Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Résumé : International audience
We studied the patterns, rates and evolution of fluvial terraces and fault system during the building process of an intracontinental transpressional mountain in the Gobi-Altay (Mongolia). By analyzing incisions and offsets of fluvial terraces and alluvial fans, we show that the massif has grown by outward migration of thrust faults through time. On the northern flank, the present bounding thrust fault began its activity ~600 ka ago, while a more internal sub-parallel fault was still active until ~200-100 ka. Vertical offset of an alluvial fan abandoned ~100 ka ago allows an estimate of 0.1 mm/yr Upper Pleistocene - Holocene uplift rate. The morphology of the catchment-piedmont system strongly suggests a periodical formation of the alluvial surfaces, controlled by the climatic pulses, at the beginning of the wet interglacial periods. The abandonment of the alluvial terraces lags by several thousand years the abandonment of the alluvial fans, showing a diachronous incision propagating upstream. The incision rate deduced from the different elevations of straths exceeds of one order of magnitude the rock uplift rate. This excess is mostly due to ongoing drainage network growth at the core of the massif, and incision due to alluvial apron entrenchment near the outlet. This implies that fluvial response is mainly controlled by drainage growth, interaction with piedmont and cyclic climatic variations, rather than by rock uplift.
ISSN: 0278-7407

hal-00323558
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323558
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323558v2/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323558/file/Vassallo2007.pdf
DOI : 10.1029/2006TC002081

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Indigenous territories comprise extensive areas of tropical forest and hold significant social and conservation value. Today, they are subject to various constraints and opportunities, and face many territorial transformations. These transformations are complex and multifaceted. They involve the adoption of new production and consumption modes, the modification of forms of social organisation and identity and territorial claims. However, the links between these on-going processes are still poorly understood, and make difficult to appreciate the adaptation dynamics of indigenous common natural resources management. This thesis is particularly concerned with the territorial dynamics of the Wayãpi and Teko indigenous people of the municipality of Camopi in French Guiana. It integrates methods that include land use analysis using remotely sensed data, socio-economic and agricultural systems analysis at the household scale, and empirical analysis on the influence of identity claims, kinship networks, and conservation policies. It shows that despite the residential settlement around local towns, the growth of cash income from wage labour and welfare, associated with strong kinship networks, allows the revival of mobility and the diversification of indigenous territorialities. Environmental policies implemented on the territory involve processes of identity and territorial claims and motivate the construction of a collective project of endogenous local development. A comparative approach with the situation of the wayãpi people living in Brazil and evolving in a completely different institutional, socio-economic and environmental context shows similar dynamics. Indigenous peoples of these two sites adopt "multi-local" land use systems, allowing them to extend their territory occupation and taking part of a broader dynamic of territorial and identity affirmation. They articulate forest and local town environments. This multi-local land use system can be interpreted as a new form of environmental governance, which overcomes the access difficulties to natural resources around local towns and ensures their sovereignty over the territory.
Les territoires amérindiens couvrent de vastes étendues de forêts tropicales et possèdent une forte valeur sociale et environnementale. Soumis à des contraintes et opportunités variées, ils sont de nos jours le siège de nombreuses transformations territoriales. Ces transformations sont complexes et multiformes. Elles impliquent l'adoption de nouveaux modes de production et de consommation, le réajustement des formes d'organisation sociale et des dynamiques de réaffirmation identitaire et territoriale. Or les liens entre tous ces processus sont encore mal compris, et rendent délicate la compréhension des dynamiques d'adaptation des systèmes amérindiens de gestion des ressources communes. Cette thèse s'intéresse particulièrement aux dynamiques territoriales des Amérindiens wayãpi et teko de la commune de Camopi en Guyane française. Elle intègre des données sur l'occupation du sol obtenues par télédétection, des données socio-économiques et productives à l'échelle des ménages et des données qualitatives sur les processus identitaires, les réseaux de parenté, les politiques de conservation et la gouvernance du territoire. Elle montre que malgré la sédentarisation de l'habitat autour des bourgs locaux, la croissance des revenus monétaires issus des emplois salariés et des aides sociales, combinée avec le maintien de réseaux de parenté et d'entraide, permet une redynamisation des systèmes de mobilité et une diversification des territorialités amérindiennes. De plus, les politiques environnementales mises en place sur le territoire impliquent des processus de territorialisation et de revendications identitaires et motivent la construction collective d'un projet de développement local endogène. Une approche comparative avec la situation des Amérindiens wayãpi vivant au Brésil et évoluant dans un contexte socio-économique, institutionnel et environnemental bien différent montre des dynamiques similaires. Les Amérindiens de ces deux pays adoptent des systèmes d'exploitation du territoire multi-locaux, leur permettant d'étendre leur occupation du territoire et s'inscrivant dans une dynamique de réaffirmation identitaire et territoriale. Ils articulent ainsi les espaces de la forêt et des bourgs. Cette forme d'exploitation multi-locale du territoire peut être interprétée comme une nouvelle forme de gouvernance environnementale, qui leur permet de contourner les difficultés d'accès aux ressources naturelles autour des bourgs et d'affirmer leur souveraineté sur le territoire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619

tel-00831619
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831619/file/These_TRITSCH_mai2013_vf.pdf

