïde est ajusté aux points GPS nivelés pour définir un nouveau référentiel des altitudes sur l'Iran.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614

tel-00627614
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614/file/TheseYaghoubHatamDef.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : Approximately 4 yr of campaign and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements across the Dead Sea fault system (DSFS) in Lebanon provide direct measurements of interseismic strain accumulation along a 200-km-long restraining bend in this continental transform fault. Late Cenozoic transpression within this restraining bend has maintained more than 3000 m of topography in the Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges. The GPS velocity field indicates 4-5 mm yr(-1) of relative plate motion is transferred through the restraining bend to the northern continuation of the DSFS in northwestern Syria. Near-field GPS velocities are generally parallel to the major, left-lateral strike-slip faults, suggesting that much of the expected convergence across the restraining bend is likely accommodated by different structures beyond the aperture of the GPS network (e.g. offshore Lebanon and, possibly, the Palmyride fold belt in SW Syria). Hence, these geodetic results suggest a partitioning of crustal deformation involving strike-slip displacements in the interior of the restraining bend, and crustal shortening in the outer part of the restraining bend. Within the uncertainties, the GPS-based rates of fault slip compare well with Holocene-averaged estimates of slip along the two principal strike-slip faults: the Yammouneh and Serghaya faults. Of these two faults, more slip occurs on the Yammouneh fault, which constitutes the primary plate boundary structure between the Arabia and Sinai plates. Hence, the Yammouneh fault is the structural linkage that transfers slip to the northern part of the transform in northwestern Syria. From the perspective of the regional earthquake hazard, the Yammouneh fault is presently locked and accumulating interseismic strain.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00406620
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406620
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03328.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We present GPS observations in Morocco and adjacent areas of Spain from 15 continuous (CGPS) and 31 survey-mode (SGPS) sites extending from the stable part of the Nubian plate to central Spain. We determine a robust velocity field for the W Mediterranean that we use to constrain models for the Iberia-Nubia plate boundary. South of the High Atlas Mountain system, GPS motions are consistent with Nubia plate motions from prior geodetic studies. We constrain shortening in the Atlas system to <1.5 mm/yr. 95% confidence level. North of the Atlas Mountains, the GPS velocities indicate Nubia motion with respect to Eurasia, but also a component of motion normal to the direction of Nubia-Eurasia motion, consisting of southward translation of the Rif Mountains in N Morocco at rates exceeding 5 mm/yr. This southward motion appears to be directly related to Miocene opening of the Alboran Sea. The Betic Mountain system north of the Alboran Sea is characterized by WNW motion with respect to Eurasia at 1-2 mm/yr. paralleling Nubia-Eurasia relative motion. In addition, sites located in the Betics north of the southerly moving Rif Mountains also indicate a component of southerly motion with respect to Eurasia. We interpret this as indicating that deformation associated with Nubia-Eurasia plate motion extends into the southern Betics, but also that the Betic system may be affected by the same processes that are causing southward motion of the Rif Mountains south of the Alboran Sea. Kinematic modeling indicates that plate boundary geometries that include a boundary through the Straits of Gibraltar are most compatible with the component of motion in the direction of relative plate motion, but that two additional blocks (Alboran-Rif block, Betic Mountain block), independent of both Nubia and Eurasia are needed to account for the motions of the Rif and Betic Mountains normal to the direction of relative plate motion. We speculate that the southward motions of the Alboran-Rif and Betic blocks may be related to mantle flow, possibly induced by southward rollback of the subducted Nubian plate beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif Mountains.
ISSN: 0264-3707

