Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: Despite intensive research over several decades, the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains poorly understood, although environmental factors are supposedly implicated. Our goal was to identify spatial clusters of MS incident cases at the small-area level to provide clues to local environmental risk factors that might cause or trigger the disease. Methods: A population-based and multi-stage study was performed in the French Brittany region to accurately ascertain the clinical onset of disease during the 2000-2004 period. The municipality of residence at the time of clinical onset was geocoded. To test for the presence of MS incidence clusters and to identify their approximate locations, we used a spatial scan statistic. We adjusted for socioeconomic deprivation, known to be strongly associated with increased MS incident rates, and scanned simultaneously for areas with either high or low rates. Sensitivity analyses (focusing on relapsing-remitting forms and/or places of residence available within the year following clinical onset) were performed. Results: A total of 848 incident cases of MS were registered in Brittany, corresponding to a crude annual incidence rate of 5.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. The spatial scan statistic did not find a significant cluster of MS incidence in either the primary analysis (p value >= 0.56) or in the sensitivity analyses (p value >= 0.16). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that MS incidence is not markedly affected across space, suggesting that in the years preceding the first clinical expression of the disease, no environmental trigger is operative at the small-area population level in the French Brittany region.
ISSN: 1476-072X

hal-01616063
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01616063
DOI : 10.1186/s12942-017-0108-6
PUBMED : 28934989

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Blackwell Publishing
Résumé : International audience
Differentiating between forced regressive deposits from deglacial periods inhigh latitude domains and forced regressive deposits from the onset of glacialperiods in low latitude domains is fundamental for the accurate interpretationof glacial cycles within the geological record and then for thereconstruction of palaeogeography and palaeo-climate. A forced regressivedeglacial sequence is documented from the Lake Saint-Jean basin (Quebec,Canada). In this area, the Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediments haverecorded the Laurentide ice sheet retreat accompanied by the invasion ofmarine waters (Laflamme Gulf) from ca 129 cal kyr BP. Subsequently, fluviodeltaicand coastal prograding wedges were deposited; they followed thebase-level fall due to glacio-isostatic rebound. This succession, representinga transition from glacial to post-glacial periods within a previously glaciatedarea, was investigated through recent mapping, preserved landforms, faciesanalysis, and new optical stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dates.Three basin-scale geological sections share a common lower part made ofisolated ice-contact fan deposits overlying bedrock. Throughout the entirebasin, ice-contact fans are capped by glacimarine muds. Above, fluvial andcoastal prograding systems were deposited and evolved through four steps:(i) deltaic systems progressively increased in width; (ii) coastal influence onsedimentation increased; (iii) hydrographic drainage systems became moreorganised; and (iv) deltas graded from steep (Gilbert delta) to low-angle foresets(mouth-bar delta). Deposited during the base-level fall from glacioisostaticrebound, the complete succession has been designated as a singlefalling stage system tract referred to as a deglacial falling stage system tract.It is representative of a deglaciation sequence in areas previously covered byice during glacial periods (i.e. medium to high latitude domains). Diagnosticcriteria are provided to identify such a deglacial falling stage system tract inthe geological record, which may aid identification of previously unknownglacial cycles.
ISSN: 1469-3496

insu-01184731
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01184731
DOI : 10.1111/sed.12196

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The central part of the Gulf of Lions shoreline is characterized by many coastal wetlands that resulted from the interaction between a process of shoreline regularization by migrations of littoral barriers and a slow filling of the back-barrier areas by the riverine and marine inputs. Analyses of Late-Holocene deposits with a very high-resolution multi-proxy study of two sediment cores, allow us to reconstruct the evolution of this coastal system. Two main Holocene sediment units are identified overlying a Pliocene carbonate continental formation. The lower unit consists of sandy and pebbly marine sediments deposited around 7800 B.P., during the final stand of the last sea level rise. Just above, the upper unit displays lagoonal grey clay silts with shells and some intercalated layers of silty sands related to paleostorm events. The age model was established from radiocarbon dating, for the oldest part of the core. Over the last century, sedimentation rates were calculated using the CFCS Pb-210 model, together with Cs-137 data. Radiocarbon data show an increase in he accumulation rate from the base to the top of cores. Marine sand units related to the last transgressive deposit allow to refine the curve of Holocene post-glacial sea level rise. Sedimentological and faunal analyses associated with chronological data provide a means for reconstructing the Late-Holocene paleoenvironments along this part of the coast and suggest that the final closure of the coastal lagoon by the sandy barrier occurred at around 730 +/- 120 yr cal B.P. The beginning of this closure, together with the progradation of the coastal plain, could be responsible for the decline in economic activity of the Lattara harbour during the Roman period.
La partie centrale du littoral du golfe du Lion est caractérisée par de nombreuses lagunes qui résultent de l'interaction entre un processus de régularisation du trait de côte par migration de barrières littorales et d'un lent remplissage des zones situées en arrière des barrières par des apports continentaux et marins. Les analyses des dépôts tardi-holocènes avec une étude multi-traceurs à très haute résolution de deux carottes sédimentaires nous permettent de reconstruire l'évolution de ce système côtier. Deux unités sédimentaires holocènes sont identifiées recouvrant une formation pliocène carbonatée. L'unité inférieure est constituée de sables et de galets d'origine marine déposés vers 7800 B.P., durant les stades ultimes de la dernière remontée marine. Audessus, l'unité supérieure montre des dépôts d'argile et de silt gris coquilliers d'origine lagunaire, dans lesquels sont intercalés des niveaux de sable silteux révélant la présence d'événements de tempêtes. Le modèle d'âge est établi à partir de dates radiocarbones pour les parties les plus anciennes des archives sédimentaires, tandis que pour le dernier siècle, les taux de sédimentation sont calculés en utilisant le modèle CFCS pour le 210Pb, associé aux données de 137Cs. Les données 14C montrent une augmentation du taux d'accumulation depuis la base jusqu'en surface des carottes. Les unités de sables marins liées aux dépôts de la dernière transgression marine permettent de préciser la courbe post-glaciaire de remontée du niveau marin. Les analyses sédimentologiques et faunistiques associées aux données chronologiques fournissent une méthode permettant de reconstituer les paléoenvironnements littoraux tardi-holocènes dans la zone d'étude et suggèrent que la fermeture finale de ces lagunes par le cordon sableux survient autour de 730 ± 120 ans cal B.P. Le début de cette fermeture, associée à la une progradation deltaïque, pourrait être responsable du déclin des activités économiques du port de Lattara durant la période Romaine.
EISSN: 1777-5817