Éditeur(s) : ICES 2008 Annual Science Conference, 22-26 september 2008, HALIFAX, CANADA
Résumé : The development on the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries implies to improve integrated analysis of fisheries by considering the biological as well as the socio-economic dimensions of the exploitation and thus, an improvement in the knowledge of fleets structure, evolution and activity. Since 2000, Ifremer has been implemented a Fisheries Information System (FIS), a multidisciplinary monitoring network allowing an integrated and comprehensive view of fishery systems including biological, technical, environmental and economical components. The FIS covers all the French fisheries, including the so-often neglected small-scale fisheries. One of the originalities of the FIS lies in the fleet monitoring procedure: a comprehensive collection of annual activity calendars aiming at characterizing the inactivity or activity of the vessels each month of the year and, in the latter case, the métiers practised (use of a gear to target one or several species) and the main fishing areas. This survey covers all the French fishing fleets and provides minimum but exhaustive information on the vessels. It is particularly instructive for the small-scale fisheries, where catches and effort data are often incomplete. Furthermore, this exhaustive data allows stratifying the fleet in fleets (typologies) and thus provides the basis (i) for the implementation of sampling schemes to estimate catches, landings, discards or economic performance of the different fleets and (ii) for the development of a fleet-métier matrix giving the possibility of identifying at the time, the structure of the whole fleet in fleets, the métier polyvalence of the vessels and the allocation of fishing effort on the different exploited fishing resources.

Droits : 2008 ICES
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00059/16996/14498.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00059/16996/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’exploitation commerciale des produits forestiers non ligneux a animé et anime encore au plan international les débats sur la gestion durable des forêts, notamment par son apport en matière de conservation, d’amélioration des conditions d’existence des populations locales et de gestion participative. Cependant, l’exploitation commerciale des PFNL soulève la problématique de la durabilité tant au plan écologique, économique que sociopolitique. La présente recherche traite de cette problématique en prenant comme PFNL d’illustration le raphia dans la forêt marécageuse Hlanzoun. Elle vise à analyser la durabilité socio-économique et environnementale de l’exploitation du raphia dans la forêt marécageuse « Hlanzoun ». La méthodologie utilisée est une combinaison d’approches quantitatives et qualitatives. Les outils d’analyse de données utilisés sont entre autre, la statistique descriptive, l’analyse filière des revenus d’exploitation et des valeurs ajoutées et l’analyse du système socio-écologique. Nos résultats montrent que le raphia est une plante à usages multiples. Que ce soit les feuilles, les fibres, la sève ou le tronc, tout ou presque peut être valorisé sur le raphia. Au niveau des villages riverains du Hlanzoun l’exploitation de la sève du raphia et sa transformation en alcool alimentaire est de loin le type d’usage qui procure le plus de revenu malgré le fait que les autres types d’usages mobilisent un nombre plus important d’acteurs. L’exploitation commerciale de ce PFNL se déploie suivant une organisation relativement simple et avec des caractéristiques propres à la plupart des activités de la petite production marchande des économies sous-développées en crise. Cette exploitation est essentiellement articulée autour des coupeurs/collecteurs, des intermédiaires commerciaux, des agents de transformation/conditionnement et des consommateurs des produits finis. La contribution annuelle totale de la filière raphia au développement a été estimée à 192 429 633 Fr. CFA (environ 385 000 dollar) et les revenus d’exploitation de tous les acteurs ont un signe positif malgré le faible niveau de technologie et de formation. Le raphia apporte donc des revenus relativement importants aux divers acteurs en dépit des handicaps de la filière et du déficit d’équité dans la répartition des richesses produites. Au plan de la gouvernance, on note un déficit d’instances, de règles et de procédures, dont l’effectivité et la légitimité sont clairement établies. Cet état de chose laisse le parc à raphia dans un régime d’accès « libre » mais seulement pour les riverains ; nous nous retrouvons donc en présence d’un système de cueillette, caractérisé par l’exploitation de plants immatures et la surexploitation, mettant en péril la capacité de renouvellement de la ressource et même l’avenir de la filière. On note cependant un effort de contrôle de l’accès des non riverains et des tentatives d’adaptation des riverains. En effet, le nombre d’exploitants est passé de 148 à 92 entre 2008 et 2010 et le nombre de pieds de raphia saignés est passé de 15 452 à 8 832 durant la même période. Au total, l’exploitation du raphia dans le Hlanzoun s’inscrit dans un environnement défavorable par rapport aux exigences de développement durable d’une filière de PFNL. Mais les divers acteurs sont à présent conscients de la nécessité d’agir pour une meilleure réglementation de l’accès et de l’exploitation.
The commercial use of non woody forest products is a crucial issue in the international debate on the sustainable management of forests. These products are supposed to contribute to conservation by improving local populations’ livelihood and their involvement in forest management. This study lies within the scope of two South-South Cooperation projects (PSC 22P07 and PSC 03T08) implemented by the CEBEDES NGO with the financial support of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It aims at analyzing the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of the raffia stands management in the swamp forest "Hlanzoun ". This small forest is located in one of Benin southern Wetlands in the municipality of Zogbodomey.The methodology to assess raffia socioeconomic performances relies on the estimation of the values added within the raffia value chains. Stakeholders at every segment of the value chains have been surveyed on the incomes obtained out of raffia. The methodology to assess the sustainability of the management relies on a simple indicator measuring the ratio of younger to elder palms. Palms in stands have been counted according to their age group. The survey confirms that raffia is a multi-purpose plant used for its leaves, fibers, sap and trunk. In villages at the borders of the Hlanzoun forest, harvesting the raffia sap on standing palms and processing it into alcohol are a major income generating activity. Alcohol is then marketed through a network of collectors, wholesalers and petty traders up to the consumers. The contribution of raffia to local and regional development was estimated by the total incomes generated at 192.429.633 F CFA. All stakeholders earn positive and significant incomes in spite of the low level of technology and skills, but traders receive a large share of the wealth produced. As regard to governance, "free" access only concerns residents and efforts are made to control the access of non-residents. One notes a deficit of legitimated authorities, rules and procedures for a sustainable use: Restrictions on the harvest of immature palms are not anymore enforced and it endangers the renewal capacity of the resource. But at the same time, the number of operators seems to be decreasing (from 148 to 92 between 2008 and 2010, whereas the number of harvested raffia palms decreased from 15,452 to 8,832 during the same period). A self-regulation might occur, due to the fact that a livelihood of local people relies on a diversity of income generating activities. In total, the operation of Raffia in Hlazoun is in an unfavorable environment with the requirements of sustainable development in a sector of NTFF. But the various actors are now aware of the need for action to better regulate access and operation.
Bénin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5556
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5556

