Éditeur(s) : CRILLASH : Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines
Extrait de : "Patrimonialisation et développement dans la Caraïbe et les Amériques" : colloque international, du 2 au 4 mars 2011. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : Urbaniste-Géographe, l'intervenante présente son projet de thèse qui porte sur la commune du Môle-Saint-Nicolas au nord-ouest d'Haiti qui s'étend sur 200 km2 et recense 25 000 habitants. Il a été décidé d'élaborer sur ce territoire un plan de développement communal prenant en compte tout particulièrement la filière agricole et touristique. La présentation traitera la parenté conceptuelle entre territoires et patrimoines à travers la géographie sociale, puis elle étudiera les objets patrimoniaux qui structurent le territoire et notamment celui des paysages du jardin haïtien, enfin, il sera analysé la manière dont ces construits sociaux sont mobilisés comme des ressources stratégiques par les acteurs locaux.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V12048
V12048

Éditeur(s) : CRPLC : Centre de Recherche sur les Pouvoirs Locaux dans la Caraïbe
Extrait de : "Représentations, pratiques, déconstruction du genre dans les sociétés caribéennes" : journée d'étude, le 14 novembre 2016. Université des Antilles
Description : Le contexte de cette recherche se situe autour d'une enquête réalisée sur la délinquance et intitulée « Histoire sociale de la délinquance dans les établissements pénitentiaires en Martinique du XIXe au XXI siècle ». L'enquête de Christine Benavides sur les demandes de dispenses relatives au mariage a été conduite à partir des archives du Conseil privé de la Martinique. Ces demandes portent soit sur l'âge des impétrants, soit sur leurs liens de parenté. Dans un premier temps la chercheuse développe son propos sur les différentes périodes, en prenant en compte les différents textes législatifs : le Code civil, le Code de la Martinique et les Codes noirs. Enfin dans un deuxième temps, elle procède à l'analyse qualitative des demandes de dispenses présentées au conseil privé et des arguments apportés.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16336
V16336

Éditeur(s) : CRILLASH : Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines
Extrait de : "La prégnance du lieu dans la Caraïbe" : colloque, les 14 et 15 avril 2016. Université des Antilles
Description : Steve Gadet (Maître de conférences, Université des Antilles) propose une réflexion sur l'arrivée de la culture hip-hop dans le bassin caribéen en s'appuyant sur les expériences de la Jamaïque, la Guadeloupe, la Martinique et Trinidad. Il explique comment le hip-hop s'est adapté à ces environnements culturels et géographiques. Il poursuit la réflexion avec son expérience personnelle dans sa pratique du rap, analysant les influences par ma "géolocalisation", par la conscience de son histoire également. Il ouvre des pistes de réflexion sur une question que beaucoup de gens issus de la génération de ses parents et de ses grands-parents se posent : est-ce que ces jeunes se sont laissés "lobotomisés" par ces "satanée" cultures américaines et jamaïcaines?
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 20
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16049
V16049

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
Symbioses with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium are widespread among marine invertebrates and protists, especially in nutritionally demanding habitats, such as tropical coral reefs, where they play a major role in ecosystem survival. Moreover, apart from corals and sea anemones, many of the Symbiodinium species and clades involved in these partnerships remain to be characterized. This study provides new insights into nudibranch and sponge associations with Symbiodinium by sequencing regions of the Symbiodinium 28S rDNA and the host mitochondrial COI oxidase. Specimens were sampled between 2011 and 2013 from locations around the islands of Moorea and Tahiti, French Polynesia. Our results revealed that some of the sponges and nudibranchs harbored typical Symbiodinium from clade B or C while others harbored new, undescribed Symbiodinium-like dinoflagellates. A detailed analysis of the different life stages of the nudibranch Phestilla lugubris and of its specific coral prey, Porites rus, suggests a prey-predator horizontal transfer of the symbiont and its vertical inheritance from the parent to the eggs.
Les symbioses à zooxanthelles, dinoflagellés du genre Symbiodinium, sont largement répandues chez les invertébrés marins et les protozoaires, notamment dans les eaux oligotrophes, où ils jouent un rôle important dans la survie des récifs coralliens. De plus, excepté chez les coraux et les anémones, les différentes espèces et clades de Symbiodinium impliqués dans ces associations restent à être caractérisés. Notre étude, grâce à l’utilisation des marqueurs génétiques 28S ADNr des Symbiodinium et la sous-unité 1 de la cytochrome oxydase mitochondriale (COI) de l’hôte, procure de nouvelles données quant aux associations des éponges et des nudibranches avec les Symbiodinium. L’échantillonnage a eu lieu autour de Moorea et de Tahiti (Polynésie française), entre 2011 et 2013. Nos résultats révèlent que certaines espèces d’éponges et de nudibranches possèdent les clades B et C communément retrouvés, chez les coraux notamment, alors que d’autres présentent de nouveaux dinoflagellés « Symbiodinium-like ». Une analyses détaillée des Symbiodinium à différents stades du cycle de vie du nudibranche corallivore Phestilla lugubris et de son corail hôte Porites rus suggèrent l’existence d’un transfert horizontal de Symbiodinium proie–prédateur et un transfert vertical du parent P. lugubris à ses œufs.
ISSN: 1631-0691