halshs-00740923
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00740923
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.181.1.27

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society of Chemistry
Résumé : International audience
Low-level water measurements of geological materials are fundamental in understanding the volatile inventories of the Earth from the mantle to crustal reservoirs. Here we describe the development of microanalytical techniques using the new SHRIMP SI ion microprobe to measure the abundances of OH− (as a proxy for water) in volcanic glass and nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs). Samples were first analysed at the Carnegie Institute of Washington (CIW) on their Cameca ims-6f with calibrations based on previous FTIR and manometry analyses. SHRIMP SI is a large geometry ion microprobe and is currently mainly used for O and S isotope analyses. The analytical protocol used here incorporates multiple collection of 16O− and 16O1H− allowing rapid measurements. A single calibration line incorporating all glasses and NAMs for the SHRIMP SI allows calibration of 16O1H−/16O− to H2O over a wide range in concentration (50 to 15 000 ppm H2O). This calibration line has around a 10% uncertainty, which appears to be limited only by sample heterogeneity. The current background for SHRIMP analysis is between 20–40 ppm but this is expected to improve with improved pumping on the source chamber. A current limitation to water analysis of NAM samples, by any technique, is having a range of standard materials to enable OH− calibration to absolute H2O concentrations. Data are presented for 7 NAM samples (2 olivines, 2 orthopyroxenes and 3 clinopyroxenes) that appear to be promising as potential standards for international laboratory H2O measurements. These NAM samples have been analysed and characterised here by SHRIMP SI, FTIR, EMP and the Cameca ims-6f ion microprobe at CIW. Four of these samples have previously been measured by manometry to determine absolute H2O concentrations.
ISSN: 0267-9477

hal-01243514
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01243514
DOI : 10.1039/c5ja00047e

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Lead in homes is a well-known source of childhood lead exposure,which is still of concern due to the health effects of low lead doses. This study aims to describe lead contamination in the homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in France (without overseas). Between October 2008 and August 2009 ,484 housing units were investigated. Lead in tap water and total and leachable lead levels from floor dust, outdoor soils and paint chips were measured. X-ray fluorescence measurements were carried out on non-metallic and metallic substrates. Nationwide results are provided. The indoor floor dust lead (PbD) geometric mean (GM) was 8.8 microg/m2 (0.8 microg/ft2) and 6.8 mmicrog/m2 (0.6 mg/ft2) for total and leachable lead respectively; 0.21% of homes had an indoor PbD loading above 430.5 microg/m2 (40 microg/ft2). The outdoor play area concentration GM was 33.5microg/kg and 21.7microgkg in total and leachable lead respectively; 1.4% of concentrations were higher than or equal to 400microg/kg. Outdoor floor PbD GM was 44.4 mg/m2 (4.1 mg/ft2) that was approximately 3.2 times higher than the GM of indoor PbD. Lead-based paint (LBP) was present in 25% of dwellings, LBP on only non-metallic substrates was present in 19% of homes and on metallic substrates in 10% of dwellings. The GM of lead concentrations in tap water was below 1 microg/L; 58% of concentrations were lower than 1 microg/L and 2.9% were higher than or equal to 10 mg/L. The age cut-off for homes with lead would be 1974 for paint and 1993 for indoor floor dust. This study provides, for the first time, a look at the state of lead contamination to which children are exposed in French housing. Moreover, it provides policy makers an estimate of the number of French dwellings sheltering children where abatement should be conducted.
Environmental Research

hal-00714516
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00714516

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’article présente les différences de perception entre les touristes et les résidents en matière de protection de l’environnement marin et côtier. Il s’appuie sur les résultats des études menées à l’échelle de la Martinique en 2010 dans le cadre de l’évaluation de la valeur économique et sociale des récifs coralliens et écosystèmes associés et à celle de la commune du Prêcheur en 2011 dans le cadre de la mise en place de la réserve marine régionale. Il met en exergue les éléments qui composent les disparités de perception et de souhaits quant aux mesures de gestion des espaces littoraux. Il montre toutefois que la création d’une aire marine protégée dans la commune du Prêcheur emporte l’adhésion de tous.
The article presents the differences in perception between the tourists and residents regarding the protection of the marine and coastal environment. It is based on the results of studies conducted across Martinique in 2010, in the framework of the evaluation of the economic and social value of coral reefs and associated ecosystems, and at the level of the rural community of le Prêcheur in 2011, in the context of the implementation of the regional marine reserve. It highlights the elements that compose the disparities of perception and wishes with respect to coastal areas management measures. It shows, however, that the creation of a marine protected area in the commune of le Prêcheur has the unanimous support of all.
Martinique
Prêcheur

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.9351
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/9351