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We explore the use of seismic noise produced by rivers to monitor the bed load transport in the case of a low-discharge braided river in the French Alps: the "torrent de St Pierre". For this purpose, we deployed two dedicated seismic networks during summers 2007 and 2008, for which the characteristics of the recorded continuous signal are similar despite changes in the sensor locations. For dry weather conditions, only melting of nearby glaciers controls the supply of water to the stream. In these conditions, the river hydrology and the seismic energy in the 2-80 Hz frequency band both follow a diurnal fluctuation similar to the thermal amplitude. In contrast during rainfall episodes, the temperature variation fails to explain the hydrodynamic changes. Dense cloud covers reduce glacier melting and the recorded seismic energy denotes bursts of high-frequency seismic noise well correlated with water level data. Comparisons between the recorded seismic signals and the collected hydrological and sediment load data indicate that a frequency band of 3-9 Hz best explains the water level changes and thus the seismic waves coming from the flow turbulence. These analyses also reveal the presence of a seismic noise threshold that might be linked to the water shear stress exerted by the flowing water. Using the seismic energy in this frequency band as a proxy of the fluvial shear stress, the seismic-hydrologic relationship may be sensitive to variations in bed load transport. The spectral content of the seismic energy shows patterns consistent with the mobilization of sediment particles. From the interpretations of the seismic wave attenuation of river sources, we finally propose that stations at a distance from the stream less than 50 m are able to record most sediment particles. Farther stations are still useful during extreme events when largest grain sizes are mobilized. More generally this study demonstrates the feasibility of using the river seismic signal to survey bed load transport in various river types from small braided mountain rivers like the "torrent de St Pierre" to the large entrenched Himalayan rivers.
ISSN: 0022-1694