hal-01145518
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145518
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.01.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Key message: Genetic diversity appears to be unaffected by disturbance in a stand of the light-demanding Neotropical treeV. michelii. Although spatial genetic structure is modified in post-disturbance cohorts, mixing of seeds from different mother trees in canopy gaps appears to efficiently maintain genetic admixture. Context: The interplay between genetic and demographic processes has major consequences on population viability. Population size affects demographic trends, while genetic diversity insures viability by reducing risks of inbreeding depression and by maintaining adaptive potential. Yet, the consequences of increases in census size (as opposed to effective size) on genetic diversity of forest populations are poorly known. Aims: We have studied the structure of genetic diversity in populations of saplings of the light-responsive tree, Virola michelii (Myristicaceae, the nutmeg family), in two plots having undergone different levels of canopy-gap opening disturbance. This allowed us to test the “intermediate disturbance” hypothesis, which generally applies to species diversity, at the intra-specific scale. Methods: Levels and distribution of genetic diversity were compared between plots and between life stages. Sapling parentage was analysed to infer each adult tree’s contribution to regeneration. Results: Genetic diversity was higher, and spatial genetic structure was stronger in the post-disturbance than in the control seedling population. Parentage analysis suggested that a limited number of parents contributed to most of the regeneration, but that efficient mixing of their progeny may have enhanced the diversity of saplings occupying canopy gaps. Conclusion: A mixture of demo-genetic processes may contribute to maintain genetic diversity in spite of, or possibly due to, ecosystem disturbance in V. michelii.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01502942
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502942
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502942/document
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502942/file/art_10.1007_s13595-015-0508-3-1_%7B869D58F4-272C-491F-A903-DAD6CDBDC042%7D.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-015-0508-3

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Ctenophores are one of the four animal phyla positioned outside from the Bilateria. Most ctenophore species are planktonic and gelatinous, and are easily recognisable by their eight comb rows used for swimming. Ctenophore systematics remains nowadays poorly understood. Anatomical characters do not help much in placing them within the animal tree, and similarly the grounds for establishment of their internal phylogeny as well as delimitation of species are notoriously weak due to a paucity of informative morpho-anatomical characters. Until now, the use of molecular data has failed to improve significantly this situation. The aim of this PhD thesis was to bring a contribution to our understanding of ctenophore evolution at different taxonomic scales. At the metazoan level, the position of ctenophores was addressed using a phylogenomic approach. Taxonomic sampling was significantly improved through sequencing and assembly of transcriptomes of 22 non-bilaterian species (belonging to ctenophores, cnidarians and sponges). Two independent datasets were analysed, one consisting in an update of an existing supermatrix of 128 genes, the other one (4235 genes) having been entirely built de novo, thanks to a newly-devised semi-automated protocol intended to eliminate all major potential causes of artefacts (contaminations, paralogies, missing data). Results clearly contradict recent phylogenomic studies which claimed Ctenophora to be the most early-diverging animal lineage, our analyses instead supporting Porifera as the sister-group to other metazoans. The exact position of ctenophores remains however uncertain at this stage, different conditions of analyses yielding three contradictory hypotheses as open possibilities. At the intra-phyletic level, analyses of a ADNr 18S and ITS (internal transcribed spacers) dataset, together with study of duplicated genes and the results of phylogenomic analyses, allowed resolving most phylogenetic relationships between ctenophore orders and families, including the placement of the ctenophore tree root. Finally, at smaller taxonomic scale, in-depth comparison between two species of the genus Pleurobrachia using immunohistochemistry demonstrates the potential of these techniques for uncovering new structural “micro-anatomical” characters useful for diagnosis and identification of ctenophore species. It is our hope that this work will contribute to improving the systematics of a poorly known phylum of great importance for understanding early animal evolution.
Les cténophores représentent l’un des quatre embranchements animaux extérieurs aux Bilateria. La majoritédes espèces sont planctoniques et gélatineuses, et sont reconnaissables à leurs huit rangées de peignes dont lebattement permet la nage. Leur systématique est encore de nos jours mal comprise. L'anatomie descténophores offre peu de caractères aussi bien pour placer la lignée dans l’arbre des métazoaires, que pourétablir les relations de parenté au sein de l’embranchement et délimiter les espèces, et jusqu’à présent lesdonnées moléculaires n’ont pas permis de résoudre ces problèmes de manière satisfaisante. L’objectif de cetravail de thèse est de contribuer à améliorer notre compréhension de l'évolution des cténophores àdifférentes échelles taxonomiques. A l’échelle des métazoaires, la position phylogénétique des cténophores aété abordée par une approche phylogénomique. Un effort significatif a été réalisé pour améliorerl’échantillonnage taxonomique à travers le séquençage et l’assemblage des transcriptomes de 22 espèces denon-Bilateria (cténophores, cnidaires, spongiaires). Deux jeux de données indépendants ont été analysés, lepremier représentant une mise à jour d’une supermatrice existante de 128 gènes ; le second (4235 gènes)ayant été entièrement construit de novo via un protocole original comportant la mise au point de nouvellesméthodes pour traiter de manière semi-automatisée les principales sources potentielles d’artéfact(contaminations, paralogies, données manquantes). Les résultats contredisent certaines études récentes enmontrant que les spongiaires et non les cténophores représentent le groupe-frère des autres métazoaires. Laposition exacte de ces derniers reste à ce stade incertaine (trois options se présentant suivant les analyses). Al’échelle intra-phylétique, l'analyse d'un jeu de données comprenant les marqueurs ADNr 18S et InternalTranscribed Spacers (ITS), associée à des analyses de gènes dupliqués chez les cténophores et aux analysesphylogénomiques précédentes, a permis de résoudre une grande partie des relations phylogénétiques entre lesordres et les familles de cténophores, tout en permettant de préciser la position de la racine. Enfin, à uneéchelle taxonomique plus fine, une comparaison approfondie entre deux espèces du genre Pleurobrachia aumoyen de marquages immunohistochimiques montre le potentiel de ces techniques comme source denouveaux caractères structuraux « micro-anatomiques » à valeur diagnostique pour la délimitation etl’identification des espèces de cténophores. En conclusion, ce travail se veut une contribution au progrès dela systématique d’un embranchement encore méconnu et d’une grande importance pour la compréhensiondes évènements anciens de l’évolution animale.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014

