Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The first part describes the evolution of the world sea fisheries from 1950 to 1977 and their present state : a decline of the growing rate of the catches, their biological structure and their distribution in the oceans according to the depth, the distance from the continent and the latitude. Then the biogeographical fishery complexes are defined, being characterized by assemblages of commercially valuable and actually caught species. These complexes are arranged according to the latitude with sometimes longitudinal subdivisions. At last with technical and economical criteria, such as the yield of the fisheries, the finality of the catches and the conditions of the exploitation which add themselves to the biogeographical complexes, the authors attempt to single out geographical fishing provinces.
La première partie analyse l'évolution de la pêche mondiale de 1950 à 1977 et sa situation présente : ralentissement du rythme de la croissance des captures, composition faunistique et répartition des pêches dans l'océan selon la profondeur, la distance à la côte et la latitude. Ensuite sont définis les complexes biogéographiques de pêche, caractérisés par des assemblages d'espèces commercialement intéressantes et effectivement utilisées. Ces complexes s'ordonnent selon la latitude avec parfois des subdivisions méridiennes. Enfin, à l'aide de critères techniques et économiques, tels que le rendement des pêches, la finalité des captures et les modalités de l'exploitation qui viennent se superposer aux complexes biogéographiques, les auteurs tentent d'individualiser des provinces géographiques de pêche.
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1980-06 , Vol. 44 , N. 2 , P. 89-117

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1980/publication-1947.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1947/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Upper-mantle flow beneath the South Pacific is investigated by analysing shear wave splitting parameters at eight permanent long-period and broad-band seismic stations and 10 broad-band stations deployed in French Polynesia from 2001 to 2005 in the framework of the Polynesian Lithosphere and Upper Mantle Experiment (PLUME). Despite the small number of eventsand the rather poor backazimuthal coverage due to the geographical distribution of the natural seismicity, upper-mantle seismic anisotropy has been detected at all stations except at Tahiti where two permanent stations with 15 yr of data show an apparent isotropy. The median value of fast polarization azimuths (N67.5°W) is parallel to the present Pacific absolute platemotion direction in French Polynesia (APM: N67°W). This suggests that the observed SKS fast polarization directions result mainly from olivine crystal preferred orientations produced by deformation in the sublithospheric mantle due to viscous entrainment by the moving Pacific Plate and preserved in the lithosphere as the plate cools. However, analysis of individualmeasurements highlights variations of splitting parameters with event backazimuth that imply an actual upper-mantle structure more complex than a single anisotropic layer with horizontal fast axis. A forward approach shows that a two-layer structure of anisotropy beneath French Polynesia better explains the splitting observations than a single anisotropic layer. Second ordervariations in the measurements may also indicate the presence of small-scale lateral heterogeneities. The influence of plumes or fracture zones within the studied area does not appear to dominate the large-scale anisotropy pattern but may explain these second-order splitting variations across the network.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01249275
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249275
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249275/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249275/file/GJI2007SKS.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03475.x

Éditeur(s) : Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh
Résumé : During the GWADASEIS cruise (Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, February-March 2009) a very high resolution (VHR) seismic-reflection survey was performed in order to constrain Late Quaternary to Present faulting. The profiles we obtained evidence frequent "ponding" of reworked sediments in the deepest areas, similar to the deposition of Mediterranean "homogenites". These bodies are acoustically transparent (few ms t.w.t. thick) and are often deposited on the hanging walls of dominantly normal faults, at the base of scarps. Their thickness appears sufficient to compensate (i.e. bury) co-seismic scarps between successive earthquakes, resulting in a flat and horizontal sea floor through time. In a selected area (offshore Montserrat and Nevis islands), piston coring (4 to 7m long) was dedicated to a sedimentological analysis of the most recent of these particular layers. It corresponds to non-stratified homogenous calcareous silty sand (reworked calcareous plankton and minor volcanoclastics). This layer can be up to 2 m thick, and overlies fine-grained hemipelagites. The upper centimeters of the latter represent the normal RedOx water/sediment interface. Pb-210 and Cs-137 activities lack in the massive sands, while a normal profile of unsupported Pb-210 decrease is observed in the hemipelagite below, together with a Cs-137 peak corresponding to the Atmospheric Nuclear Experiments (1962). The RedOx level was thus capped by a recent instantaneous major sedimentary event considered as post-1970 AD; candidate seismic events to explain this sedimentary deposits are either the 16 March 1985 earthquake or the 8 October 1974 one (M-w = 6.3 and M-w = 7.4, respectively). This leads to consider that the syntectonic sedimentation in this area is not continuous but results from accumulation of thick homogenites deposited after the earthquakes (as observed in the following weeks after Haiti January 2010 event, McHugh et al., 2011). The existence of such deposits suggests that, in the area of study, vertical throw likely results from cumulated effects of separated earthquakes rather than from aseismic creep. Examination of VHR profiles shows that all major co-seismic offsets are recorded in the fault growth sequence and that co-seismic offsets can be precisely estimated. By using a sedimentation rate deduced from Pb-210 decrease curve (0.5 mmyr(-1)) and taking into account minor reworking events detected in cores, we show that the Redonda system may have been responsible for five > M-6 events during the last 34 000 yr. The approach presented in this work differs from fault activity analyses using displaced sets of isochronous surfaces and postulating co-seismic offsets. Combining VHR seismic imagery and coring we can decipher co-seismic vs. slow continuous displacement, and thus actually estimate the amplitude and the time distribution of major co-seismic offsets.
Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences (1561-8633) (Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh), 2012 , Vol. 12 , N. 5 , P. 1755-1767