hal-00644789
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644789
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.07.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The Franceville Basin (2.1 Ga) in southeastern Gabon, hosts a black shale series well preserved (FB Formation) which represents an exceptional example of unmetamorphised Paleoproterozoic sediment strata. This basin includes the protore of one of the largest Mn-oxide laterite ore worldwide, mined by Eramet-Comilog. The aim of this this work is to determine formation conditions of this protore and to characterize the global sedimentary evolution of the FB Formation which include the protore. This 75 m thick protore is constituted of Mn carbonate-rich black shales which represent a potential ore deposit for the future. It was drilled, on the Bangombé plateau, during a recent campaign of 24 boreholes with an average depth of 125 m.Through multidisciplinary study on these cores and key outcrops of the basin, this work focuses on : i) the depositional environment of the Mn-protore and FB Formation ; ii) the processes of formation of the Mn-carbonates at 2.1 Ga and iii) the architecture and distribution of Mn-rich levels of the protore on the Bangombé Plateau.A detailed sedimentological and petrological study allowed us to redefine the division of the FB into nine units, named U1 to U9 from the base to the top. These units show a fine upward cycle up to U5 and a reverse coarse loop until U9. This division leads to a new interpretation to propose an evolution from a shoreface depositional environment controlled by deltaic currents (U1) to an offshore depositional environment with anoxic conditions (U2). In this basin, a system of submarine fan is developed, feeding a network of sand injections (injectites) covering the Bangombé plateau (70 km²) and with a thickness of 150 m affecting U4 to U7, including the Mn-protore. The protore depositional environment formed below the wave base limit (U4, U5 and U6) in a starved basin, controlled by biochemical sedimentation allowed the formation of Mn-carbonates. The end of starved basin, would allow the re-opening of the detrital input into the offshore basin (U7). This basin is then filled by storm bar deposits intersected by deltaic sub-aquatic channels (U8). The U9 unit corresponds to a quiet lagoon environment, allowing the multicellular organism development for the first time on the planet.A geochemical study allowed the characterization of the depositional environment of Mn-carbonates as an anoxic to sub-oxic and alkaline environment. For the first time, we showed that the manganese carbonates, present as bacteriomorph forms, are precipitated from the seawater by the mediated photosynthetic cyanobacterial activity, which allows CO2 / HCO3 depression of the environment and a local increase of pH. The cyanobacterial activity is controlled by the absence of bottom currents, which increase the detrital input. This would stop the activity of the cyanobacteria and thus would lead to the decrease of the Mn-concentration along the protore.Finally, well-log and a sequential correlation analyses allowed us to detail spatial and timing repartition of FB Formation deposit, controlled by a tectono-sedimentary model. We propose two- tectono-sedimentary phases. A first syn-tectonic phase (U1 to U3) controls the depocentres and sedimentation gaps. Turbidite coarse deposits are located in the most subsident part, clay deposits rather on the slope and carbonates on shoals. A second post-tectonic phase (U4 to U7) allows isopach deposits. The Mn-protore formed during the post-tectonic phase. However, it shows a variable thickness due to subsidence to the north of the Bangombé plateau. So, on the Bangombé plateau, Mn-contents increase towards the south, whereas the protore thickness increases towards the NNE. Moreover sand injectites decrease Mn-content in the eastern part of the Bangombé plateau and impact on the economic evaluation of the Mn-carbonates. Currently, the protore is structured by post-sedimentary faults, which lead to a non-continuity of the high Mn levels on the Bangombé plateau.
Le Bassin de Franceville situé au SE du Gabon présente une série de black shales (Formation FB) d'âge Paléoprotérozoïque (2,1 Ga) surmontant les grès de la Formation FA. Ce bassin peu déformé et non métamorphique représente une archive exceptionnelle des processus de dépôt de cette période de l’histoire de la Terre où la vie commence à se développer. En particulier, la Formation FB contient le protore d'un gisement mondial d'oxydes de manganèse exploité par la société Eramet-Comilog. L’objectif de ce travail est de préciser les conditions de formation de ce protore et de le replacer dans l’histoire du remplissage du bassin. Ce protore d'une épaisseur moyenne de 75 m est constitué de carbonates de manganèse ; il a fait l'objet d'une récente campagne de 24 forages carottés d'une profondeur moyenne de 125 m sur le plateau de Bangombé.A travers une approche pluridisciplinaire comprenant l'étude de ces forages et des affleurements clefs du bassin, ce travail porte sur la caractérisation i) de l'environnement de dépôt du protore et des séries qui l'encadrent (du toit du FA au toit du FB) ; ii) du mode de formation des carbonates de Mn à 2,1 Ga et iii) de l'architecture et de la répartition des hautes teneurs en Mn du protore qui représente un gisement potentiel du futur.L’étude pétro-sédimentaire détaillée a permis de distinguer neuf unités (U1 à U9) au sein de la Formation FB organisées suivant un cycle rétrogradant jusqu’à U5 puis progradant jusqu’à U9. Ce découpage montre une évolution du milieu de dépôt depuis un domaine de shoreface contrôlé par des courants deltaïques (U1) évoluant vers des dépôts d’offshore restreint (U2). Ce bassin enregistre ensuite un système de chenaux-levées turbiditiques (U3) qui alimentent un réseau d'injectites reconnu sur l’ensemble du Pl. de Bangombé et qui traverse 150 m de série (U4 à U7) en affectant le protore et ainsi les teneurs en Mn. L'environnement de dépôt du protore (U5 et U6) marque l’isolement du bassin qui devient affamé et contrôlé par une sédimentation biochimique à l’origine du dépôt des carbonates de Mn. L'Unité 7 correspond à la réouverture des apports détritiques en domaine d'offshore supérieur puis en domaine de shoreface dominé par des dépôts de tempêtes et de chenaux sous-aquatiques deltaïques (U8), et enfin lagunaire (U9) dans lequel apparaissent les premiers métazoaires de l’histoire de la planète, suivant une séquence régressive.Une étude géochimique a permis de préciser les conditions de dépôt du protore qui se forme en milieu alcalin anoxique à sub-oxique. Dans ce milieu, nous montrons pour la première fois une précipitation directe des carbonates de Mn sous forme bactériomorphe induite par l'activité photosynthétique des cyanobactéries qui consomment le CO2/HCO3 et conduisent à une augmentation du pH favorable à la formation des carbonates de Mn. L'activité cyanobactérienne est conditionnée par l’absence de courants de fond qui augmentent la turbidité du milieu et stoppent cette dernière.Les corrélations diagraphiques et séquentielles permettent de préciser la répartition spatiale et temporelle du FB permettant ainsi de replacer le protore dans l’histoire tectono-sédimentaire du bassin. Une première phase syn-tectonique (U1 à U3) contrôle l’épaisseur et la mise en place de dépôts turbiditiques dans les parties subsidentes, de dépôts argileux sur les pentes et de dépôt de carbonates sur les hauts-fonds. La seconde phase post tectonique (U4 à U7) permet la mise en place de dépôts relativement isopaques, bien que le protore enregistre une subsidence plus importante au nord du Pl. de Bangombé. On observe ainsi, sur le Plateau de Bangombé, des teneurs en Mn qui augmentent vers le sud alors que l’épaisseur du protore augmente vers le NNE. Postérieurement au dépôt du FB, le protore est structuré par des failles qui le compartimentent en touches de piano limitant ainsi sa continuité sur le Plateau de Bangombé.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01621460

tel-01621460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01621460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01621460/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01621460/file/these_Dubois2017-MnGabon.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
High sea surface temperature accompanied by high levels of solar irradiance is responsible for the disruption of the symbiosis between cnidarians and their symbiotic dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium. This phenomenon, known as coral bleaching, is one of the major threats affecting coral reefs around the world. Because an important molecular trigger to bleaching appears related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is critical to understand the function of the antioxidant network of Symbiodinium species. In this study we investigated the response of two Symbiodinium species, from contrasting environments, to a chemically induced oxidative stress. ROS produced during this oxidative burst reduced photosynthesis by 30 to 50% and significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase. Lipid peroxidation levels and carotenoid concentrations, especially diatoxanthin, confirm that these molecules act as antioxidants and contribute to the stabilization of membrane lipids. The comparative analysis between the two Symbiodinium species allowed us to highlight that Symbiodinium sp. clade A temperate was more tolerant to oxidative stress than the tropical S. kawagutii clade F. These differences are very likely a consequence of adaptation to their natural environment, with the temperate species experiencing conditions of temperature and irradiance much more variable and extreme.
ISSN: 0140-7791

hal-01546161
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546161
DOI : 10.1111/pce.12825