NNT : 2014PA066448
tel-01165014
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014/file/these_archivage_3158995o.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : The great fecundity and very high larval mortality of most marine invertebrates and fish make possible substantial variance in the number of offspring contributed by adults to subsequent generations. The reproductive success of such organisms may thus resemble a sweepstakes lottery, in which a minority of progenitors succeeds in replacing an entire population, while the majority fails to procreate. One specific prediction of this hypothesis, that genetic diversity of newly settled cohorts should be less than that of the adult population, is tested in the present study. Microsatellite DNA markers were examined in naturally spawned juvenile European flat oysters Ostrea edulis (L.), collected over a 12-day period in 1993 from the western Mediterranean Sea, near Sete, France (43 degrees 32'N, 3 degrees 56'E) and grown out for a period of up to 10 months. Variation in these juveniles was compared to that in a pooled sample of adults collected in 1994 from two locations (Thau Lagoon and Port St. Louis) that had statistically homogeneous allelic frequencies. Though nearly twice as large as the pooled adult sample, the juvenile sample had only 60% of the adult allelic diversity. Analyses of linkage disequilibrium and kinship, as well as estimation of the effective number of parents, suggested that 10-20 adults produced this juvenile cohort. This observation supports the hypothesis of sweepstakes reproductive success and suggests that partial inbreeding may occur even in species with large populations and dispersing planktonic larvae.
Marine Biology (0025-3162) (Springer), 2007-03 , Vol. 150 , N. 6 , P. 1173-1182

Droits : 2007 Springer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2616.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00227-006-0441-y
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2616/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Up-to-date estimates of the health outcomes of preterm children are needed for assessing perinatal care, informing parents, making decisions about care, and providing evidence for clinical guidelines. To determine survival and neonatal morbidity of infants born from 22 through 34 completed weeks' gestation in France in 2011 and compare these outcomes with a comparable cohort in 1997. The EPIPAGE-2 study is a national, prospective, population-based cohort study conducted in all maternity and neonatal units in France in 2011. A total of 2205 births (stillbirths and live births) and terminations of pregnancy at 22 through 26 weeks' gestation, 3257 at 27 through 31 weeks, and 1234 at 32 through 34 weeks were studied. Cohort data were collected from January 1 through December 31, 1997, and from March 28 through December 31, 2011. Analyses for 1997 were run for the entire year and then separately for April to December; the rates for survival and morbidities did not differ. Data are therefore presented for the whole year in 1997 and the 8-month and 6-month periods in 2011. Survival to discharge and survival without any of the following adverse outcomes: grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity (stage 3 or higher), or necrotizing enterocolitis (stages 2-3). A total of 0.7% of infants born before 24 weeks' gestation survived to discharge: 31.2% of those born at 24 weeks, 59.1% at 25 weeks, and 75.3% at 26 weeks. Survival rates were 93.6% at 27 through 31 weeks and 98.9% at 32 through 34 weeks. Infants discharged home without severe neonatal morbidity represented 0% at 23 weeks, 11.6% at 24 weeks, 30.0% at 25 weeks, 47.5% at 26 weeks, 81.3% at 27 through 31 weeks, and 96.8% at 32 through 34 weeks. Compared with 1997, the proportion of infants surviving without severe morbidity in 2011 increased by 14.4% (P < .001) at 25 through 29 weeks and 6% (P < .001) at 30 through 31 weeks but did not change appreciably for those born at less than 25 weeks. The rates of antenatal corticosteroid use, induced preterm deliveries, cesarean deliveries, and surfactant use increased significantly in all gestational-age groups, except at 22 through 23 weeks. The substantial improvement in survival in France for newborns born at 25 through 31 weeks' gestation was accompanied by an important reduction in severe morbidity, but survival remained rare before 25 weeks. Although improvement in survival at extremely low gestational age may be possible, its effect on long-term outcomes requires further studies. The long-term results of the EPIPAGE-2 study will be informative in this regard.
ISSN: 2168-6211

hal-01258705
http://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-01258705
PUBMED : 25621457
DOI : 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3351