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : Based on new multibeam bathymetric data, seismic-reflection profiles and side-scan sonar images, a great number of submarine failures of various types and sizes was identified along the northern margin of the Ligurian Basin and characterized with 3 distinct end-members concerning their location on the margin, sedimentary processes and possible triggering mechanisms. They include superficial landslides mainly located in the vicinity of the main mountain-supplied rivers and on the inner walls of canyons (typically smaller that 10(8) m(3) in volume: Type 1), deep scars 100-500 m high along the base of the continental slope (Type 2), and large-scale scars and Mass Transport Deposits (MTDs) affecting the upper part of the slope (Type 3 failures). The MTDs are located in different environmental contexts of the margin, including the deep Var Sedimentary Ridge (VSR) and the upper part of the continental slope in the Gulf of Genova (Finale Slide and Portofino Slide), with volumes of missing sediment reaching up to 1.5 x 10(9) m(3). High sedimentation rates related to hyperpycnal flows, faults and earthquake activity, together with sea-level fluctuations are the main factors invoked to explain the distribution and sizes of these different failure types.
Marine Geophysical Research (0025-3235) (Springer), 2011-03 , Vol. 32 , N. 1-2 , P. 225-243

Droits : Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00043/15387/14028.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s11001-011-9123-3
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00043/15387/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En Haïti, l’accès difficile à des services spécialisés et la rareté des hôpitaux psychiatriques amènent l’aggravation des problèmes d’adaptation (IESM-OMS, 2011 ; Lecomte et Raphaël, 2010a; Nicolas et al.,). Certains services d’intervention tentent de répondre aux besoins complexes des enfants de la rue, comme par exemple le Centre d’accueil de Delmas 3. Au Québec, le modèle psychoéducatif guide les interventions spécialisées auprès de jeunes ayant des troubles de comportements. Le présent projet de recherche vise d’une part à évaluer si une approche collaborative favoriserait la pérennité d’un programme d’intervention en Haïti et d’autre part si le modèle psychoéducatif pourrait répondre aux besoins du milieu d’intervention du Centre d’accueil de Delmas. Pour favoriser la mobilisation des partenaires, le projet met de l’avant une méthode qualitative et collaborative (Hamel, Cousineau et Vézina, 2010). D’abord, une formation adaptée aux besoins du milieu a été présentée aux intervenants. Ensuite, l’équipe de recherche et les intervenants du centre d’accueil ont animé des activités psychoéducatives. Ce projet pilote a montré qu’une approche collaborative favorise la participation et le niveau de satisfaction de tous les acteurs impliqués. Cette expérience a également permis de constater que le modèle psychoéducatif pourrait être utilisé dans les centres d’accueil en Haïti. En effet, ce modèle permet d’adapter la réponse aux besoins des personnes selon les caractéristiques des milieux (Renou, 2005).
In Haiti, accessibility to specialized services and the lack of psychiatric hospitals exacerbates adaptation problems (Lecompte and Raphael 2010a; Nicolas et al, 2012; WHO-AIMS, 2011). The health professionals at the Centre d’accueil de Delmas 3 respond to the complex needs of young street children. In Quebec, several evidence-based intervention models have shaped our clinical practice for young children with behavior disorders. In fact, rehabilitation interventions are based on the psychoeducational model. The current research project had two goals: 1) Examine whether a collaborative approach would facilitate and ensure that the implementation of an intervention program would be ongoing and long-lasting in Haiti; 2) Explore whether the psychoeducational model could respond to the needs of a Haitian youth center. Qualitative methods were used to bring together partners in the research (Hamel, Cousineau and Vézina, 2010). First, educators followed a two days training developed to respond the specific needs. Second, interventions were implemented by researchers in collaboration with the stakeholders. This pilot project has shown that a collaborative approach encourages training and the level of participants' satisfaction. Futher, this experience showed that the psychoeducational model could very well fit the needs of a Haitian youth center. The psychoeducative model can yield responses adapted to the needs of people accounting for the characteristics of the environment (Renou, 2005).
Haïti

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10295
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10295

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Retreatment with pegylated interferon (peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) results in poor sustained virological response (SVR) rates in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients. There are limited data regarding the use of telaprevir plus peg-IFN/RBV in this population. HIV type 1-infected patients who previously failed ≥12 weeks of peg-IFN/RBV for HCV genotype 1 coinfection were enrolled in a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Patients with cirrhosis and previous null response were excluded. Authorized antiretrovirals were tenofovir, emtricitabine, efavirenz, atazanavir, and raltegravir. All patients received peg-IFN alfa-2a (180 µg/week) plus RBV (1000-1200 mg/day) for 4 weeks, followed by telaprevir (750 mg or 1125 mg every 8 hours with efavirenz) plus peg-IFN/RBV for 12 weeks and peg-IFN/RBV for 32-56 weeks according to virological response at week 8. The primary endpoint was the SVR rate at 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR24). Sixty-nine patients started treatment; SVR24 was achieved in 55 (80% [95% confidence interval, 68%-88%). SVR24 was not influenced by baseline fibrosis stage, IL28B genotype, antiretroviral regimen, HCV subtype, CD4 cell count, previous response to HCV treatment, HCV RNA level, or HCV RNA decline at week 4. HCV treatment was discontinued for adverse events (AEs) in 20% of patients, including cutaneous (4%), psychiatric (4%), hematological (6%), and other AEs (6%). Peg-IFN or RBV dose reduction was required in 23% and 43% of patients, respectively. Seventy percent of patients required erythropoietin, blood transfusions, or RBV dose reduction for anemia. Two patients died during the study. No HIV breakthrough was observed. Despite a high discontinuation rate related to toxicity, a substantial proportion of treatment-experienced HIV-coinfected patients achieved SVR24 with a telaprevir-based regimen. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01332955.
ISSN: 1058-4838

hal-01118447
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118447
PUBMED : 25139963
DOI : 10.1093/cid/ciu659