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The recent accumulation of genomic sequence data has shown that gene evolution is not strictly tree-Like. Many evolutionary processes, like exon shuffling, gene fusion or nonhomologous recombination remodel genes by creating composite structures that are made from parts with different evolutionary histories. The development of sequence similarity networks provides an analytical framework to study the impact of these processes on molecular evolution, by structuring the resemblance relationships between sequences and by formalizing, in terms of graph theory, the detection of composite genes (intransitive triplets) and gene families (clique minimal separators). The size of current data sets, typically several million sequences, has also required the development of new tools and methods: sequence comparison parallelization, large networks visualization with Louvain communities and large cycles identification. When applied to eukaryotic and viral genome data sets, these methods have shown that composite genes are found throughout cellular organisms and mobile genetic elements. Proportionally, composite genes are more numerous in eukaryotic genomes; in absolute number, they are more numerous in viruses. In the latter, composite genes functional distribution is biased (enrichment of genes families that are essential for the perpetuation of the viral cycle), and the various parts of composite genes sometimes even originate from the genetic material of different viral classes. More generally, the extent of combinatorial processes, by unravelling other evolutionary bonds than homology bonds in the strictest sense, legitimates a pluralistic study of similarity relationships between sequences.
L’accumulation récente de données de séquences génomiques a montré que l’évolution des gènes n’est pas strictement arborescente. De nombreux processus évolutifs, comme l’exon shuffling, la fusion de gènes ou la recombinaison illégitime remodèlent les gènes, créant des structures composites, formées de parties dont les histoires évolutives sont différentes. Le développement de réseaux de similarité de séquences fournit un cadre analytique permettant d’étudier l’impact de ces processus sur l’évolution moléculaire, en structurant les relations de ressemblance entre séquences et en formalisant en termes de graphes la détection de gènes (triplets intransitifs) et de familles de gènes (cliques minimales séparatrices) composites. La taille des jeux de données actuels, de l’ordre de plusieurs millions de séquences, a également requis le développement de nouveaux outils et méthodes : parallélisation des comparaisons de séquences, visualisation de très grands réseaux par simplification en communautés de Louvain et identification de grands cycles. Appliquées à des jeux de données de génomes eucaryotes et viraux, ces méthodes ont démontré la présence de gènes composites dans tout le vivant et les éléments génétiques mobiles. En proportion, les gènes composites sont plus nombreux dans les génomes eucaryotes ; en nombre absolu, ils sont plus nombreux à être portés par des virus. Chez ces derniers, la distribution fonctionnelle des gènes composites est biaisée (enrichissement dans les familles essentielles pour la perpétuation du cycle viral), et les éléments des gènes composites trouvent même parfois leurs origines dans le matériel génétique de classes virales différentes. Plus généralement, l’étendue des processus combinatoires, en révélant des liens évolutionnaires autres que les liens d’homologie au sens fort, justifie une étude pluraliste des relations de similarité entre séquences.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127379

NNT : 2014PA066358
tel-01127379
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127379
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127379/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127379/file/2014PA066358.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Analysis of microbial biodiversity is hampered by a lack of reference genomes from most bacteria, viruses, and algae. This necessitates either the cultivation of a restricted number of species for standard sequencing projects or the analysis of highly complex environmental DNA metagenome data. Single-cell genomics (SCG) offers a solution to this problem by constraining the studied DNA sample to an individual cell and its associated symbionts, prey, and pathogens. We used SCG to study marine heterotrophic amoebae related to Paulinella ovalis (A. Wulff) P.W. Johnson, P.E. Hargraves & J.M. Sieburth (Rhizaria). The genus Paulinella is best known for its photosynthetic members such as P.chromatophora Lauterborn that is the only case of plastid primary endosymbiosis known outside of algae and plants. Here, we studied the phagotrophic sister taxa of P.chromatophora that are related to P.ovalis and found one SCG assembly to contain -cyanobacterial DNA. These cyanobacterial contigs are presumably derived from prey. We also uncovered an associated cyanophage lineage (provisionally named phage PoL_MC2). Phylogenomic analysis of the fragmented genome assembly suggested a minimum genome size of 200Kbp for phage PoL_MC2 that encodes 179 proteins and is most closely related to Synechococcus phage S-SM2. For this phage, gene network analysis demonstrates a highly modular genome structure typical of other cyanophages. Our work demonstrates that SCG is a powerful approach for discovering algal and protist biodiversity and for elucidating biotic interactions in natural samples.
ISSN: 0022-3646

hal-01544797
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544797
DOI : 10.1111/jpy.12028

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Seismological Society of America
Résumé : International audience
We present an improvement of the maximum intersection (MAXI) method in which absolute earthquake location is defined by the maximum intersection number of hyperbolic equal differential time (EDT) volumes (one EDT volume being described as all grid nodes satisfying the arrival‐time differences between two stations, ± a tolerance value known as TERR). This 3D technique is well adapted to a strongly heterogeneous environment, avoids the depth versus origin‐time trade‐off (even using P arrivals alone), and objectively filters possible erroneous arrival times. Improvements consist of introducing an iterative multiscale approach on the TERR parameter and conducting a hierarchy of grid discretization to refine the preliminary solution (multigrid algorithm). The outlier cleaning process is strengthened by conducting statistical analyses based on the number of EDT volume intersections per station, rather than on travel‐time residues. Processing two series of synthetic arrival times computed in the 3D seismological configuration of the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone, offshore Taiwan, allows us to (1) confirm MAXI robustness, even when arrival times are highly disturbed or azimuthal coverage largely reduced, and (2) show that MAXI, by limiting trade‐offs between origin time and depth and between epicentral position and depth, is less affected by a wrong velocity model than a technique that minimizes travel‐time residues. To conclude, we apply the MAXI method to locate earthquakes recorded by the combined Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan (CWB) and the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) networks (1991-2008) within a georealistic a priori 3D P‐velocity model. Hypocenter determinations are selected based on MAXI confidence factors, and earthquake clustering along well‐known tectonic features witnesses hypocenter determination accuracy.
ISSN: 0037-1106

hal-00725227
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00725227
DOI : 10.1785/0120100311