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Nonobstant leur diversité sur le plan linguistique et socioculturel, les contextes d'enseignement dans les départements et collectivités de l'outre-mer français présentent de nombreux points communs, et notamment la présence de plusieurs langues entrainant des phénomènes de contacts comme les alternances codiques (désormais AC). Ainsi, dans ces contextes bi et plurilingues, la question de la gestion des langues au cours des interactions didactiques est centrale et concerne tous les acteurs : élèves, parents, enseignants, formateurs, conseillers pédagogiques, inspecteurs de l'Éducation nationale... Si l'utilisation des langues régionales et de l'AC dans les situations d'enseignement a longtemps été interdite et considérée comme un manque de maitrise ou de respect, les travaux actuels tendent à considérer ces phénomènes comme des marques de mobilisation des ressources langagières et de construction de compétences plurilingues en vue de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage de savoirs, tant dans les disciplines dites linguistiques (français, langue vivante étrangère, langue vivante régionale...) que non linguistiques (sciences de la vie et de la terre, histoire, mathématiques, éducation physique et sportive...). C'est pourquoi nous avons relevé, transcrit puis analysé des corpus de parole issus de situations d'enseignement aux Antilles et en Guyane françaises, afin d'analyser les AC en classe et de proposer des pistes de réflexion didactiques et pédagogiques, mais également éducatives, culturelles et sociales en contextes bi- et plurilingues.
Langues et Cités

halshs-00978144
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00978144
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00978144/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00978144/file/anciaux-delcroix-alby2011_V_SHS.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
Determining the conditions under which populations may persist requires accurate estimates of demographic parameters, including immigration, local reproductive success, and mortality rates. In marine populations, empirical estimates of these parameters are rare, due at least in part to the pelagic dispersal stage common to most marine organisms. Here, we evaluate population persistence and turnover for a population of orange clownfish, Amphiprion percula, at Kimbe Island in Papua New Guinea. All fish in the population were sampled and genotyped on five occasions at 2-year intervals spanning eight years. The genetic data enabled estimates of reproductive success retained in the same population (reproductive success to self-recruitment), reproductive success exported to other subpopulations (reproductive success to local connectivity), and immigration and mortality rates of sub-adults and adults. Approximately 50% of the recruits were assigned to parents from the Kimbe Island population and this was stable through the sampling period. Stability in the proportion of local and immigrant settlers is likely due to: low annual mortality rates and stable egg production rates, and the short larval stages and sensory capacities of reef fish larvae. Biannual mortality rates ranged from 0.09 to 0.55 and varied significantly spatially. We used these data to parametrize a model that estimated the probability of the Kimbe Island population persisting in the absence of immigration. The Kimbe Island population was found to persist without significant immigration. Model results suggest the island population persists because the largest of the subpopulations are maintained due to having low mortality and high self-recruitment rates. Our results enable managers to appropriately target and scale actions to maximize persistence likelihood as disturbance frequencies increase.
ISSN: 0962-8452

hal-01239322
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01239322
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2015.1311

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
The release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the environment has increased very substantially over the last decades. PAHs are hydrophobic molecules which can accumulate in high concentrations in sediments acting then as major secondary sources. Fish contamination can occur through contact or residence nearby sediments or though dietary exposure. In this study, we analyzed certain physiological traits in unexposed fish (F1) issued from parents (F0) exposed through diet to three PAH mixtures at similar and environmentally relevant concentrations but differing in their compositions. For each mixture, no morphological differences were observed between concentrations. An increase in locomotor activity was observed in larvae issued from fish exposed to the highest concentration of a pyrolytic (PY) mixture. On the contrary, a decrease in locomotor activity was observed in larvae issued from heavy oil mixture (HO). In the case of the third mixture, light oil (LO), a reduction of the diurnal activity was observed during the setup of larval activity. Behavioral disruptions persisted in F1-PY juveniles and in their offspring (F2). Endocrine disruption was analyzed using cyp19a1b:GFP transgenic line and revealed disruptions in PY and LO offspring. Since no PAH metabolites were dosed in larvae, these findings suggest possible underlying mechanisms such as altered parental signaling molecule and/or hormone transferred in the gametes, eventually leading to early imprinting. Taken together, these results indicate that physiological disruptions are observed in offspring of fish exposed to PAH mixtures through diet.
ISSN: 0944-1344