Droits : Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20040/21990.pdf
DOI:10.5194/nhess-12-1755-2012
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20040/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper discusses and analyses the productivity of solar home systems in isolated areas in French Guiana, a region characterized by specific human and environmental conditions.Its aim is a better understanding of the attitudes, expectations, and relationship of the users towards the solar home system. The data collected made it possible to make suggestions for adapting the photovoltaic systems to their environment by taking into account social, cultural, and geoclimatic specificities. Analysis of on-site productivity provides valuable information on energy profiles and types of use. Field surveys made it possible to associate users’ perception of the energy production equipment and their degree of satisfaction with operating efficiency and on-site maintenance. This aspect is essential for analyzing the actual rate of use of the energy that is theoretically available.Parallel to these surveys, the results of the study carried out on the performance of the solar home systems made it possible to learn the quantitative aspects of the energy produced and consumed as well as the qualitative aspects of the parameters that condition the performance of the photovoltaic systems.After keyboarding, the subjective, qualitative as well as the quantitative variables were processed using a statistical analysis program in order to determine the correlations between them and to prepare the final conclusions.
ISSN: 1364-0321

hal-01304585
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304585
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304585/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304585/file/article%20RSER%20Hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.015

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : À la Martinique, les noms les plus anciens et les mieux conservés sont ceux qui ont été précocement fixés par la cartographie et par l’administration, non par la mémoire populaire. En conséquence, lorsque le cartographe supprime un nom de lieu, celui-ci disparaît ; mais lorsqu’il le déforme, le transforme ou même renomme le lieu, c’est une composante du passé et de l’identité territoriale qu’il soumet à une logique étrangère, qu’il colonise en quelque sorte. Si l’ensemble de la population martiniquaise éprouve de l’intérêt pour l’origine et le sens des noms de lieux, il apparaît cependant qu’elle n’a pas conscience de l’importance identitaire de la toponymie ni des dangers qui la menacent.
In Martinique, the oldest and best preserved place names are those who have been fixed early by cartographers and state officers, not by folk remembrance. Consequently, when the map maker cancels a place name, transforms it or even gives it a new name, he actually subjects the territorial identity to a foreign reasoning, he colonizes the toponym one could say. While the whole Martinique people is interested by place names origin and meaning, it does not seem to have a clear conscience of what giving and using a name involve for self identity, nor what dangers are menacing the toponyms of Martinique.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3494
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3494

Éditeur(s) : Oxford Univ Press
Résumé : Biological reference points are important tools for fisheries management. Reference points are not static, butmay change when a population's environment or the population itself changes. Fisheries-induced evolution is one mechanism that can alter population characteristics, leading to "shifting" reference points by modifying the underlying biological processes or by changing the perception of a fishery system. The former causes changes in "true" reference points, whereas the latter is caused by changes in the yardsticks used to quantify a system's status. Unaccounted shifts of either kind imply that reference points gradually lose their intended meaning. This can lead to increased precaution, which is safe, but potentially costly. Shifts can also occur in more perilous directions, such that actual risks are greater than anticipated. Our qualitative analysis suggests that all commonly used reference points are susceptible to shifting through fisheries-induced evolution, including the limit and "precautionary" reference points for spawning-stock biomass, B-lim and B-pa, and the target reference point for fishing mortality, F-0.1. Our findings call for increased awareness of fisheries-induced changes and highlight the value of always basing reference points on adequately updated information, to capture all changes in the biological processes that drive fish population dynamics.
Ices Journal Of Marine Science (1054-3139) (Oxford Univ Press), 2013-07 , Vol. 70 , N. 4 , P. 707-721