Résumé : Le concept de réseau offre un modèle de représentation pour une grande variété d'objets et de systèmes, aussi bien naturels que sociaux, dans lesquels un ensemble d'entités homogènes ou hétérogènes interagissent entre elles. Il est aujourd'hui employé couramment pour désigner divers types de structures relationnelles. Pourtant, si chacun a une idée plus ou moins précise de ce qu'est un réseau, nous ignorons encore souvent les implications qu'ont ces structures dans de nombreux phénomènes du monde qui nous entoure. C'est par exemple le cas de processus tels que la diffusion d'une rumeur, la transmission d'une maladie, ou même l'émergence de sujets d'intérêt commun à un groupe d'individus, dans lesquels les relations que maintiennent les individus entre eux et leur nature s'avèrent souvent être les principaux facteurs déterminants l'évolution du phénomène. C'est ainsi que l'étude des réseaux est devenue l'un des domaines émergents du 21e siècle appelé la "Science des réseaux". Dans ce mémoire, nous abordons trois problèmes de la science des réseaux: le problème de la diffusion dans les réseaux sociaux, où nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement à l'impact de la dynamique du réseau sur le processus de diffusion, le problème de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux, dans lequel nous avons proposé une solution pour tirer parti de l'ensemble des informations disponibles en combinant les informations sur la structure du réseau et les attributs des noeuds et le problème central de la collecte de données sociales, où nous nous sommes intéressés au cas particulier de la collecte de données en milieux sauvages
The concept of network provides a model for representing a wide variety of objects and systems, both natural and social, in which a set of homogeneous or heterogeneous entities interact. It is now widely used to describe various kinds of relational structures. However, if everyone has an idea of the concept of network, we often ignore the implications that these structures have in real world phenomena. This is for example the case of processes such as the spread of a rumor, the disease transmission, or even the emergence of subjects of common interest for a group of individuals, in which the relations maintained between individuals, and their nature, often prove to be the main factors determining the evolution of the phenomenon. This is the reason why the study of networks has become one of the emerging areas in the 21st century called the "Science of networks." ln this thesis, we address three issues of the domain of the science of networks: the problem of diffusion in social networks, where we have addressed more particularly the impact of the network dynamics on the diffusion process, the problem of the analysis of social networks, in which we have proposed a solution to take full advantage of all information available on the network by combining information on both structure and node attributes and the central problem of the social data collection, for which we have focused on the particular case of the data collection in a wild environment.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0569/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Various types of genome and gene similarity networks along with their characteristics have been increasingly used for retracing different kinds of evolutionary and ecological relationships. Here, we present a new polynomial time algorithm and the corresponding software (BRIDES) to provide characterization of different types of paths existing in evolving (or augmented) similarity networks under the constraint that such paths contain at least one node that was not present in the original network. These different paths are denoted as Breakthroughs , Roadblocks, Impasses, Detours, Equal paths, and Shortcuts. The analysis of their distribution can allow discriminating among different evolutionary hypotheses concerning genomes or genes at hand. Our approach is based on an original application of the popular shortest path Dijkstra's and Yen's algorithms.
ISSN: 1932-6203

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01361753
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01361753
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01361753/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01361753/file/journal.pone.0161474.PDF
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0161474

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Upper-mantle flow beneath the South Pacific is investigated by analysing shear wave splitting parameters at eight permanent long-period and broad-band seismic stations and 10 broad-band stations deployed in French Polynesia from 2001 to 2005 in the framework of the Polynesian Lithosphere and Upper Mantle Experiment (PLUME). Despite the small number of eventsand the rather poor backazimuthal coverage due to the geographical distribution of the natural seismicity, upper-mantle seismic anisotropy has been detected at all stations except at Tahiti where two permanent stations with 15 yr of data show an apparent isotropy. The median value of fast polarization azimuths (N67.5°W) is parallel to the present Pacific absolute platemotion direction in French Polynesia (APM: N67°W). This suggests that the observed SKS fast polarization directions result mainly from olivine crystal preferred orientations produced by deformation in the sublithospheric mantle due to viscous entrainment by the moving Pacific Plate and preserved in the lithosphere as the plate cools. However, analysis of individualmeasurements highlights variations of splitting parameters with event backazimuth that imply an actual upper-mantle structure more complex than a single anisotropic layer with horizontal fast axis. A forward approach shows that a two-layer structure of anisotropy beneath French Polynesia better explains the splitting observations than a single anisotropic layer. Second ordervariations in the measurements may also indicate the presence of small-scale lateral heterogeneities. The influence of plumes or fracture zones within the studied area does not appear to dominate the large-scale anisotropy pattern but may explain these second-order splitting variations across the network.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01249275
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249275
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249275/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249275/file/GJI2007SKS.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03475.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
Traditional network generation models attempt to replicate global structural properties (degree distribution, average distance, clustering coefficient, communities, etc.) through synthetic link formation mechanisms such as triadic closure or preferential attachment. In this work, we study the evolution of a very big communication network coming from mobile telephony and we analyse the link formation process. A first study conducted on the standard mechanisms allows observing that several mechanisms are responsible for the properties observed in this network. In a second study, we characterize more precisely the link formation process by searching for correlations between the probability of creating a new link and some individual properties such as the degree, the clustering coefficient and the age of the nodes.
Conférence sur les modèles et l'analyse des réseaux : Approches mathématiques et informatiques
Saint-Etienne, France

hal-00873990
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00873990

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
DNA sequencing technology is becoming more accessible to a variety of researchers as costs continue to decline. As researchers begin to sequence novel transcriptomes, most of these data sets lack a reference genome and will have to rely on de novo assemblers. Making comparisons across assemblies can be difficult: each program has its strengths and weaknesses, and no tool exists to comparatively evaluate these data sets. We developed software in R, called Sequence Comparative Analysis using Networks (SCAN), to perform statistical comparisons between distinct assemblies. SCAN uses a reference data set to identify the most accurate de novo assembly and the ``good'' transcripts in the user's data. We tested SCAN on three publicly available transcriptomes, each assembled using three assembly programs. Moreover, we sequenced the transcriptome of the oomycete Achlya hypogyna and compared de novo assemblies from Velvet, ABySS, and the CLC Genomics Workbench assembly algorithms. One thousand one hundred twenty-eight of the CLC transcripts were statistically similar to the reference, compared with 49 of the Velvet transcripts and 937 of the ABySS transcripts. SCAN's strength is providing statistical support for transcript assemblies in a biological context. However, SCAN is designed to compare distinct node sets in networks, therefore it can also easily be extended to perform statistical comparisons on any network graph regardless of what the nodes represent.
ISSN: 0737-4038

hal-01544800
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544800
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/mst087