hal-01121865
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121865
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121865/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121865/file/Exposures%20of%20zebrafish_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-015-4157-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Persistent organic pollutants may affect the immune and respiratory systems, but available evidence is based on small study populations. We studied the association between prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB 153) and children's respiratory health in European birth cohorts. METHODS: We included 4608 mothers and children enrolled in 10 birth cohort studies from 7 European countries. Outcomes were parent-reported bronchitis and wheeze in the first 4 years of life. For each cohort, we performed Poisson regression analyses, modeling occurrences of the outcomes on the estimates of cord-serum concentrations of PCB 153 and DDE as continuous variables (per doubling exposure) and as cohort-specific tertiles. Summary estimates were obtained through random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: The risk of bronchitis or wheeze (combined variable) assessed before 18 months of age increased with increasing DDE exposure (relative risk [RR] per doubling exposure = 1.03 [95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.07]). When these outcomes were analyzed separately, associations appeared stronger for bronchitis. We also found an association between increasing PCB 153 exposure and bronchitis in this period (RR per doubling exposure = 1.06 [1.01-1.12]) but not between PCB 153 and wheeze. No associations were found between either DDE or PCB 153 and ever-wheeze assessed after 18 months. Inclusion of both compounds in the models attenuated risk estimates for PCB 153 tertiles of exposure, whereas DDE associations were more robust. CONCLUSION: This large meta-analysis suggests that prenatal DDE exposure may be associated with respiratory health symptoms in young children (below 18 months), whereas prenatal PCB 153 levels were not associated with such symptoms.
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

hal-01063930
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063930
DOI : 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000097
PUBMED : 24776790

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Paris : L'Harmattan
Résumé : International audience
En s'appuyant sur des observations ethnographiques longitudinales et des entretiens compréhensifs, cet article propose une description du fonctionnement socioculturel et une analyse des pratiques éducatives familiales des deux groupes considérés, ainsi qu'un regard sur l'évolution de ces facteurs dans le contexte mouvant du monde actuel. Une connaissance des pratiques éducatives de ces populations pourrait fournir aux enseignants et spécialistes des pistes de réflexion pour une meilleure prise en compte des besoins éducatifs des populations amérindiennes vivant sur les sites isolés des fleuves amazoniens et une adaptation de l'enseignement scolaire aux spécificités culturelles.
ISSN: 1967-5798

halshs-00730368
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00730368
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00730368v2/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00730368/file/Ailincai-Jund-Ali.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Pyrethroids are insecticides frequently used in agriculture and in the home; exposure occurs through dietary and non-dietary pathways, including indoor and outdoor environmental contamination. Our objective was to study the potential determinants of pyrethroid metabolite concentrations measured in children's urine samples and in the dust of their homes. Specifically, we measured urinary metabolites from morning spot samples of 245 six-year- old children living in Brittany (France) in 2009-2012 and from dust vacuumed from the floor of their homes. Mothers reported home insecticide use, dietary habits, sociodemographic data; residential and school proximity to agricultural crops was assessed with spatialized data. The metabolites cis-DBCA, trans-DCCA, cisDCCA, 3-PBA, and F-PBA were detected in 84, 95, 64, 63, and 16% of the urine samples, respectively. Permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, and tetramethrin pyrethroids were detected in 100, 56, 9, 15, and 26% of the dust samples, respectively. Multiple regression analysis suggested diet plays a role in children's exposure, in particular, the food groups "pasta, rice or semolina" (for cis-DCCA and F-PBA), fruit (3-PBA), "breakfast cereals and whole grain bread" (cis-DBCA), and the global proportion of organic food in diet (for cis-DBCA, trans-DCCA). Children with a parent occupationally exposed to pesticides were about 3-times more likely to have higher urinary concentrations of 3-PBA (OR = 2.8, 95% CI [1.2; 6.5]). Dust content was correlated mainly with household insecticide use: higher mean concentrations of permethrin (beta = 0.8 [0.3; 1.3], in mu g/g) and an increased risk of a detectable level of cyfluthrin (OR = 4.7 [1.7; 12.9]) were observed in home dust, for indoor use of at least twice a year. Outdoor insecticide use at least once a year was associated with detection in dust of cypermethrin (OR = 3.0 [1.3; 6.7]) and tetramethrin (OR = 3.7 [1.6; 8.3]). Three positive and one negative correlations (out of 11) between urinary metabolite concentrations and home dust contents of their possible corresponding parent compounds were observed. The strength of this study lies in its concurrent use of biomarkers, environmental measurements, and potential sources of exposure. Its limitations include the use of a single urine sample and imprecise data about pyrethroid use in local agriculture.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01560147
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560147
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.007
PUBMED : 28453973