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
Résumé : International audience
Although heterokaryons have been reported in nature, multicellular organisms are generally assumed genetically homogeneous. Here, we investigate the case of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that form symbiosis with plant roots. The growth advantages they confer to their hosts are of great potential benefit to sustainable agricultural practices. However, measuring genetic diversity for these coenocytes is a major challenge: Within the same cytoplasm, AMF contain thousands of nuclei and show extremely high levels of genetic variation for some loci. The extent and physical location of polymorphism within and between AMF genomes is unclear. We used two complementary strategies to estimate genetic diversity in AMF, investigating polymorphism both on a genome scale and in putative single copy loci. First, we used data from whole-genome pyrosequencing of four AMF isolates to describe genetic diversity, based on a conservative network-based clustering approach. AMF isolates showed marked differences in genome-wide diversity patterns in comparison to a panel of control fungal genomes. This clustering approach further allowed us to provide conservative estimates of Rhizophagus spp. genomes sizes. Second, we designed new putative single copy genomic markers, which we investigated by massive parallel amplicon sequencing for two Rhizophagus irregularis and one Rhizophagus sp. isolates. Most loci showed high polymorphism, with up to 103 alleles per marker. This polymorphism could be distributed within or between nuclei. However, we argue that the Rhizophagus isolates under study might be heterokaryotic, at least for the putative single copy markers we studied. Considering that genetic information is the main resource for identification of AMF, we suggest that special attention is warranted for the study of these ecologically important organisms.
ISSN: 1759-6653

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01224215
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01224215
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01224215/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01224215/file/Genome%20Biol%20Evol-2015-Boon-505-21.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gbe/evv002

Éditeur(s) : Proceedings of the 60th GCFI Conference, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 5 - 9 Nov 2007. pp.1-11
Résumé : The development of the ecosystemic approach for fisheries supposes to improve integrated analysis of fisheries by considering the biological as well as the socio-economic dimensions of the exploitation. A prerequisite for integrated analysis is the improvement in the knowledge of fleets structure, fleet evolution and allocation of fishing effort in the different fisheries. However, small scale fisheries are often characterized by a lack of knowledge on the vessel fishing activity. This paper first presents a data collection methodology recently applied in the French West (Guadeloupe and Martinique) for the follow up of the whole vessel population. Based on a statistical analysis of these data sets, the paper develops a fleet-metier matrix giving the possibility to identify the structure of the fleet, the metier polyvalence of the vessels but also the origin of fishing mortality on the different exploited fishing resources. We then discuss the interest of this methodology for fisheries analysis and the perspective in terms of fisheries management at regional levels.
Le développement de l’approche écosystémique des pêches suppose de renforcer les analyses couplant les dimensions biologiques et socio-économiques de l’exploitation. Cela passe en particulier par une meilleure connaissance des flottilles de pêche, de leur évolution et l’allocation de l’effort de pêche dans les différentes pêcheries. Dans un contexte de connaissance souvent très limitée sur l’activité de navires de petite pêche, ce papier présente la méthodologie de collecte de données utilisée, dans le cas des îles des Antilles françaises (Guadeloupe et Martinique). Sur la base d’une collecte de données minimale mais exhaustive de l’activité des navires, le papier propose le développement une analyse matricielle (flottilles-métiers) permettant de caractériser la structure des flottilles de pêche, d’identifier leur polyvalence en termes de métiers pratiqués et l’origine de la mortalité par pêche. On discute enfin l’intérêt de ce type d’approche pour l’analyse de pêcheries ainsi que les perspectives pour la gestion des pêches.
El desarollo del estudio del ecosistema de las pescas supone que hay que intensificar los análisis considerando a la vez las dimensiones biológicas y socio-económicas de la explotación. Esto supone un mejor conocimiento de las flotillas de pesca, de su evolucíon y de la atribución del esfuerzo de pesca en las diferentes pesquerías. Sabiendo que los conocimientos sobre la actividad de los buques de pequeña pesca son muchas veces limitados, este documento presenta la metodología de recolección de informaciones estadísticas dada en el caso de las islas de las antillas francesas (Guadeloupe y Martinique). Basándose en una recoleccíon de informaciones estadísticas mínima pero eschaustiva de la actividad de los buques, este documento propone el desarollo de un análisis de las matrices (flotillas-metiers) que permite caracterizar la estructura de las flotillas de pesca y de identificar su caracter polivalente en términos de metiers practicados. No solo permite discutir sobre el impacto de las políticas que tienden a reorientar el esfuerzo de pesca de las especies de los bancos insulares hacia las especies pelágicas, sino también permite discutir sobre el interés de generalizar este tipo de recolección de informaciones estadísticas en los sistemas de observación de las pesquerías a escala de las pequeñas Antillas o de otros espacios pertinentes para la gestión de las pescas. Palabras llaves : flotillas, metiers, actividad de pesca, pequeña pesca, gestión de las pescas