hal-00475538
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475538
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2009.10.007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy P - Oxford Open Option A Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The Pyrenean mountain range is a slowly deforming belt with continuous and moderate seismic activity. To quantify its deformation field, we present the velocity field estimated from a GPS survey of the Pyrenees spanning 18 yr. The PotSis and ResPyr networks, including a total of 85 GPS sites, were installed and first measured in 1992 and 1995–1997, respectively, and remeasured in 2008 and 2010. We obtain a deformation field with velocities less than 1 mm yr−1 across the range. The estimated velocities for individual stations do not differ significantly from zero with 95 per cent confidence. Even so, we estimate a maximum extensional horizontal strain rate of 2.0 ± 1.7 nanostrain per year in a N–S direction in the western part of the range. We do not interpret the vertical displacements due to their large uncertainties. In order to compare the horizontal strain rates with the seismic activity, we analyse a set of 194 focal mechanisms using three methods: (i) the ‘r’ factor relating their P and T axes, (ii) the stress tensors obtained by fault slip inversion and (iii) the strain-rate tensors. Stress and strain-rate tensors are estimated for: (i) the whole data set, (ii) the eastern and western parts of the range separately, and (iii) eight zones, which are defined based on the seismicity and the tectonic patterns of the Pyrenees. Each of these analyses reveals a lateral variation of the deformation style from compression and extension in the east to extension and strike-slip in the west of the range. Although the horizontal components of the strain-rate tensors estimated from the seismic data are slightly smaller in magnitude than those computed from the GPS velocity field, they are consistent within the 2σ uncertainties. Furthermore, the orientations of their principal axes agree with the mapped active faults.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01171752
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01171752
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggv052

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Iran is an active continental domain accommodating the convergence between the Arabia and Eurasia plates. In northwestern Iran, deformation between the Central Iranian block and the Caucasus domain is mainly accommodated by right lateral strike-slip on the Tabriz fault. Cities and villages, including the city of Tabriz, have been destroyed by several strong historical earthquakes (M similar to 7). In this study, we compare the slip-rates estimated from geodetic measurements (radar interferometry and UPS) with those determined by dating a geomorphological offset of an alluvial fan along the Tabriz fault. The GPS measurements along two profiles normal to the Tabriz fault suggest a slip-rate of 7.3 +/- 1.3 mm yr(-1). The persistent scatterer radar interferometry analysis of Envisat satellite archives from 2003 to 2010 shows a velocity gradient (6 +/- 3 mm yr(-1)) across the Tabriz fault in agreement with GPS results. Moreover, it reveals that most of the area located south of the Tabriz fault is affected by subsidence, and that some sections of the fault probably act as barriers to fluid migration which may have an impact on its mechanical behaviour. West of Tabriz morphotectonic investigations on an alluvial fan surface show a right-lateral cumulative offset of 320 +/- 40 m Luminescence analyses of the coarse matrix alluvial fan deposits provide an age of 46 +/- 3 ka. This yields a slip-rate comprised between 6.5 and 7.3 mm yr(-1) along this segment. These results suggest that the Late Quaternary slip-rate is in agreement with the present-day slip-rate estimated by geodetic measurements, showing no slip-rate changes during the past 45 000 yr. Short-term variations within the 45 000 yr related to temporal earthquake clustering over few seismic cycles cannot be ruled out, but if they exist, they do not affect the geodetic and the geomorphological estimates. This study is in agreement with previous ones suggesting that long-term slip-rates (i.e. averaged over several tens of seismic cycles) are consistent with geodetic estimated slip-rates (i.e. extrapolated from few years of interseismic observations), and suggests that perturbations of fault slip-rates are related to variations over few seismic cycles.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00844695
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00844695
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00844695v2/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00844695/file/rizza2013.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggt041

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A dense, local network of 30 geodetic markers covering a 50 × 60 km2 area in the southwestern European Alps (Briançon region) has been temporarily surveyed in 1996, 2006 and 2011 by GPS. The aim is to measure the current deformation in this seismically active area. The study zone is characterized by a majority of extensional and dextral focal mechanisms, along north–south to N160 oriented faults. The combined analysis of the three measurement campaigns over 15 years and up to 16 years of permanent GPS data from the French RENAG network now enables to assess horizontal velocities below 1 mm/year within the local network. The long observation interval and the redundancy of the dense campaign network measurement help to constrain a significant local deformation pattern in the Briançon region, yielding an average E–W extension of 16 ± 11 nanostrain/year. We compare the geodetic deformation field to the seismic deformation rate cumulated over 37 years, and obtain good coherencies both in amplitude and direction. Moreover, the horizontal deformation localized in the Briançon region represents a major part of the Adriatic-European relative plate motion. However, the average uplift of the network in an extensional setting needs the presence of buoyancy forces in addition to plate tectonics.
ISSN: 0264-3707