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE: Contemporary pesticides, such as triazines or organophosphates, possess immunotoxic properties. We aimed to determine whether prenatal environmental exposure to these current-use pesticides was associated with otitis media (OM) during the first 2 years of life among children from the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. METHODS: The PELAGIE cohort enrolled 3421 women at the beginning of pregnancy in Brittany (France). At the 2-year follow-up, 1505 families completed a self-administered questionnaire, including the domestic use of pesticides and consumption of organic diet during pregnancy and occurrences of OM in the child. Two health outcomes were considered: at least one OM and recurrent OM (at least three). Multivariate logistic regression models that adjusted for known risk factors of OM were performed. Metabolites of triazine herbicides and organophosphate insecticides measured in urine collected before the 19th week of gestation (248 mothers) were considered in a subgroup analysis. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing values for the covariates. RESULTS: Children whose mothers reported an organic diet during pregnancy had a reduced risk of OM (at least one episode, p trend=0.01). No association was found between any outcome and residential proximity to crops. The presence in maternal urine of dealkylated triazine metabolites (OR=2.12 (1.01 to 4.47)) was positively associated with recurrent OM. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to suggest a positive association between prenatal exposure to current-use pesticides and the occurrence of parent-reported OM in young children
Occupational and Environmental Medicine

hal-01201944
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201944
DOI : 10.1136/oemed-2015-103039
PUBMED : 26347056

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Indigenous territories comprise extensive areas of tropical forest and hold significant social and conservation value. Today, they are subject to various constraints and opportunities, and face many territorial transformations. These transformations are complex and multifaceted. They involve the adoption of new production and consumption modes, the modification of forms of social organisation and identity and territorial claims. However, the links between these on-going processes are still poorly understood, and make difficult to appreciate the adaptation dynamics of indigenous common natural resources management. This thesis is particularly concerned with the territorial dynamics of the Wayãpi and Teko indigenous people of the municipality of Camopi in French Guiana. It integrates methods that include land use analysis using remotely sensed data, socio-economic and agricultural systems analysis at the household scale, and empirical analysis on the influence of identity claims, kinship networks, and conservation policies. It shows that despite the residential settlement around local towns, the growth of cash income from wage labour and welfare, associated with strong kinship networks, allows the revival of mobility and the diversification of indigenous territorialities. Environmental policies implemented on the territory involve processes of identity and territorial claims and motivate the construction of a collective project of endogenous local development. A comparative approach with the situation of the wayãpi people living in Brazil and evolving in a completely different institutional, socio-economic and environmental context shows similar dynamics. Indigenous peoples of these two sites adopt "multi-local" land use systems, allowing them to extend their territory occupation and taking part of a broader dynamic of territorial and identity affirmation. They articulate forest and local town environments. This multi-local land use system can be interpreted as a new form of environmental governance, which overcomes the access difficulties to natural resources around local towns and ensures their sovereignty over the territory.
Les territoires amérindiens couvrent de vastes étendues de forêts tropicales et possèdent une forte valeur sociale et environnementale. Soumis à des contraintes et opportunités variées, ils sont de nos jours le siège de nombreuses transformations territoriales. Ces transformations sont complexes et multiformes. Elles impliquent l'adoption de nouveaux modes de production et de consommation, le réajustement des formes d'organisation sociale et des dynamiques de réaffirmation identitaire et territoriale. Or les liens entre tous ces processus sont encore mal compris, et rendent délicate la compréhension des dynamiques d'adaptation des systèmes amérindiens de gestion des ressources communes. Cette thèse s'intéresse particulièrement aux dynamiques territoriales des Amérindiens wayãpi et teko de la commune de Camopi en Guyane française. Elle intègre des données sur l'occupation du sol obtenues par télédétection, des données socio-économiques et productives à l'échelle des ménages et des données qualitatives sur les processus identitaires, les réseaux de parenté, les politiques de conservation et la gouvernance du territoire. Elle montre que malgré la sédentarisation de l'habitat autour des bourgs locaux, la croissance des revenus monétaires issus des emplois salariés et des aides sociales, combinée avec le maintien de réseaux de parenté et d'entraide, permet une redynamisation des systèmes de mobilité et une diversification des territorialités amérindiennes. De plus, les politiques environnementales mises en place sur le territoire impliquent des processus de territorialisation et de revendications identitaires et motivent la construction collective d'un projet de développement local endogène. Une approche comparative avec la situation des Amérindiens wayãpi vivant au Brésil et évoluant dans un contexte socio-économique, institutionnel et environnemental bien différent montre des dynamiques similaires. Les Amérindiens de ces deux pays adoptent des systèmes d'exploitation du territoire multi-locaux, leur permettant d'étendre leur occupation du territoire et s'inscrivant dans une dynamique de réaffirmation identitaire et territoriale. Ils articulent ainsi les espaces de la forêt et des bourgs. Cette forme d'exploitation multi-locale du territoire peut être interprétée comme une nouvelle forme de gouvernance environnementale, qui leur permet de contourner les difficultés d'accès aux ressources naturelles autour des bourgs et d'affirmer leur souveraineté sur le territoire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619