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00243/35456/33985.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00243/35456/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: Color polymorphism in the nacre of pteriomorphian bivalves is of great interest for the pearl culture industry. The nacreous layer of the Polynesian black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera exhibits a large array of color variation among individuals including reflections of blue, green, yellow and pink in all possible gradients. Although the heritability of nacre color variation patterns has been demonstrated by experimental crossing, little isknown about the genes involved in these patterns. In this study, we identify a set of genes differentially expressed among extreme color phenotypes of P. margaritifera using a suppressive and subtractive hybridization (SSH) method comparing black phenotypes with full and half albino individuals.Results: Out of the 358 and 346 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained by conducting two SSH libraries respectively, the expression patterns of 37 genes were tested with a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) approach by pooling five individuals of each phenotype. The expression of 11 genes was subsequently estimated for each individual in order to detect inter-individual variation. Our results suggest that the color of the nacre is partiallyunder the influence of genes involved in the biomineralization of the calcitic layer. A few genes involved in the formation of the aragonite tablets of the nacre layer and in the biosynthesis chain of melanin also showed differential expression patterns. Finally, high variability in gene expression levels were observed within the black phenotypes.Conclusions: Our results revealed that three main genetic processes were involved in color polymorphisms: the biomineralization of the nacreous and calcitic layers and the synthesis of pigments such as melanin, suggesting that color polymorphism takes place at different levels in the shell structure. The high variability of gene expression found within black phenotypes suggests that the present work should serve as a basis for future studies exploringmore thoroughly the expression patterns of candidate genes within black phenotypes with different dominant iridescent colors.
ISSN: 1471-2164

hal-01260141
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01260141
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01260141/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01260141/file/Lemer-2015-BMCGenom-Identification.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12864-015-1776-x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The challenge is to implement research that can estimate the consequences ofclimate changes in terms of impact on terrestrial environments and resources.Emphasis should be placed on regions dependent on natural resources and forwhich demographic pressure is strong. Simulations obtained from climate modelprojections (using different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs))predict that the Mediterranean basin and its southern periphery are particularlyvulnerable to water resources and environmental impact (IPCC, AR5, 2013).An annual rainfall decrease by 30% is found for the projection period 2070-2099(IPCC, AR5, 2013) associated with a decrease in water resources by 30 to 50%(Milano, 2012). In addition, several studies using regional atmospheric modelsindicate an increase in the precipitation inter-annual variability with extremeevents and a spatial heterogeneous signature, superimposed on a decrease in thetotal precipitation amount (Giorgi and Lionello, 2008; Raible et al. 2010).Currently, regional climate projections are highly sensitive to the climate modelused. In particular, spatial resolution as well as local climate conditions seemto impact significantly on the simulations (Jacob et al. 2014).The Mediterranean region, at the interface between arid and temperate climateswith several mountainous areas, is a complex climate system affected by theinteractions between mid-latitude and sub-tropical processes. In this context,Morocco, located at the transition between a temperate climate to the North anda tropical climate to the south constitutes a key area for an impact and sensitivitystudy to global climate changes. The climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean,the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara, together with a very steep orography inthe Atlas region. The precipitation distribution is therefore characterised by greatspatial variability, and exhibits a marked seasonality, a strong inter-annualvariability (Ouda et al. 2005) and in general a pronounced gradient from northto south and west to east. At a broader scale, Morocco is located on the subtropicalsubsidence path and between the Acores High and the Saharan Low (Agoussine,2003). Several studies have also identified strong links with inter-annualprecipitation variability and NAO index (Knippertz, 2003) as well as remoteclimate modes (Esper et al. 2007).Continental climate variability at a local/regional scale, if it is to be integratedin climate predictions, needs to be supported by long-term observation.Meteorological stations in Morocco provide climatic data mainly for the last40 years with only a few stations located in the mountainous region (Tramblayet al. 2012; 2013; Driouech et al. 2010). This climate database is also supportedby the IAEA network providing stations for which isotope tracers have beenapplied to daily/monthly rain and water vapour samples over 2 to 3 years between2000 and 2004. Besides the poor coverage of instrumented areas, lacustrinesystems can provide a climatic data set that offers access to short and long-termtime series of climate parameters when knowledge of modern lake water balanceis combined with lacustrine sedimentary-climate records. Lake sediment recordsideally provide high resolution climate/environmental information of the last10,000 years (Magny et al. 2013). This time interval (corresponding to theHolocene) is a key period to investigate short and long-term climate variabilityand to improve prediction in a warming climate.In this study we present an integrated approach focusing on a mountainous lake(Aguelmam Azigza). The modern lake system study is based on site monitoring(2012-2016) and available regional hydro-climatic data. These data show thatlake level changes during the instrumented period were mainly driven byprecipitation following the high inter-annual variability. These data are thencompared with accurately dated short sediment cores retrieved in the same lake.Micro-scale geochemical and sedimentological analyses of these sequencesenable us to identify various sedimentary facies that can be linked with periodsof high (low) lake levels over the past decades.
The Mediterranean Region under Climate ChangeLa méditerranée face au changement climatique