hal-01119724
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01119724
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2015.02.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Karst systems are the most important groundwater reservoirs in Mediterranean areas. Their structure and functioning are complex and not well known because of the high heterogeneity created and organised by groundwater flow. Water storage entities and water storage changes within remain difficult to assess by direct measurement and modelling. Geodetic monitoring is here used to constrain and bring original insights on karst system functioning. The Durzon karst system (Larzac plateau, Southern France) is monitored by several geodetic techniques: - Monthly absolute gravity measurements at three sites - Time-lapse surface to depth gravity measurements - Time-lapse microgravity surveying - Continuous long base hydrostatic tiltmeter monitoring at two sites Absolute gravity monitoring complemented with relative gravity surveys allows quantification of water storage changes on the studied karst system. Interannual water storage changes as detected by gravity are ~400 mm in amplitude. These storage changes are shown to occur in the epikarst and infiltration zone in certain areas. Water storage variations spatial heterogeneity is also demonstrated on the karst system. Tilt measurements monitor fast and slow infiltration processes within the karst fractured media. Karst system geodetic monitoring brings both quantitative and integrated hydrologic knowledge. Such methods could be applied to other karst aquifer studies.
Les aquifères karstiques constituent l'essentiel des ressources en eau souterraine sur le pourtour de la Méditerranée. Leur structure et leur fonctionnement sont complexes et mal connus à cause du processus de karstification qui hiérarchise la circulation hydrodynamique en leur sein. La localisation du stockage de l'eau et de ses variations au sein de tels aquifères est difficile à mesurer et à modéliser. Nous utilisons les outils de la géodésie pour apporter de nouvelles contraintes sur le fonctionnement hydrologique et les variations de stock d'eau en milieu karstique. Ainsi, le système karstique du Durzon, (Causse du Larzac, France) fait l'objet d'un suivi par plusieurs méthodes géodésiques incluant: - Des mesures de gravimétrie absolue en trois sites répétées de manière mensuelle ; - Des mesures répétées de gravimétrie relative entre la surface et la profondeur du karst ; - Des mesures répétées de microgravimétrie ; - Des mesures inclinométriques longue base en deux sites. Nous démontrons que le couplage entre la gravimétrie absolue et relative permet d'appréhender les variations de stock d'eau sur le bassin d'alimentation étudié. Les variations inter-anuelles observées sont de l'ordre de 400 mm, et nous montrons que celles-ci s'opèrent dans certaines zones au sein des horizons supérieurs du karst : épikarst et zone d'infiltration. Une forte hétérogénéité spatiale des variations de stockage est aussi mise en évidence à l'échelle du bassin d'alimentation. Les mesures inclinométriques permettent de suivre les phénomènes d'infiltration rapide et lente dans la masse karstique fracturée. Le suivi géodésique de ce système karstique permet d'apprécier quantitativement et de façon intégrée son fonctionnement hydrologique et pourra être transposé pour l'étude d'autres aquifère karstiques.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404851