Droits : 2013 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00151/26228/24302.pdf
DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fst077
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00151/26228/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Twenty-five years after the fight started against Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica in French Polynesia and which was based upon mass chimiotherapy by diethylcarbamazine (Banocide), a survey realized in 1975 and 1976 among 274 patients with elephantiasis allows us to give precise details of the local clinical and epidemiological aspects. Since 1950 the number of clinical cases varies along with the parasitological incidence, but with a certain delay which is explained by the late and irreversible elephantiasis characteristics. The overall prevalence is actually low. However the occurrence of new cases, although very rare, is still possible. Among sick patients the lymphangitic crisis frequency whose aspect lead to evoke a bacterial participation, is low. Women are less frequently and less severely involved than men. Localisations are essentially restricted to the lower limbs. Several limbs are involved in approximately 50 0/0 of the cases. The scrotum involvement is rare, the one of the breast is found only once. Among men we can notice a 33 0/0 incidence of associated hydroceles. A past history of chyluria is not rare.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00715421
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715421
PUBMED : 385163

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
The reactivation of faults with near-optimal orientations is commonly considered to control the state of stress in the crust. Near the surface, where a principal stress direction is vertical, the attitude of such faults is explained by Anderson's theory. This raises the questions of how prevalent this type of faulting actually is in current seismicity, down to what depth it frequently occurs, and what range of friction angles explains it best. The Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog is analyzed to address these questions. Dip-slip and strike-slip mechanisms are dominant, and oblique slips are relatively rare for well-constrained events with depths shallower than 30 km. Preferred Andersonian faulting is the simplest, but not the unique, explanation for this dominance. Isolating reverse, strike- slip, and normal events reveals an asymmetry in the distribution of nodal plane dips and plunges of the P, B, and T axes between reverse and normal faulting. Assuming that the most frequent events correspond to reactivation near optimal orientations yields 40-60 degrees and 0-20 degrees friction angles for reverse and normal faults, respectively. This indicates that reverse and normal faulting mechanics are not symmetrical with respect to stress configuration as predicted by Anderson's theory.
ISSN: 8755-1209

hal-00412159
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412159
DOI : 10.1029/2007RG000240

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Editions Paralia CFL
Résumé : Des techniques d'optimisation de formes sont utilisées dans des problèmes du Génie Côtier pour la protection des plages. En collaboration avec le bureau d'étude Bas-Rhône Languedoc ingénierie, un projet d'aménagement concret de la plage du Lido de Sète, utilisant des ouvrages immergés en géotextile, a été étudié. Des solutions optimales, visant à réduire la mise en suspension des sédiments, pour les structures de défenses ont été obtenues à partir d'un modèle hydrodynamique de propagation de houle. Une étude complémentaire à partir d'un modèle de circulation et des travaux expérimentaux en canal à houle permettent ensuite de valider les résultats optimaux numériques obtenus. Shape optimization techniques, focusing on coastal structures design, are used to solve coastal engineering problem. In collaboration with the Bas-Rhône Languedoc engineering Company, a actual development plan concerning the beach of the Lido of Sète has been studied. Optimal solutions, aimed at reducing sediments suspended, for defense structures have been obtained with a hydrodynamic water wave model. An additional study using a circulation model and experimental works in flume tend to validate optimal numerical results.
ISSN: 1760-8716

hal-00854031
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00854031
DOI : 10.5150/jngcgc.2008.025-I