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Mylonite bodies are exhumed extensions at depth of shallow structural level brittle faults. They are characterised by intense strain localisation involving large volumes of middle to lower continental crust. The analysis of shear zone geometry and microstructures is a useful tool to decipher deformation kinematics, though finite strain estimation is still relatively qualitative. Timing of the deformation has also been the focus of numerous studies using the complete spectrum of geochronometers. However, only rare examples provide geochronological data that can be unambiguously interpreted and cooling, recrystallisation and neocrystallisation are difficult to tell from each other. Thus, time-scales over which major mylonite zones develop and remain active under ductile conditions as well as their strain rate often remain poorly documented. We investigated two sections across the South-Armorican Shear Zone (SASZ), a crustal-scale pluri-km thick dextral shear zone active during a single tectonic event of late-Variscan age and associated with syntectonic granite emplacement.. Finite strain profiles on these cross-sections, quantified from average Quartz grain-size in 34 samples, show a strong deformation partitioning towards the center of the SASZ, with a decrease, for each section, from 150µm in slightly deformed zones to less than 7-5 µm in the core of the ultramylonite. Furthermore, toward the core of the SASZ, development of a penetrative shear band network progressively eliminates lenses of less deformed rocks and results in homogenisation of the Quartz grain sizes. In parallel, we performed in-situ UV-laser Ar/Ar dating on the fabric-forming white micas. White micas population can be decomposed into inherited muscovites carried by the folation and newly-formed, syn-tectonic substituted phengites located along the shear bands yielding 2 age groups for each sample. Along the profiles, the difference between these two ages evolves from 10-15 Ma in weakly deformed domains to zero toward the SASZ core. In addition, mylonite-forming phengites yielded the same age irrespectively of their position on the section or of the rock strain.. On the regional point of view, this study brings deformation-ages for the late-orogenic evolution of the South Armorican domain. Strain accumulated along the SASZ in a time-span extending to 300-298 Ma, i.e. contemporaneously with the activity of nearby major extensional shear zones. These results support a new model of crustal-scale shear zone activity, where the whole body of the shear zone is active throughout its history (defined as the largest age difference through the section), i.e. the actively deforming zone does not get progressively narrower. The strain distribution nevertheless evolves with time, with an increasingly large fraction partitioned in the ultramylonitic core.
EGU General Assembly
Vienne, Austria

insu-00839320
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00839320
BIBCODE : 2010EGUGA..12.9881A

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : In Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space.
À la Martinique au XVIIIe siècle, les « libres de couleur », qu’ils soient nés libres ou affranchis, noirs ou métis, forment une catégorie juridique distincte des Blancs et des esclaves. L’étude comparée, avec les territoires espagnols ou anglais, montre qu’aucune réglementation légale n’a officialisé un passage de la catégorie Libre de couleur à celle de Blanc dans les colonies françaises de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française. Aussi, cette thèse se propose de montrer les processus officieux qui ont permis à certaines personnes – les « assimilés » – de franchir la barrière de couleur. Une réflexion a été menée sur le préjugé de couleur, système raciste dont l’idéologie, soutenue par la réglementation locale, a légitimé la construction collective d’un ordre public et social. Puis, on a examiné l’élaboration de la barrière de couleur. Les libres de couleur ont été les premiers à faire les frais de l’imperméabilisation de la ligne de démarcation et des problèmes posés par la pureté de sang ; mais les Blancs mésalliés, dans le cadre d’unions interraciales, et les Amérindiens ont aussi été visés. Enfin nous avons réfléchi à ce qui faisait la blancheur et aux stratégies adoptées pour réussir ce changement de statut. Le notariat et les 33 000 actes des registres paroissiaux traités ont donné lieu à la reconstitution de généalogies pour examiner des individus et des familles sur plusieurs générations ; on a ainsi observé l’importance du phénotype, le blanchiment, la légitimité des relations, les conjoints privilégiés, le choix des réseaux, les niveaux de fortune et l’usage de l’espace.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063

NNT : 2015AGUY0847
tel-01221063
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063/file/These_Pierre-Louis.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Réseau « Développement durable et territoires fragiles »
Résumé : The Green and Blue infrastructure (Trame verte et bleue –TVB) is a new conservation policy tool based on the notions of ecological network and corridor. The introduction of this new instrument through the French Grenelle environment commitments brings about some change in the spatial strategy of the conservation policy. Beyond the identification of priority conservation areas, ecological planning of all the territory is concerned. The TVB’s implementation process establishes the connection of multi and nested decisional and action levels. It thus creates specific situations of complexity and uncertainty that require innovation and perpetual change of governance. The study of the Auvergne region case through the adaptive governance analytical framework highlights the potential fruitful role of Regional nature parks in such dynamics of change and learning. Mots-clés : aménagement durable des territoires, biodiversité, réseau écologique, corridor écologique, gouvernance adaptative, socio-écosystème, trame verte et bleue Keywords : Sustainable landplaning, Biodiversity, Ecological network, Adaptive governance, socio-ecosystem
La Trame verte et bleue (TVB), nouveau dispositif d’action publique visant à enrayer la perte de biodiversité traduit un renouvellement des référentiels de justification des politiques de conservation et de leur stratégie territoriale. Il s’agit d’intégrer la planification écologique dans l’aménagement de l’ensemble du territoire. Le processus de territorialisation de la TVB met en rapport de multiples niveaux de décision et d’action imbriqués. Il crée de ce fait des configurations inédites de complexité et d’incertitude et implique des innovations en termes de gouvernance que le cadre analytique de la gouvernance adaptative permet d’appréhender. En nous appuyant sur l’exemple du Parc Naturel Régional des Volcans d’Auvergne, nous analysons le rôle que ces institutions sont susceptibles de jouer dans ces dynamiques de changement et d’apprentissage socio-technique et politique qui conditionnent une mise en œuvre effective de la TVB.
ISSN: 1772-9971

hal-01195370
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195370
DOI : 10.4000/developpementdurable.9675
PRODINRA : 269288