tel-00404851
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404851
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404851/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404851/file/THESE_jacob.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We develop a block model for the Aegean and surrounding areas, constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS), in order to investigate the degree of coupling on the Hellenic subduction interface (i.e., the fraction of the motion across the plate boundary accommodated by elastic strain accumulation). We use previously published models, and seismicity to define the geometry of the interface separating the down-going Nubian slab from the overriding Aegean. This model provides a good fit to the GPS observations; for the ∼200,000 km2 Aegean block the wrms of the residual velocities is 1.4 mm/yr for 80 GPS velocity estimates, approximately the 95% level of the GPS velocity uncertainties. We investigate the degree of coupling on the seismically active plate interface, the Hellenic trench splay fault (believed to be the source of the 365 AD Great Crete Earthquake and Tsunami), and the Kephalonia transform fault by comparing the modeled GPS residual velocity field for a range of coupling values. The GPS observations are almost insensitive to coupling on the Kephalonia transform fault, because of the vertical dip of the fault that creates interseismic deformation only close to the fault where few GPS sites exist. The absence of resolvable shortening of the leading edge of the Aegean Plate precludes coupling of more than 0.2 (20% of the full Nubia-Aegean convergence rate) on the modeled plate interface. Because of the shallow dip of the plate interface and trench splay fault, and high rate of convergence, if these boundaries were fully coupled, high elastic strain rates would be expected to extend well into the overriding Aegean plate. Based on our preferred value for the degree of coupling (0.1), and assuming characteristic earthquake behavior, we estimate a recurrence time for great earthquakes with slip similar to that for the 365 Crete event of 5700-8300 yr, consistent with the absence of subsequent great earthquakes on this segment of the subduction zone.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01053486
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053486
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOP Publishing
Résumé : The 8th International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters (ICAG2009) took place at the headquarters of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) from September to October 2009. It was the first ICAG organized as a key comparison in the framework of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM MRA) (CIPM 1999). ICAG2009 was composed of a Key Comparison (KC) as defined by the CIPM MRA, organized by the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) and designated as CCM.G-K1. Participating gravimeters and their operators came from national metrology institutes (NMIs) or their designated institutes (DIs) as defined by the CIPM MRA. A Pilot Study (PS) was run in parallel in order to include gravimeters and their operators from other institutes which, while not signatories of the CIPM MRA, nevertheless play important roles in international gravimetry measurements. The aim of the CIPM MRA is to have international acceptance of the measurement capabilities of the participating institutes in various fields of metrology. The results of CCM.G-K1 thus constitute an accurate and consistent gravity reference traceable to the SI (International System of Units), which can be used as the global basis for geodetic, geophysical and metrological observations of gravity. The measurements performed afterwards by the KC participants can be referred to the international metrological reference, i.e. they are SI-traceable. The ICAG2009 was complemented by a number of associated measurements: the Relative Gravity Campaign (RGC2009), high-precision levelling and an accurate gravity survey in support of the BIPM watt balance project. The major measurements took place at the BIPM between July and October 2009. Altogether 24 institutes with 22 absolute gravimeters (one of the 22 AGs was ultimately withdrawn) and nine relative gravimeters participated in the ICAG/RGC campaign. This paper is focused on the absolute gravity campaign. We review the history of the ICAGs and present the organization, data processing and the final results of the ICAG2009. After almost thirty years of hosting eight successive ICAGs, the CIPM decided to transfer the responsibility for piloting the future ICAGs to NMIs, although maintaining a supervisory role through its Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities.
ISSN: 0026-1394

hal-00795520
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795520
DOI : 10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/666

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Optimizing the resource extraction and limiting the environmental constraint motivate to accurately characterize reservoirs. The extraction of resources induces volume change of the reservoir causing displacements in the surrounding medium up to the surface. The resulting surface deformation is usually significant enough to be measurable by geodetic instruments (GPS, satellites, tiltmeters, strainmeters). However, the data needs to be associated to a reservoir model using an inverse scheme to allow the estimation of physical properties of the reservoir. Complete geodetic data including InSAR, GPS, tilt, strain and gravimetric data are uncommon for conventional, unconventional or mining exploitations. In this study, we work on the one site that gathers a wide range of geodetic data: the salt exploitation of Vauvert, France, operated by KemOne. Our approach aims at estimating the volume changes of the cavities created by the extraction combining all the available geodetic data. To do so, we minimize a global functional including weighting factors for each data type. The weighting factors are optimally estimated for our study and can be adapted depending on the issue. Hence, an optimal distribution of data can be suggested for a specific reservoir characterization.
79th EAGE Conference
Paris, France

Droits : http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/licences/copyright/
hal-01575426
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01575426
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01575426/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01575426/file/reservoir-characterization-inversion.pdf
DOI : 10.3997/2214-4609.201700987