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Abstract A careful re-examination of the well-known written documents pertaining to the 2,750-year-long historical period of Mount Etna was carried out and their interpretation checked through the high-accuracy archeomagnetic method (>1,200 large samples), combined with the 226Ra-230Th radiochronology. The magnetic dating is based upon secular variation of the direction of the geomagnetic field (DGF) and estimated to reach a precision of  ±40 years for the last 1,200 years, and ±100 to 200 years up to circa 150 B.C. Although less precise, the 226Ra-230Th method provides a unique tool for distinguishing between historic and prehistoric lavas, which in some cases might have similar DGFs. We show that despite the abundance of details on ancient historical eruptions, the primary sources of information are often too imprecise to identify their lava flows and eruptive systems. Most of the ages of these lavas, which are today accepted on the geological maps and catalogues, were attributed in the 1800s on the basis of their morphology and without any stratigraphical control. In fact, we found that 80% of the “historically dated” flows and cones prior to the 1700s are usually several hundreds of years older than recorded, the discrepancies sometimes exceeding a millennium. This is proper the case for volcanics presumed of the “1651 east” (actually ∼1020), “1595” (actually two distinct flows, respectively, ∼1200 and ∼1060), “1566” (∼1180), “1536” (two branches dated ∼1250 and ∼950), “1444” (a branch dated ∼1270), “1408” (lower branches dated ∼450 and ∼350), “1381” (∼1160), “1329” (∼1030), “1284” (∼1450 and ∼700), “1169 or 812” (∼1000) eruptions. Conversely, well-preserved cones and flows that are undated on the maps were produced by recent eruptions that went unnoticed in historical accounts, especially during the Middle Ages. For the few eruptions that are recorded between A.D. 252 and 750 B.C., none of their presumed lava flows shows a DGF in agreement with that existing at their respective dates of occurrence, most of these flows being in fact prehistoric. The cinder cones of Monpeloso (presumed “A.D. 252”) and Mt. Gorna (“394 B.C.”), although roughly consistent magnetically and radiochronologically with their respective epochs, remain of unspecified age because of a lack of precision of the DGF reference curve at the time. It is concluded that at the time scale of the last millennia, Mount Etna does not provide evidence of a steady-state behavior. Periods of voluminous eruptions lasting 50 to 150 years (e.g., A.D. 300–450, 950–1060, 1607–1669) are followed by centuries of less productive activity, although at any time a violent outburst may occur. Such a revised history should be taken into account for eruptive models, magma output, internal plumbing of the volcano, petrological evolution, volcano mapping and civil protection.
Bulletin of Volcanology / Bull Volcanic Eruptions

hal-00315967
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00315967
DOI : 10.1007/s00445-007-0121-x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le discours narratif est, dans une certaine mesure, une re-présentation de la réalité qu’a vécue l’écrivain. Jacques Roumain a fictionnalisé la relation étroite qui existe entre l’Homme et son environnement, ce qui confère une dimension universelle à son récit. Les problèmes écologiques qu’a connus Haïti ces dernières décennies nous amènent à considérer « Gouverneurs de la rosée » comme une fiction-réalité. À partir d’une analyse à caractère linguistique et sociologique, j’ai montré comment Manuel, le personnage principal du récit, s’y est pris pour transformer la mentalité des villageois. Ma réflexion se fonde sur les propos du narrateur et de la plupart des personnages. Cette nouvelle lecture des « Gouverneurs de la rosée » m’a permis d’arguer qu’on peut tirer beaucoup de leçons du discours écologique qui participe à sa construction. Si fictif qu’il soit, ce récit complexe peut éclairer la conscience des êtres empiriques réels.
The narrative is, to some extent, a re-presentation of reality that the writer lived. Jacques Roumain has fictionalized the close relationship between man and his environment, which gives a universal dimension to the story. Environmental problems that have occurred in recent decades Haiti lead us to consider "Gouverneurs de la rosée" as a fiction-reality. From an analysis of linguistic and sociological nature, I showed how Manuel, the main character of the story, is taken to transform the mentality of the villagers. My thinking is based on the words of the narrator and most of the characters. This new reading of "Gouverneurs de la rosé" allowed me to argue that we can learn much from the ecological discourse involved in its construction. Even if it is fictional, this complex story can enlighten the minds of actual empirical beings.
Haïti

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6338
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6338