insu-01394690
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690/file/Vidaletal.2016-COP22-Chap1.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Analyses of tree diversity and community composition in tropical rain forests are usually based either on general herbarium data or on a restricted number of botanical plots. Despite their high taxonomic accuracy, both types of data are difficult to extrapolate to landscape scales. Meanwhile, forestry surveys provide quantitative occurrence data on large areas, and are thus increasingly used for landscape-scale analyses of tree diversity. However, the reliability of these approaches has been challenged because of the ambiguity of the common (vernacular) names used by foresters and the complexity of tree taxonomy in those hyper-diverse communities.We developed and tested a novel approach to evaluate taxonomic reliability of forestry surveys and to propagate the resulting uncertainty in the estimates of several diversity indicators (alpha and beta entropy, Fisher-alpha and Sørensen similarity). Our approach is based on Monte-Carlo processes that simulate communities by taking into account the expected accuracy and reliability of common names. We tested this method in French Guiana, on 9 one-hectare plots (4279 trees – DBH ⩾ 10 cm) for which both common names and standardized taxonomic determinations were available. We then applied our method of community simulation on large forestry inventories (560 ha) at the landscape scale and compared the diversity indices obtained for 10 sites with those computed from precise botanical determination situated at the same localities.We found that taxonomic reliability of forestry inventories varied from 22% (species level) to 83% (family level) in this Amazonian region. Indices computed directly with raw forestry data resulted in incorrect values, except for Gini–Simpson beta-diversity. On the contrary, our correction method provides more accurate diversity estimates, highly correlated with botanical measurements, for almost all diversity indices at both regional and local scales. We obtained a robust ranking of sites consistent with those shown by botanical inventories.These results show that (i) forestry inventories represent a significant part of taxonomic information, (ii) the relative diversity of regional sites can be successfully ranked using forestry inventory data using our method and (iii) forestry inventories can valuably contribute to the detection of large-scale diversity patterns when biases are well-controlled and corrected.The tools we developed as R-functions are available in supplementary material and can be adapted with local parameters to be used for forest management and conservation issues in other regional contexts
ISSN: 0378-1127

hal-01204219
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204219
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.045
PRODINRA : 286554

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
The Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims at cataloguing the proteins as gene products encoded by the human genome in a chromosome-centric manner. The existence of products of about 82% of the genes has been confirmed at the protein level. However, the number of so-called "missing proteins" remains significant. It was recently suggested that the expression of proteins that have been systematically missed might be restricted to particular organs or cell types, for example, the testis. Testicular function, and spermatogenesis in particular, is conditioned by the successive activation or repression of thousands of genes and proteins including numerous germ cell- and testis-specific products. Both the testis and postmeiotic germ cells are thus promising sites at which to search for missing proteins, and ejaculated spermatozoa are a potential source of proteins whose expression is restricted to the germ cell lineage. A trans-chromosome-based data analysis was performed to catalog missing proteins in total protein extracts from isolated human spermatozoa. We have identified and manually validated peptide matches to 89 missing proteins in human spermatozoa. In addition, we carefully validated three proteins that were scored as uncertain in the latest neXtProt release (09.19.2014). A focus was then given to the 12 missing proteins encoded on chromosomes 2 and 14, some of which may putatively play roles in ciliation and flagellum mechanistics. The expression pattern of C2orf57 and TEX37 was confirmed in the adult testis by immunohistochemistry. On the basis of transcript expression during human spermatogenesis, we further consider the potential for discovering additional missing proteins in the testicular postmeiotic germ cell lineage and in ejaculated spermatozoa. This project was conducted as part of the C-HPP initiatives on chromosomes 14 (France) and 2 (Switzerland). The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited with the ProteomeXchange Consortium under the data set identifier PXD002367
ISSN: 1535-3893

hal-01187320
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187320
DOI : 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00170
PUBMED : 26168773

Éditeur(s) : World Aquaculture Society, Aquaculture 2006
Résumé : Oysters are among the most familiar of all marine invertebrate taxa. However our knowledge of oyster phylogeny and systematics is fragmentary. This is principally due to the plastic growth patterns of these animals, which result in a wide range of overlapping, ecophenotypic variants that greatly reduce the value of analysis based on shell morphology. Besides that, many intentional or accidental anthropogenic transfers have emphasised this situation. In several cases of misclassification or misidentification of oysters, DNA molecular data, have provided valuable new insights on the tracing of introductions or more generally on the phylogeographic relationships between oyster species. We will illustrate this issue with recent case studies from our lab on several flat and cupped oysters: (1) the Crassostrea gigas – Crassostrea angulata couple of Asian species and their successive introductions in Europe, (2) the new species of cupped oysters, Crassostrea honkongensis, described in Hong-Kong and very divergent from the species Crassostrea gigas it was initially supposed to be, (3) the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar that was shown not only to be present along the coasts of Western Africa but also along the Atlantic coasts of South America, and (4) the geographic disjunction between Ostreola stentina, described in the Mediterranean Sea, and the genetically closely related species Ostrea aupouria (from New Zealand) and Ostreola equestris (from Mexico Gulf/Atlantic). At the intra specific level, we will focus on one of the main documented case in Europe, the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. It is a marine bivalve whose natural geographical distribution ranges along the European Atlantic coast from Norway to Morocco, in addition to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Studies of allozymes, microsatellites and mitochondrial differentiation over the whole range concluded that a significant divergence existed between Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, together with an isolation-by-distance pattern. However, the average mitochondrial haplotypic diversity displayed a high among populations variance, reflecting smaller effective population size in some locations. Additionally, a ten-fold quantitative difference was observed in the same study in Fst between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes, which could be due to sex biased differential reproductive success between males and females. In order to further document this hypothesis, two experiments at the population level were conducted. First, brooding females were sampled in a wild population and the number of males fertilizing a given female estimated. Then, parentage analyses were achieved under experimental conditions: successive mass spawnings were collected from a population of potential genitors kept in hatchery, whose genotypes were known, in order to infer a posteriori the relative contribution of each genitor. Moreover, we aimed to better understand the reproduction dynamics of this species. Several patterns of spawning could be distinguished: unique, successive or extended in time. The different parental contributions and reproductive behaviors observed in these experiments are discussed in the context of the hypothesis of a variance in the reproductive success of males and females and consequences in local and temporal reduced effective population sizes.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/acte-3475.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3475/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Acknowledging the high exposure of the region to natural and man-made disasters, this article emphasizes the need for the Institutions of Higher Education operating in the Caribbean to improve their level of preparedness and develop efficient mitigation plans. Based on their experience of the Disaster Resistant Universities initiative, the authors suggest a methodology to develop such plans adapted to the Caribbean context. A four-step risk assessment allows the definition and implementation of a hazard mitigation plan for the universities, along with table-top exercises critical for capacity building within the institution.
Reconnaissant le niveau d’exposition élevé de la zone Caraïbe aux catastrophes d’origines naturelle et anthropique, l’article souligne la nécessité pour les établissements d’enseignement supérieur implantés dans la région à la fois d’optimiser leur niveau de préparation face aux catastrophes, et de définir des plans opérationnels de réduction des risques. Sur la base de leur expérience de l’initiative « Universités Résistantes aux Catastrophes », les auteurs suggèrent une méthodologie de planification préventive adaptée au contexte caraïbe. Une évaluation des risques en 4 étapes autorise la mise en place d’un plan de réduction des risques ; le plan ainsi adopté par les universités devra être associé à la mise en œuvre de simulations essentielles au développement des savoir-faire au sein même de l’établissement
Reconociendo la alta exposición de la región a los desastres naturales y artificiales, este artículo da énfasis a la necesidad para las instituciones de educación superior que funcionan en la zona Caribe de mejorar su nivel del estado de preparación, y desarrollar planes eficientes de mitigación. De acuerdo con su experiencia de la iniciativa « Universidades Resistentes a los Desastres », los autores sugieren una metodología para desarrollar tales planes adaptados al contexto Caribeño. Una evaluación de los riesgos en cuatro etapas autoriza la implementación de un plan de reducción de los riesgos para las universidades, junto con las simulaciones esenciales al desarrollo de los conocimientos técnicos dentro del establecimiento.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.294
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/294