tel-00831619
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619/file/These_TRITSCH_mai2013_vf.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
CK chondrites are highly oxidized meteorites containing abundant magnetite and trace amounts of Fe,Ni metal. Although the group is predominately composed of equilibrated meteorites (types 4-6), in recent years a significant number of new samples have been classified as being either CK3 or CK3-anomalous. These unequilibrated CKs often display a close affinity with members of the CV oxidized subgroup. CKs and CVs (oxidized subgroup) may therefore form a continuum and by implication could be derived from a single common parent body. To investigate the relationship between these two groups a detailed study of the oxygen isotope composition, opaque mineralogy and major and trace element geochemistry of a suite of CV and CK chondrites has been undertaken. The results of oxygen isotope analysis confirm the close affinity between CV and CK chondrites, while excluding the possibility of a linkage between the CO and CK groups. Magnetites in both CV and CK chondrites show significant compositional similarities, but high Ti contents are a diagnostic feature of the latter group. The results of major and trace element analysis demonstrate that both CV and CK chondrites show overlapping variation. Supporting evidence for a single common source for both groups comes from their similar cosmic-ray exposure age distributions. Recent reflectance spectral analysis is consistent with both the CVs and CKs being derived from Eos family asteroids, which are believed to have formed by the catastrophic disruption of a single large asteroid. Thus, a range of evidence appears to be consistent with CV and CK chondrites representing samples from a single thermally stratified parent body. In view of the close similarity between CV and CK chondrites some modification of the present classification scheme may be warranted, possibly involving integration of the two groups. One means of achieving this would be to reassigned CK chondrites to a subgroup of the oxidized CVs. It is recognized that a full evaluation of this proposal may require further study of the still poorly understood CK3 chondrites.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-00474633
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00474633
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.11.029

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
High-grade migmatitic and mylonitic gneisses from the Day Nui Con Voi massif in northern Vietnam record temperatures of 760-810 °C at pressures of 6-10 kbars. High temperature conditions have resulted in the development of major element diffusional profiles in garnet. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of trace elements indicate that REE and Hf closely followed Rayleigh-like fractionation trends but underwent significant post-crystallization modification. Light REE and to a lesser extent, HREE rim-to-rim zonation profiles show progressive flattening with the decreasing garnet size. Nd and Sm are completely homogenized in the crystals smaller than 1.5 mm, while Lu always preserves variable degrees of core-to-rim concentration gradient. The observed REE patterns are interpreted as resulting from the combination of protracted garnet growth of progressively smaller crystals and intracrystalline diffusion. This had profound influence on Sm-Nd geochronology and resulted in isochron ages ranging from 50 to 32 Ma. The youngest age was obtained for a sample, where all garnet crystals are smaller than 2 mm in which light REE profiles are completely or nearly completely homogenized. Thus, only the youngest age represents geologically meaningful event, and 31.7 ± 0.9 Ma age is interpreted as the best estimate of the resetting episode due to high temperature diffusional homogenization of light REE during early Oligocene metamorphism. Older Sm-Nd ages reflect mixed analyses of variably reset individual garnet crystals. Lu-Hf isotopic analyses of bulk garnet fractions, despite yielding high parent/daughter isotopic ratios appeared very scattered and did not allow defining isochron ages. Instead, apparent ages defined by whole rock and individual garnet fractions range from c. 80 to 160 Ma. Very old apparent ages are interpreted as being the consequence of intracrystalline Lu diffusion and preservation of the original Hf distribution, which leads to lower 176Lu/177Hf ratios, and thus steeper (older) isochrons. Back diffusion of Lu during commonly observed resorption played a subordinate role in modifying isotope systematics.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00813949
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00813949
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.04.024