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
A set of synthetic aggregates, containing mixtures of calcite and muscovite, were compacted with varying uniaxial loads ranging from 20 MPa up to 400 MPa. Their elastic properties have been measured using compressional and shear waves in confining hydrostatic pressures up to 475 MPa. Measured seismic velocities are shown to depend on 1) the ratio of calcite to muscovite, 2) the uniaxial load used during sample manufacturing, and 3) the porosity amount prior to velocity measurements. The matrix framework may also affect the seismic velocities, but this effect is not easily quantifiable. In general, measured seismic velocities decrease with increasing muscovite content and porosity. Elastic properties have been calculated based on texture measurements, which were obtained by neutron diffraction. The calculated velocities are based on the calcite and muscovite single crystal elastic tensors, their orientation distribution functions, and their modal fractions. A large discrepancy is apparent between calculated and measured velocities, where the former always overestimate the actual velocities. Shear waves display less of a difference between calculated and measured values, than do compressional waves, indicating that waves propagating by shearing are less affected by sample porosity and matrix framework. A better agreement between measured and calculated seismic velocities arises when the initial porosity is taken into account, using a differential effective medium model. Seismic anisotropy is evident from both measured and calculated velocities, and is low for samples containing pure calcite, but becomes prominent as the muscovite concentration increases. The intensity of anisotropy further depends on the uniaxial load used during sample compaction and the initial porosity.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00512666
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00512666
DOI : 10.1029/2009JB006523

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Résumé : International audience
Leishmaniasis is endemic in southern Europe, and in other European countries cases are diagnosed in travellers who have visited affected areas both within the continent and beyond. Prompt and accurate diagnosis poses a challenge in clinical practice in Europe. Different methods exist for identification of the infecting Leishmania species. Sixteen clinical laboratories in 10 European countries, plus Israel and Turkey, conducted a study to assess their genotyping performance. DNA from 21 promastigote cultures of 13 species was analysed blindly by the routinely used typing method. Five different molecular targets were used, which were analysed with PCR-based methods. Different levels of identification were achieved, and either the Leishmania subgenus, species complex, or actual species were reported. The overall error rate of strains placed in the wrong complex or species was 8.5%. Various reasons for incorrect typing were identified. The study shows there is considerable room for improvement and standardisation of Leishmania typing. The use of well validated standard operating procedures is recommended, covering testing, interpretation, and reporting guidelines. Application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the rDNA array should be restricted to Old World samples, while the heat-shock protein 70 gene and the mini-exon can be applied globally.
ISSN: 1560-7917

hal-01460743
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01460743
DOI : 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.49.30418
PUBMED : 27983510

Éditeur(s) : Institut océanographie
Résumé : The aim of this paper is to present in a practical fashion the status of the use of remote sensing for the study of coral reef environments through the analysis of work published in the years 1980-2000. We review the scales of the potential work and of that actually conducted, the principal applications and their limiting factors. We detail these limitations which are of a technological nature (spatial and spectral resolution of sensors), as well as often of a conceptual (role of remote sensing in the study) or methodological (image processing) nature. The understanding of these limitations, in relation to the reality of the field, allows identification of work which could be undertaken in the years 2000.
Cet article présente, de façon pragmatique, le bilan de l’usage de la télédétection pour l’étude des milieux coralliens, à travers l’analyse des travaux publiés dans les vingt dernières années. Nous exposons les échelles de travail potentielles et celles réellement pratiquées, les principales applications et leurs facteurs limitants. Nous détaillons ces limites qui sont d’ordre technologique (résolutions spatiales et spectrales des capteurs), mais aussi bien souvent d’ordre conceptuel (place de la télédétection dans l’étude), ou méthodologique (traitement des images). La compréhension de ces limites, confrontées à la réalité du terrain, permet de cadrer les travaux qui pourront être menés au début du troisième millénaire.
Océanis (0182-0745) (Institut océanographie), 2000 , Vol. 26 , N. 3 , P. 311 349

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20044/17685.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20044/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The subterranean environment is often described as “extreme” and food poor. Laboratory experiments have shown that blind Mexican tetra Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853) cavefish are better at finding food in the dark than surface fish. Several morphological and behavioural attributes that could foster this obvious adaptive response to cave environments have been described. Nonetheless, it is currently unknown what young cavefish actually eat in their natural cave environment. Our results from the Pachón cave in México during the dry and rainy season show that fry are efficient predators in their natural cave environment. Their primary food item is aquatic crustaceans. The guts of post-larval, pre-juvenile stage individuals (n=9) contained an average of 17.9 water fleas (Cladocera), copepods, ostracods, and isopods. Thus, the fry in this cave are well-fed. The Pachón cave environment does not appear to be “food poor” for juvenile cavefish. Food regimes change between post-larval and adult stages to become more dependent on partially decomposed material, guano, or detritus from the mud. We discuss the data with regards to our current developmental and genetic understanding of cavefish morphological and behavioural evolution, particularly regarding its enhanced Vibration Attraction Behaviour (VAB).
Subterranean Biology