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This work addresses a study of geodynamics in Armenia, a country located in the central part of the zone of continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithosphere plates. The work includes two main parts: study of recent deformations of the lithosphere by means of GPS and detailed paleoseismological and morphometric investigations in the zone of the Artanish-Tskhouk segment of the PSSF. We analyze and compare rates of deformation determined by the GPS data and the rates estimated by the paleoseismological and morphometric studies. The Armenian-French network of GPS observations was installed in Armenia in 1998. Three observation sessions were conducted in 1998, 2000 and 2003. Based on the evidence obtained, a detailed study of the velocity field was conducted to analyze lithosphere deformation in Central and Northern Armenia. Slip rates were estimated for the principal active faults in Armenia. Several field works, including paleoseismological, archaeo-seismological, archaeological, geodetic and morphological studies, had been implemented in the zone of the Artanish-Tskhouk segment of the PSSF in 2003-2005. The fault was mapped in detail; rates of main horizontal and vertical slip along the fault were estimated and re-estimated. Four (4) paleo- and archeo-earthquakes were studied and dated. Eventually, the obtained data allowed us to re-estimate slip rates, maximum possible magnitudes and recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes on the Artanish-Tskhouk segment of the PSSF. A technique enabling estimation of horizontal and vertical displacements along strike-slip faults during paleo-earthquakes by the evidence obtained from paleo-seismological trenching was developed.
Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire sont consacrés à l'étude de la géodynamique du territoire de l'Arménie qui est situé dans la partie centrale de la zone de collision continentale entre les plaques Arabique et Eurasienne. Le mémoire comprend deux parties principales: 1/ l'étude des déformations actuelles par la géodésie GPS; 2/ l'étude paléosismologique et morphométrique détaillée de la zone du segment d'Artanish-Tskhuk de la faille de Pambak-Sevan-Syunik (PSSF). On présente l'analyse et la comparaison des vitesses de déformations estimées par les données de GPS et par les données paléosismologiques et morphométriques. Le réseau d'observations GPS Arméno - Français a été installé en Arménie en septembre 1998. Trois campagnes de mesure du réseau ont été réalisées en 1998, 2000 et 2003. L'analyse détaillée du champ de vitesse à partir des données GPS a permis d'étudier et de quantifier les déformations actuelles de l'Arménie centrale et septentrionale. On a pu estimer les vitesses des déplacements des failles actives principales du territoire de l'Arménie. Un ensemble de travaux sur le terrain comprenant des recherches paléosismologiques, archéosismologiques, archéologiques, géodésiques, et morphologiques a été réalisé entre 2003 et 2005 dans la zone du segment d'Artanish-Tskhuk de la faille de PSSF. La cartographie détaillée de la faille a été réalisée et l'on a estimé et/ou re-estimés les déplacements horizontaux et verticaux le long de la faille. Quatre paléo- et archéoséismes ont été étudiés et datés. À partir des données obtenues, pour le segment d'Artanish-Tskhuk de la faille de PSSF, on a réévalué les vitesses de déplacements, la magnitude maximale possible, et l'intervalle récurrence des séismes forts. Une méthode d'évaluation des déplacements horizontaux et verticaux a été proposée à partir des logs de tranchées sur les failles de décrochements associées à des paléoséismes.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-00551535
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535/file/thesedavtyan2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Estimating how topography is maintained provides insights into the different factors responsible for surface deformations and their relative roles. Here, we develop a new and simple approach to assess the degree of isostatic compensation of continental topography at regional scale from GOCE gravity gradients. We calculate the ratio between the radial gradient observed by GOCE and that calculated from topography only. From analytical and statistical formulations, simple relationships between this ratio and the degree of compensation are obtained under the Airy–Heiskanen isostasy hypothesis. Then, a value of degree of compensation at each point of study area can be easily deduced. We apply our method to the Alaska-Canada Cordillera and validate our results by comparison with a standard isostatic gravity anomaly model and additional geophysical information for this area. Both our GOCE-based results and the isostatic anomaly show that Airy–Heiskanen isostasy prevails for the Yukon Plateau whereas additional mechanisms are required to support topography below the Northwest Territories Craton and the Yakutat collision zone.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01467540
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467540
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467540/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467540/file/cadioGJI2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggw281