Éditeur(s) : Institut national agronomique Paris Grignon
Résumé : The flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. is the indigenous oyster of the Atlantic as well as the Mediterranean coasts of Europe. Its commercial exploitation dates back to Antiquity but its breeding is now threatened by two parasitic protozoa, among which Bonamia ostreae. Various aspects of the genetics of this species' natural and farmed populations have been studied with the aid of microsatellite markers. At first, the implementation and the screening of two partial genomic libraries made it possible to identify 28 new microsatellite loci. Analysis of the segregation of 12 of these loci and of two enzymatic loci shows that most microsatellite loci are transmitted in a Mendelian way, but some loci have significant segregation distortions. Moreover, seven linkage groups, of which four contain at least two markers, were identified in Ostrea edulis. The genetic variability of three populations selected for one or two generations for resistance to Bonamia ostreae was analysed with the aid of 5 microsatellite loci. In spite of the absence of genealogical data, we have shown that these selected populations were descended from a very low number of founding genitors (from 3 to 15 depending on the population) and for two populations, we were able to reconstruct the genealogy and the relationships between the individuals were identified. These selected populations have, in addition to a very low genetic variability, real and at times high levels of consanguinity. These results have a significant implication for the continuation of the selection programme (consanguinity management, augmentation of genetic variability by introducing wild genitors). The geographical structuring of the genetic variability of natural populations of Ostrea edulis has been analysed with the aid of 5 microsatellite loci on a sampling covering almost the entire distribution area of the species (from Norway to the Adriatic Sea). The results are consistent with those published in the literature and using enzymatic markers. The populations show a low level of differentiation that could correspond to a model of isolation by distance. The Atlantic populations, which have a reduced polymorphism, could be descended from post-glacial recolonisation from Mediterranean populations that had survived the glaciations of the Quaternary Period. The current distribution of flat oyster populations is surely also subject to anthropogenic activities. Finally, the genetic bases of the heterozygosis-growth correlation were studied in a natural population with the aid of enzymatic and microsatellite markers. Although leads favouring the direct contribution of enzymatic loci have been found, biases in the sampling design make it impossible to come to a formal conclusion. However, this study has made it possible to show that the capture of individuals over a short period (around ten days) leads to a sampling of a population descended from a very low number of founding genitors, in contradiction with the generally accepted idea that marine bivalve populations are large panmictic populations with significant, efficient numbers. These results confirm in a natural population the observations of a significant reduction of efficient sizes in hatchery populations.
L'huître plate Ostrea edulis L. est l'huître indigène des côtes européennes aussi bien atlantiques que méditerranéennes. Son exploitation commerciale remonte à l'Antiquité mais son élevage est aujourd'hui menacé par deux protozoaires parasites dont Bonamia ostreae. Différents aspects de la génétique des populations naturelles et cultivées de cette espèce ont été étudiés à l'aide de marqueurs microsatellites. Dans un premier temps, la réalisation et le criblage de deux banques génomiques partielles ont permis l'identification de 28 nouveaux locus microsatellites. L'analyse de la ségrégation de 12 de ces locus et de deux locus enzymatiques montre que la plupart des locus microsatellites sont transmis de façon mendélienne, mais certains locus présentent des distorsions de ségrégation importantes. Par ailleurs, sept groupes de liaison dont quatre contiennent au moins deux marqueurs ont été identifiés chez Ostrea edulis. La variabilité génétique de trois populations sélectionnées depuis une ou deux générations pour une résistance à Bonamia ostreae a été analysée à l'aide de 5 locus microsatellites. Malgré l'absence de données généalogiques, nous avons montré que ces populations sélectionnées étaient issues d'un très faible nombre de géniteurs fondateurs (de 3 à 15 selon les populations) et pour deux populations, la généalogie a pu être reconstituée et les liens de parenté entre les individus ont été identifiés. Ces populations sélectionnées présentent, outre une très faible variabilité génétique, des niveaux de consanguinité réels et parfois élevés. Ces résultats ont une implication importante pour la continuation du programme de sélection (gestion de la consanguinité, augmentation de la variabilité génétique par introduction de géniteurs sauvages). La structuration géographique de la variabilité génétique des populations naturelles d'Ostrea edulis a été analysée à l'aide de 5 locus microsatellites sur un échantillonnage couvrant presque toute l'aire de répartition de l'espèce (de la Norvège à la Mer Adriatique). Les résultats sont cohérents avec ceux publiés dans la littérature et utilisant des marqueurs enzymatiques. Les populations montrent un niveau de différenciation faible qui pourrait correspondre à un modèle d'isolement par la distance. Les populations atlantiques, qui présentent un polymorphisme réduit, pourraient être issues de recolonisation post-glaciaire à partir de populations méditerranéennes ayant survécu aux glaciations du Quaternaire. La répartition actuelle des populations d'huître plate est certainement aussi soumise aux actions anthropiques. Enfin, les bases génétiques de la corrélation hétérozygotie-croissance ont été étudiées dans une population naturelle à l'aide de marqueurs enzymatiques et microsatellites. Bien que des pistes en faveur de la contribution directe des locus enzymatiques aient été trouvées, des biais dans le dispositif expérimental ne permettent pas de conclure de façon formelle. Cependant, cette étude a permis de montrer que le captage d'individus sur une faible période (une dizaine de jours) conduit à l'échantillonnage d'une population issue d'un nombre très réduit de géniteurs fondateurs, en contradiction avec l'idée reçue que les populations de bivalves marins sont de larges populations panmictiques à effectif efficace important. Ces résultats confirment dans une population naturelle les observations de réduction importante des tailles efficaces dans des populations d'écloserie.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1998/these-1919.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1919/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IWA Publishing
Résumé : International audience
Anti-cancer drugs are an important class of pharmaceutical products. Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist used in high doses as antimetabolite in anti-cancer treatment as well as in low doses for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and adults' psoriasis. In the past, several anti-cancer drugs, including methotrexate, have been found in the environment. Their presence in water, especially if used for the production of drinking water, is even in low concentrations of particular interest, due to the risk to retrieve them in the consumed water and their high activity and grave effects. But prior to usage as drinking water, raw waters are treated and chlorination is a common practice in several countries. As such a treatment can lead to the formation of organochlorine in water, the study of the fate of MTX during chlorination in a batch trial was carried out. The reaction was monitored by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and by fluorescence and UV spectroscopy. Investigation of by-products formed was done with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Under the given experimental conditions, Methotrexate was eliminated rapidly (t1/2 around 21 min). However, DOC elimination was incomplete. Monitoring with LC-MS showed the formation of a monochlorinated transformation product of MTX. In silico analysis of the proposed transformation products for different carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic endpoints with different software platforms provided no clear evidence that the possible transformation products after chlorination might be more toxic than the parent compound. However, since a number of alerts is altered after chlorination, it cannot be excluded that the toxicity of these transformation products might be modulated compared with the parent compound.
ISSN: 0043-1354

hal-01016617
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01016617
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01016617/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01016617/file/Monitoringsur methotrexate_final.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.008