hal-01432027
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01432027
DOI : 10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The aim of this study is to assess the availability and quality of data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Global Positioning System (GPS) network in Africa, especially for retrieving zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), from which precipitable water vapour (PWV) can be derived, in view of application to the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project. Three major error sources for the GPS data analysis evaluating PWV in Africa are the accuracy of the satellite orbits, the correction for the radio delay induced by the ionosphere and the vertical site displacements due to ocean loading. The first part of this study examines these error sources and the validity of GPS data for meteorological applications in Africa in dedicated analyses spanning the year 2001. These analyses were performed using the IGS precise orbits. Weak degradation of baseline precision with increasing baseline lengths suggests that the average orbital error is not limiting the GPS analysis in Africa. The impact of the ionosphere has been evaluated during a maximum of solar activity in 2001. The loss of L2 data has actually been observed. It amounts to 2% on average for 2001, with maxima of 8% during magnetic storm events. A slight decrease in formal accuracy of ZTD seems to be related to the loss of L2 data at the end of the day. This indicates that scintillation effects are present in the GPS observations but however are not a major limitation. The impact of ocean loading is found to be significant on ZTD estimates (up to ±2 mm in equivalent PWV). The use of a proper ocean loading model eliminates this effect. The second aspect of this study concerns the IGS analysis quality for the African stations. The accuracy has been assessed through position dispersion between individual solutions and the most recent version of the IGS combined solution IGb00, and residuals from the transformation of the IGS combined solution into the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005. The positioning performance of the IGS analysis is consistent with an accuracy in ZTD of ±6 mm (±1 mm in PWV), as requested for meteorological applications such as planned in AMMA.
ISSN: 1364-6826

insu-00347961
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00347961
DOI : 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.04.008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The published literature related to distributed parameter systems theory is quite large, and it is not feasible in a single book to give a detailed review on the wide historical development of all of it. Our choice of what to cover was motivated by the following consideration. Since distributed parameter systems evolve in time and space, the research investigations on their analysis and control focus on considering the whole system domain for any study. We feel strongly that within this research field, animportant consideration was missing; that of considering that the system may give raise to prescribed subdomains (regions) where one has to achieve an objective. This is the case of so many applications ranging from engineering to life sciences. For that reason, covering classical prerequisite in analysis and control areas, we have devoted the book to the extension of the classical distributed parameter results to regional ones.Students of mathematics do not come into contacts with distributed parameter systems during their classes. They are introduced to them when they start research and often they are influenced by the knowledge and the advice of experimented scientists. This was our case at the very beginning of these research investigations in the mid 70’s. We would liketo express our special thanks to many of them and mainly late Professor Anthony J. Pritchard (University of Warwick, GB) and late Professor J.L. Lions (College de France) who were so encouraging in front of our determination in driving an academic carrier. We also express our thanks to our co-workers and research students. We wish to acknowledge the feedback from all those who took courses based on various parts of this book.This book may be used by graduate students in mathematics, engineering, physics, and even by students from other fields such as life or environmental sciences. This book may also be used as an information source for researchers and education professionals. We assume that the readers already know the basic concepts of analysis and control of distributedparameter systems.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297188

ISBN : 978-2-35412-140-2
hal-01297188
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297188