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Mongolia represents the northernmost area affected by the India–Asia collision, and it is actively deformed along transpressive belts closely associated with large-scale strike-slip faults. The active and past mantle flow beneath this region is, however, poorly known. In order to investigate deep mantle deformation beneath central Mongolia and its relation with the surrounding major structures such as the Siberian craton, the Gobi–Altay belt and the Baikal rift, a NS-trending profile of broadband seismic stations has been deployed in the summer 2003 from the southern Siberian craton to the Gobi–Altay range, crossing the entire Hangay dome. Mantle flow is deduced from the splitting of teleseismic shear waves such as SKS phases. In eastern Mongolia, the permanent station ULN in Ulaanbaatar reveals the presence of two anisotropic layers, the upper one being oriented NE–SW, close to the trend of lithospheric structures and the lower one NW–SE, close to the trend of Eurasia absolute plate motion. Along the NS profile in central Mongolia, seismic anisotropy deduced from SKS splitting reveals a homogeneous NW–SE trending structure, fully consistent with the observations made in the Altay–Sayan in western Mongolia. The observed delay times of 1.5 to more than 2.0 s favor consistent mantle flow over large mantle thicknesses. Since the lithosphere is less than 100 km thick beneath central Mongolia and since the observed fast directions are parallel to the trend of the lithospheric structures but also close to the trend of the absolute plate motion, we propose that both the lithosphere and the asthenosphere may join their anisotropic effects beneath central Mongolia to explain the large delay times. Although GPS vectors represent the instantaneous displacement of the Earth's surface and SKS splitting the time and vertical integration of finite strain at depth, we use the opportunity of the dense geodetic measurements available in this region to discuss the anisotropy pattern in term of present-day deformation. In the Eurasia-fixed reference frame, GPS and SKS both depict a similar trend beneath central Mongolia, suggesting a lithospheric block “escaping” toward the east that could orient olivine a-axes in the upper mantle, within a transpressive tectonic regime. A different behaviour is observed in western Mongolia: the GPS vectors trend NS, close to the regional compression direction, whereas the fast SKS directions trend EW, suggesting a tectonic regime close to a mode of axial shortening, generating the development of an EW-trending foliation at depth. We therefore propose that Mongolia is a place where active and frozen lithospheric deformation may add their effects, together with the sublithospheric flow. In the three sources of anisotropy inferred, a fundamental role is played by the Siberian craton that acted as an undeformable core of the continent through time: the frozen Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures wrap around the craton, building up the fast anisotropic direction pattern; the present-day sublithospheric flow induced by the plate motion is likely deflecting around its deep roots; finally, the present-day tectonic regime appears to be controlled by the presence of the craton to the north.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00407853
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407853
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407853/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407853/file/Barruol_SKS_Mongolia_EPSL2008_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.027

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
More than 10 years of geodetic measurements demonstrate an uplift rate of 1–3 mm/yr of the high topography region of the Western Alps. By contrast, no significant horizontal motion has been detected. Two uplift mechanisms have been proposed: (1) the isostatic response to denudation responsible for only a fraction of the observed uplift and (2) the rebound induced by the Wurmian ice cap melting which predicts a broader uplifting region than the one evidenced by geodetic observations. Using a numerical model to fit the geodetic data, we show that a crustal viscosity contrast between the foreland and the central part of the Alps, the latter being weaker with a viscosity of 1021 Pa s, is needed. The vertical rates are enhanced if the strong uppermost mantle beneath the Moho is interrupted across the Alps, therefore allowing a weak vertical rheological anomaly over the entire lithosphere.
ISSN: 0094-8276

hal-01332757
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01332757
DOI : 10.1002/2016GL067821