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients (ICPs). The definite diagnosis relies on parasite DNA detection, but the incidence and burden of disease are ill-known in HIV-negative patients. A three-year retrospective study was conducted in 15 reference laboratories from the network of the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, to record the frequency of Toxoplasma DNA detection in ICPs, to review the molecular methods used for diagnosis and the prevention measures implemented in transplant patients. During the study period, out of 31,640 PCR performed in ICPs, 610 were positive (323 patients). Blood (n=337), cerebrospinal fluid (n=101) and aqueous humor (n=100) samples were more frequently positive. Chemoprophylaxis schemes in transplant patients differed between centers. PCR follow-up of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (allo-HSCT) patients was implemented in 8/15 centers. Data from 180 patients (13 centers) were further analyzed regarding clinical setting and outcome. Only 68/180 (38%) patients were HIV+; the remaining 62% consisted in 72 HSCT, 14 solid-organ transplants, and 26 miscellaneous immunodeficiencies. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and disseminated toxoplasmosis were most frequently observed in HIV and transplant patients, respectively. Of 72 allo-HSCT patients with a positive PCR, 23 were asymptomatic; all were diagnosed in centers performing systematic blood PCR follow-up, and received specific treatment. Overall survival of allo-HSCT patients at two months was better in centers with PCR follow-up than in other centers (p<0.01). This study provides updated data on the frequency of toxoplasmosis in HIV-negative ICPs and suggests that regular PCR follow-up of allo-HSCT patients could guide pre-emptive treatment and improve outcome.
ISSN: 0095-1137

hal-01134189
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01134189
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.03282-14
PUBMED : 25762774

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This work addresses a study of geodynamics in Armenia, a country located in the central part of the zone of continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithosphere plates. The work includes two main parts: study of recent deformations of the lithosphere by means of GPS and detailed paleoseismological and morphometric investigations in the zone of the Artanish-Tskhouk segment of the PSSF. We analyze and compare rates of deformation determined by the GPS data and the rates estimated by the paleoseismological and morphometric studies. The Armenian-French network of GPS observations was installed in Armenia in 1998. Three observation sessions were conducted in 1998, 2000 and 2003. Based on the evidence obtained, a detailed study of the velocity field was conducted to analyze lithosphere deformation in Central and Northern Armenia. Slip rates were estimated for the principal active faults in Armenia. Several field works, including paleoseismological, archaeo-seismological, archaeological, geodetic and morphological studies, had been implemented in the zone of the Artanish-Tskhouk segment of the PSSF in 2003-2005. The fault was mapped in detail; rates of main horizontal and vertical slip along the fault were estimated and re-estimated. Four (4) paleo- and archeo-earthquakes were studied and dated. Eventually, the obtained data allowed us to re-estimate slip rates, maximum possible magnitudes and recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes on the Artanish-Tskhouk segment of the PSSF. A technique enabling estimation of horizontal and vertical displacements along strike-slip faults during paleo-earthquakes by the evidence obtained from paleo-seismological trenching was developed.
Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire sont consacrés à l'étude de la géodynamique du territoire de l'Arménie qui est situé dans la partie centrale de la zone de collision continentale entre les plaques Arabique et Eurasienne. Le mémoire comprend deux parties principales: 1/ l'étude des déformations actuelles par la géodésie GPS; 2/ l'étude paléosismologique et morphométrique détaillée de la zone du segment d'Artanish-Tskhuk de la faille de Pambak-Sevan-Syunik (PSSF). On présente l'analyse et la comparaison des vitesses de déformations estimées par les données de GPS et par les données paléosismologiques et morphométriques. Le réseau d'observations GPS Arméno - Français a été installé en Arménie en septembre 1998. Trois campagnes de mesure du réseau ont été réalisées en 1998, 2000 et 2003. L'analyse détaillée du champ de vitesse à partir des données GPS a permis d'étudier et de quantifier les déformations actuelles de l'Arménie centrale et septentrionale. On a pu estimer les vitesses des déplacements des failles actives principales du territoire de l'Arménie. Un ensemble de travaux sur le terrain comprenant des recherches paléosismologiques, archéosismologiques, archéologiques, géodésiques, et morphologiques a été réalisé entre 2003 et 2005 dans la zone du segment d'Artanish-Tskhuk de la faille de PSSF. La cartographie détaillée de la faille a été réalisée et l'on a estimé et/ou re-estimés les déplacements horizontaux et verticaux le long de la faille. Quatre paléo- et archéoséismes ont été étudiés et datés. À partir des données obtenues, pour le segment d'Artanish-Tskhuk de la faille de PSSF, on a réévalué les vitesses de déplacements, la magnitude maximale possible, et l'intervalle récurrence des séismes forts. Une méthode d'évaluation des déplacements horizontaux et verticaux a été proposée à partir des logs de tranchées sur les failles de décrochements associées à des paléoséismes.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-00551535
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551535/file/thesedavtyan2.pdf