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En el contexto actual, en el que la Organización Mundial del Turismo vaticina el constante incremento del turismo, se habla, con más frecuencia que antes, del turismo cultural. Algunos especialistas especulan que el “turismo de/con identidad” –como también se lo denomina- viene avanzando por sobre el “turismo de sol y playa”. Sin embargo, la visión cuantitativista suele prevalecer respecto de la cualitativista, al mismo tiempo en que se consolidan ciertas naturalizaciones, como la relación estrecha que se ha establecido entre turismo cultural y patrimonio –particularmente en los últimos años, con el patrimonio “inmaterial”-. Es nuestro interés en este artículo, desnaturalizar cierta visión y los “lugares comunes” que contribuyen en la desproblematización del campo y de la noción. Es nuestro objetivo reflexionar críticamente sobre qué es y qué se espera del turismo cultural, el lugar que se otorga al turismo cultural en relación a los niveles de trasnacionalización y localización, focalizando en su vínculo problemático con el patrimonio y sobre la noción de autenticidad, cualidad visualizada como requisito imprescindible e indiscutible en la definición tanto del turismo como del patrimonio cultural. Dicha problematización será realizada desde el análisis complejo de diversas situaciones empíricas vinculadas a América Latina.
Dans le contexte actuel de pleine croissance des flux touristiques, le thème du tourisme culturel prend une place de plus importante. Certains experts pensent que le "tourisme identitaire" -comme on l'appelle parfois-, va connaitre un regain d'intérêt par rapport au classique tourisme balnéaire. Cependant, la vision quantitativiste emporte généralement sur l'approche qualitative. Dans le même temps, le rapprochement s'opère entre le tourisme culturel et le patrimoine -en particulier ces dernières années avec un «patrimoine immatériel».Notre intérêt, dans cet article, est de déconstruire une certaine vision, faite de "lieux communs", qui contribuent à vider ce champ de recherche de toute problématique. Notre objectif est de réfléchir de manière critique sur ce qu'est et ce qui est entendu par tourisme culturel, sur la place donnée au tourisme culturel selon les niveaux de transnationalisation, en se concentrant sur sa relation problématique entre le patrimoine et la notion d'authenticité ; une qualité perçue comme condition préalable indiscutable dans la définition à la fois le tourisme et le patrimoine culturel. Cette problématisation est conduite à travers l'analyse de situations empiriques variées et complexes d’Amérique latine
In the current context of growing tourist flows, the theme of cultural tourism is an ever important. Some experts believe that the "identity tourism" -as it is sometimes called-, will attract renewed interest at the expense of traditional seaside tourism. However, vision quantitativist generally outweighs the approach qualitative.Dans the same time, there is a reconciliation that occurs between tourism and cultural heritage (especially in recent years with an "intangible heritage").Our interest in this article is to deconstruct a vision, made of "platitudes" where this field of research is then emptied of any problem. Our goal is to reflect critically on what is and what is meant by cultural tourism, the importance given to cultural tourism as the levels of transnationalism, focusing on the problematic relationship between wealth and the notion of authenticity, a quality seen as indisputable prerequisite in defining both the tourism and cultural heritage. This problematization is conducted through analysis of empirical situations varied and complex in Latin America.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3792
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3792

Éditeur(s) : AGU
Résumé : New, high-quality multichannel seismic reflection data from the western New Caledonia offshore domain allow for the first time the direct, continuous connection of seismic reflectors between the Deep Sea Drilling Project 208 drill hole on the Lord Howe Rise and the New Caledonia Basin. A novel seismic interpretation is hence proposed for the northern New Caledonia Basin stratigraphy, which places the Eocene/Oligocene unconformity deeper than previously thought and revisits the actual thickness of the pre-Oligocene sequences. A causal link is proposed between the obduction of the South Loyalty Basin over New Caledonia (NC) and the tectonic history of the northern New Caledonia Basin. Here it is suggested that as the South Loyalty Basin was being obducted during early Oligocene times, the NC Basin subsided under the effect of the overloading and underthrusted to accommodate the compressional deformation, which resulted in (1) the uplift of the northern Fairway Ridge and (2) the sinking of the western flank of New Caledonia. This event also had repercussions farther west with the incipient subsidence of the Lord Howe Rise.
Tectonics (0278-7407) (AGU), 2008-12 , Vol. 27 , N. TC6006 , P. 1-20

Droits : 2008 American Geophysical Union
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4782.pdf
DOI:10.1029/2008TC002263
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4782/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
These last years, many analysis methods have been proposed to extract knowledge from social networks. As for the traditional data mining domain, these network-based approaches can be classified according to two main families. The approaches based on predictive modelling, which encompass the techniques that analyse current and historical facts to make predictive assumptions about future or unknown events. The approaches based on descriptive modelling, which cover the set of techniques that aim to summarize the data by identifying some relevant features in order to describe how things organize and actually work. In this paper, we review the main descriptive modelling methods of social networks and show for each of them the resulting useful knowledge on a running example. We particularly emphasize on the most recent methods that combine information available on both the network structure and the node attributes in order to provide original description models taking into account the context.
EISSN: 1877-0509

hal-01312383
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01312383
DOI : 10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.505