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD AGU and the Geochemical Society
Résumé : International audience
Although magmatism may occur during the earliest stages of continental rifting, its role in strain accommodation remains weakly constrained by largely 2-D studies. We analyze seismicity data from a 13 month, 39-station broadband seismic array to determine the role of magma intrusion on state-of-stress and strain localization, and their along-strike variations. Precise earthquake locations using cluster analyses and a new 3-D velocity model reveal lower crustal earthquakes beneath the central basins and along projections of steep border faults that degas CO2. Seismicity forms several disks interpreted as sills at 6-10 km below a monogenetic cone field. The sills overlie a lower crustal magma chamber that may feed eruptions at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano. After determining a new ML scaling relation, we determine a b-value of 0.87±0.03. Focal mechanisms for 65 earthquakes, and 13 from a catalogue prior to our array reveal an along-axis stress rotation of ∼60° in the magmatically active zone. New and prior mechanisms show predominantly normal slip along steep nodal planes, with extension directions ∼N90°E north and south of an active volcanic chain consistent with geodetic data, and ∼N150°E in the volcanic chain. The stress rotation facilitates strain transfer from border fault systems, the locus of early-stage deformation, to the zone of magma intrusion in the central rift. Our seismic, structural, and geochemistry results indicate that frequent lower crustal earthquakes are promoted by elevated pore pressures from volatile degassing along border faults, and hydraulic fracture around the margins of magma bodies. Results indicate that earthquakes are largely driven by stress state around inflating magma bodies.
ISSN: 1525-2027

hal-01667198
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01667198
DOI : 10.1002/2017GC007027

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Previous estimates of the geodetic and geologic slip rates of the 1500 km long Altyn Tagh fault bordering the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau vary by a factor of five. Proposed reasons for these discrepancies include poor GPS geometry, interpretative errors in terrace morphology, and changes in fault slip rate over time. Here we present results from a new dense GPS array orthogonal to the fault at ~86.2°E that indicates a velocity of 9.0−3.2/+4.4 mm/yr, in close agreement with geomorphologic estimates at the same location. Our estimated geodetic slip rate is consistent with recent geological slip rates based on terrace offsets. The resulting mean combined geological and geodetic slip rate (9.0 ± 4.0 mm/yr) is remarkably uniform for the central ~800 km of the Altyn Tagh fault, significantly lower than early kinematic estimates and consistent with deformation elsewhere in Tibet and central Asia.
ISSN: 0094-8276

hal-00963568
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00963568
DOI : 10.1002/2013GL057497

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We use 3-D mechanical modeling representing faults as planar surfaces with frictional properties that obey Coulomb-failure process to explore the long-term slip rates of the Altyn Tagh fault and Kunlun faults in the north Tibetan plateau. Crustal theology is simplified as an elastoplastic upper crust and a viscoelastic lower crust. Far-field GPS velocities and late Quaternary fault slip rates are used to constrain the model results. Rheological tests show that effective fault friction lower than 0.1-0.08 leads to high slip rates that fit with geologically and geodetically determined slip rates of the Kunlun fault (10-11.7 +/- 1.5 mm/yr). Meanwhile, the modeled Altyn Tagh fault reaches slip rates similar to 13.7 mm/yr to similar to 7.8 mm/yr in its central portion, between ranges of the geological slip rates. Associated with high slip rates, our model predicts that central Tibet (similar to 84 degrees E-95 degrees E) from the Altyn Tagh fault to the north of the Himalayan arc accommodates north-south shortening and east-west extension rates of similar to 10-12 mm/yr and similar to 8-10 mm/yr, respectively. We also question the widely accepted idea that interseismic strain is driven at the base of the seismogenic zone by a screw dislocation. If this assumption fails, the presented model implies that interseismic strain around large strike-slip faults could be distributed in a much broader way if the lithosphere deforms as a thin elastic plate rather than an elastic half-space with an embedded dislocation. If this distributed deformation is ignored, and the instantaneous surface deformation field modeled as that resulting from slip on a dislocation below a specified depth embedded in an elastic half-space, the estimated slip rate will inevitably be lower than the true long-term slip rate. This appears to explain why geodetic slip rates proposed for the Altyn Tagh fault (510 mm/yr) are lower than some of the geological slip rates. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00411926
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411926
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.049