Résumé : Ce travail est l'expression d'une volonté de chercheurs, de la Carabe d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques méso- et micro-météorologiques appliquées aux milieux insulaires sous influence des alizés et de développer la recherche dans ces domaines.On sait que le phénomène météorologique le plus remarquable impactant les îles de la Caraïbe reste le cyclone tropical. Mais d'autres phénomènes, a des échelles inferieures, telles que les pluies intenses, les houles, la dégradation de la qualité de l'air ont une importance aigüe en termes de risques naturels ou de risques sur la sante. Ces exemples attestent la nécessité d'utiliser des méthodes de descente d'échelle pour exploiter l'information météorologique et/ou climatique de grande échelle et dériver des scenarios locaux et régionaux appliques aux territoires insulaires. Ce défi est important car l'attente d'analyses scientifiques pertinentes dans ces domaines est grande.Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour principaux objectifs la simulation numérique puis l'analyse des mécanismes méso- et micro-échelles qui induisent des circulations locales diurnes et nocturnes sur l'archipel de la Guadeloupe à l'aide de codes numériques météorologiques éprouves car largement utilises en recherche et en prévision opérationnelle.Ils constituent donc la première étude de modélisation numérique à haute résolution en basse atmosphère, par descente d'échelle dynamique, pour des intervalles d'espace compris entre 1 km et 111 m sur cet archipel.Le modelé atmosphérique Weather Research and Forecasting ARW V3.4 (WRF ARW), non-hydrostatique, a été utilise pour l'ensemble des simulations pour modéliser la troposphère depuis l'échelle globale à l'échelle de la turbulence.Trois situations météorologiques classiques réelles d'une durée de 48 heures, correspondant à 80 % des situations météorologiques observées dans la zone, alizes soutenus (AS), alizes moyens (AM), alizes faibles (AF) ont été examinées. Ces situations sont caractérisées par les valeurs du nombre de Froude local suivantes : 0,82 (AS), 0,41 (AM) et 0,21 (AF). Six domaines de modélisation ont été sélectionnés pour effectuer les descentes d'échelle dynamiques : D01 (maille de 27 km), D02 (maille de 9 km), D03 (maille de 3 km), D04 (maille de 1 km), D05 (maille de 333 m) et D06 (maille de 111 m) avec soixante-dix niveaux verticaux. Les quatre premiers domaines (D01 à D04) couvrent l'archipel de la Guadeloupe et sont utilisés en mode méso-échelle à l'aide d'un schéma d'ensemble de couche limite planétaire YSU. Les domaines D05 (couvrant l'île de la Basse-Terre et le centre de l'archipel) et D06 (couvrant la zone littorale et rurale du Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin et la zone urbaine de l'agglomération pointoise) sont utilisés en mode Large Eddy Simulation avec une fermeture de la turbulence 1,5 TKE 3D. Le modèle WRF a été forcé toutes les six heures par l'assimilation des champs d'analyses globales du modèle NCEP FNL (1° de résolution). Les simulations effectuées ont permis d'obtenir des champs de variables météorologiques 10-minutes à très hautes résolutions spatiales.Les résultats des simulations méso- et micro-échelles ont été confrontés aux valeurs expérimentales obtenues à l'aide de capteurs places sur des mâts météorologiques (campagne Atmo-Mangrov et réseau de mesure Météo-France). Il s'agissait d'optimiser l'utilisation des couplages de codes numériques tout en conservant la possibilité de les confronter aux observations expérimentales.Les résultats des simulations numériques micro-échelles, des différents cas (AS, AM, AF) sont utilisées pour forcer (c'est-à-dire définir les conditions limites) un modèle lagrangien de dispersion de particules : FLEXPART. Le système couple FLEXPART-WRF a été employé dans le domaine D06 pour étudier la dispersion du panache d'oxydes d'azote émis par la principale usine de production d'électricité de l'île.
The present work expresses the will of Caribbean researchers to improve the meso- and micro-meteorological scientific knowledge of the trade winds influenced island areas, and to develop research in these domains.It is well known that tropical hurricanes remain the most remarkable meteorological phenomena that affect the Caribbean islands. But some other phenomena, of smaller scale, such as intense rainfall events, swells, or air quality degradation, are of extreme importance for natural or health hazards. These examples show the need to use downscaling methods to exploit large scale meteorological or climatic information, and to obtain local and regional scenarios for the island areas. This is an important challenge, as sound scientific studies in these matters are eagerly expected. The aim of the research works exposed in the present dissertation is numerical simulation and analysis of the meso- and microscale mechanisms that induce diurnal and nocturnal local circulations in the Guadeloupe archipelago, using numerical meteorological models that are widely used in research and in operational forecasting.These works represent the first high-resolution (1 km to 111 m) numerical study of the lower atmosphere over the Guadeloupe archipelago. The Weather Research and Forecasting ARW 3.4 (WRF-ARW) model is used to simulate the troposphere from global scale to turbulence scale. Real cases of three typical weather types (80% of cases during a year) are examined during 48 hours : strong trade winds (STW), medium trade winds (MTW) and weak trade winds (WTW). These weather types are characterized by values of the local Froude number : 0.82 (STW), 0.41 (MTW) and 0.21 (WTW). Six domains have been selected for the dynamical downscaling : D01 (grid spacing of 27 km), D02 (grid spacing of 9 km), D03 (grid spacing of 3 km), D04 (grid spacing of 1 km), D05 (grid spacing of 333 m) and D06 (grid spacing of 111 m), including 70 vertical levels. The first four domains (D01 to D04) cover the Guadeloupe archipelago and are used in the meso-scale simulations with the planetary boundary layer scheme YSU (ensemble mean). Domain D05 (covering the Basse-Terre island and the middle of the archipelago) and domain D06 (covering the coastal and rural area of Le Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin and the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre), are employed in the micro-scale simulation (LES) with the 3D TKE 1.5 order closure scheme. WRF has been 6 hourly reinitialized with the NCEP FNL global analyses (resolution of 1°). These simulations permitted to obtain 10-minutes meteorological variable fields with a very high resolution (111 m).Meso-scale and micro-scale model results have been evaluated with observational data from meteorological stations (field campaign Atmo-Mangrov, French Met Office).Once validated, the micro-scale model outputs have been used for the assimilation of the lagrangian particle dispersion model : FLEXPART. The coupling FLEXPART-WRF has been employed in domain D06, in order to analyze the dispersion of the nitrogen oxide plume emitted by the main power plant of the archipelago.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0735/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé :  
A closed depression is defined as a geomorphologic element where a sediment depository is encircled by hillslopes. Despite the fact that closed depressions are often the only stagnant water points in many European landscapes, few ecological researches on their plant assemblages have been done. The main goal of this study was to give first results of the environmental factors responsible for the vegetation composition, richness and rarity in the closed depressions of the Lorraine biogeographical district (Belgium, France and grand-duche de Luxembourg). We surveyed for plant presence 85 forest and 77 grassland closed depressions. For each site, wetland area, local environmental factors and regional connectivities registered. For each species, the Ellenberg values were compiled. To investigate the main source of variation in species composition and in species richness (including richness in rare species), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses and Generalized Linear Models were respectively used. Species pools in forest (forest and preforest species) and in grassland (bog plants, pioneers, helophytes) were quite different. In both landscapes, a gradient from plants typical of basic high-productive soils to plants typical of acid low-productive soils reflects a shared successional gradient. The accumulation of organic matter allowed the establishment of Sphagnum spp., which slowly acidified the soil and thus acted as ecosystem engineers for the arrival of bog plants. Moreover, the species composition was additionally driven by the plant light tolerance in forests and by the plant water requirements in grasslands. Mechanisms of species accumulation (increase in species richness) were different in forests and in grasslands: respectively related to the plant light tolerance and to the wetland area. At the regional level, the averaged soil productivity was negatively related to the richness in rare species. Indeed, perennial highly-competitive plants such as Glyceria spp., Iris pseudacorus or Urtica dioica impeded the establishment of smaller and rarer species. At the habitat level, isolated closed depressions (due to either low connectivity or low grazing pressure) have more habitat rare species, giving evidences of dispersal limitation in plant assemblages of closed depressions.
ISSN: 0960-3115

hal-01032125
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032125
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-007-9227-x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le secteur du tourisme et des services s’est imposé comme le véritable moteur des économies insulaires de la Caraïbe depuis la fin des années 1980, décennie. Dans ces territoires confrontés à la crise des traditionnelles économies de plantations, le tourisme a pris une importance considérable (19,2 milliards de dollars US pour une croissance moyenne annuelle de 7 % depuis 1990). Cependant les modalités du développement touristique actuelles ne sont pas sans poser certains problèmes d’ordre économique (faiblesses des retombées locales) et environnemental (concentration des flux). Les territoires de la Caraïbe insulaire développent de nouvelles stratégies touristiques autour de l’écotourisme
Tourism has become the driving force of the island economies of the Caribbean basin since the latter part of the 1980s. Within this island realm, the traditional plantation economies have gone through an economic crisis while tourism. On the other hand, has taken on considerable importance (19.2 billion dollars and a 7% annual growth rate since 1990. Nevertheless this growth has not been without its economic problems (a low level of local linkages) and environmental (concentration of tourist flows). Caribbean island tourism is now concentrating its efforts on developing new strategies based on ecotourism perspectives. Tourism, ecotourism and development strategies in the Caribbean.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3383
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3383