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
In this study, we quantify and analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of the surface displacement of Kahrod landslide located in the center of Alborz range (Iran) within the Haraz valley. This landslide represents a threat for this main drainage axis and its numerous infrastructures. We present three sets of displacement vectors based on GPS technique. An 8-benchmark network has been surveyed four times on a 1-year period basis. It provides accurate information on the rate of displacement within the landslide, and addresses the problem of the mechanical resistance of a small hillock, down slope, under the stress imposed by the landslide. Then. this network is densified (57 marks) and measured twice in 6 months using a rapidstatic approach. This yields to a dense description of surface deformation over the whole landslide. Finally, a 1-year time series of permanent GPS recordings is presented and compared to rainfall. Furthermore, we analyze Envisat radar differential interferograms (DInSAR) spanning the same period as permanent GPS. These geodetic data allow to precisely determine the limits of the current sliding zone and to describe the spatial and temporal evolution of surface displacement. The combination of geodesy and field observations leads to a precise description of the past and present kinematics behavior of Kahrod landslide. The chaotic nature of the sliding mass suggests a first catastrophic landslide in a first episode. During the period of observation, the landslide appears to deform quite steadily, and the evidence of short-term correlation between rainfall and deformation amplitude needs to be confirmed by future measurements. Carrying on the acquisition of GPS and InSAR data within the sliding mass but also within adjacent bedrock should give fundamental information with regards to major activation processes (river sapping, water seeping, earthquakes, or failure within the frontal hill of bedrock) and their potential consequences.
ISSN: 1435-9529

hal-00411318
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411318
DOI : 10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.02.013

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
We examine absolute gravity (AG) and vertical Global Positioning System (GPS) time series between 1995 and 2010 at eight collocated sites in mid-continent North America. The comparison of AG and GPS rates aligned to ITRF2005 yields a gravity/uplift ratio of -0.17 +/- 0.01 mu Gal mm(-1) (1 mu Gal = 10 nm s(-2)) and an intercept of -0.1 +/- 0.5 mm yr(-1). In contrast, aligning the GPS velocities to ITRF2000 results in a gravity/uplift intercept of -1.3 +/- 0.5 mm yr(-1). The near-zero gravity/uplift offset for the ITRF2005 (or ITRF2008) results shows a good alignment of the GPS vertical velocities to Earth's center of mass, and confirms that GPS velocities in this reference frame can be compared to predictions of geodynamic processes such as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) or sea-level rise. The observed gravity/uplift ratio is consistent with GIA model predictions. The ratio remains constant in regions of fast and slow uplift, indicating that GIA is the primary driving process and that additional processes such as local hydrology have a limited impact on a decadal time-scale. Combining AG and GPS measurements can provide significant constraints for geodetic, geodynamic, and hydrological studies. Citation: Mazzotti, S., A. Lambert, J. Henton, T. S. James, and N. Courtier (2011), Absolute gravity calibration of GPS velocities and glacial isostatic adjustment in mid-continent North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24311, doi:10.1029/2011GL049846.
ISSN: 0094-8276

hal-00689010
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00689010
DOI : 10.1029/2011GL049846

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy P - Oxford Open Option A Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
While the kinematics of Anatolia plate and the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) has been studied extensively, the slip rate and locking depth along the NAFS are usually assumed constant in the analyses due to the lack of sufficient data. This is also partly due to the reasonably good fit of Euler small circle and partly due to the lack of spatial resolution of observations to determine slip rates independently from locking depths. On the other hand, recent geodetic studies show a contrast for locking depth between Marmara and other parts of the NAFS, implying a non-uniform locking depth across the NAFS. In this study, we analyse new GPS data and homogenously combine available data sets covering the eastern part of the NAFS to form the most complete data set. In particular, we incorporate the first results of Turkish Real-Time Kinematic GPS Network (CORS-TR) into our data set. A detailed analysis of three profiles within the NAFS reveals an increase of locking depth in the middle profile to 19.1 ± 3.4 km from 11.9 ± 3.5 km in the easternmost profile while the slip rate is nearly constant (20–22 mm yr−1), which implies a variation of strain rate of ∼100 nanostrain yr−1. Assuming a constant locking depth throughout whole NAFS gives an average locking depth of 14.3 ± 1.7 km. Our best estimates of slip rates in block modelling which takes the variation of locking depths into account are in the range between 22.5 and 22.8 mm yr−1 over eastern part of the NAFS.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01218392
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01218392
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggv274