Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) refer to a broad spectrum of molecules from different chemical families that have numerous properties. They can be used as pesticides, plasticizers, flame retardants, surfactants, lubricants, etc. Consequently, they are introduced in numerous applications in buildings or used daily by the entire population. Once emitted through evaporation or abrasion in the indoor environment or introduced from the outdoors, their chemical or biological degradation is limited, and they persist indoors. This persistence also explains why some SVOCs that were banned a few years ago are still detected in the air and dust inside buildings. In indoor environments, SVOCs are divided between the gas phase, airborne particles, and dust settled on floors and surfaces. SVOCs are of concern due to their established or suspected health effects and their widespread exposure through different environmental media and pathways. The objective of the thesis was to study the concentrations of 66 SVOCs on airborne particles (PM10) and 48 SVOCs in settled dust in two samples of dwellings randomly selected across France. PM10 were sampled during the nationwide housing survey carried out by the French Observatory of indoor air quality in 2003-2005. The dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags during a nationwide survey carried out in French dwellings where at least one child aged 6 months to 6 years lived (2008-2009). The SVOCs to be analyzed had prior been selected using a ranking method based on their toxicity and indoor concentrations. The data analysis focused in particular on the identification of French specificities in terms of detected molecules and measured concentrations. It highlighted some determinants of exposure, e.g., influence of particle size, type of dust collected, dust bioaccessibility, which are not always considered and limit the comparability of results. The measured concentrations were also used to assess the health ranking implemented prior to this work and to confirm its relevance. The concentrations measured both in the air and in settled dust were compared to study the similarities in terms of concentrations and SVOC mixtures. Finally, the exposure doses to SVOCs were calculated for both a child and an adult to assess the respective contributions of inhalation and ingestion to these compounds in particulate phase in dwellings.
Les composés organiques semi-volatils (COSV) font l’objet d’une attention croissante depuis une dizaine d’années. Utilisés dans de nombreux produits et matériaux du quotidien, ils sont émis dans les bâtiments par dispersion lors de l’usage, par évaporation ou abrasion. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques, ces composés se répartissent à la fois dans l’air, en phases gazeuse et particulaire, et dans les poussières déposées au sol, sur le mobilier et les objets. Compte tenu du temps passé par la population dans les bâtiments, en particulier par les populations sensibles comme les enfants, les femmes enceintes et les personnes âgées, l’exposition à ces substances mérite d’être documentée, tenant compte des voies d’exposition en jeu : inhalation, ingestion et contact cutané. La thèse a porté sur les COSV présents en phase particulaire dans les logements. L’objectif de la thèse visait à exploiter les mesures de 66 COSV dans les particules en suspension de diamètre inférieur à 10 µm (PM10) et de 48 COSV dans les poussières au sol de taille inférieure à 100 µm considérées comme étant celles adhérant à la peau. Ces mesures ont été réalisées dans le cadre de deux campagnes nationales : la campagne « Logements » de l’Observatoire de la qualité de l’air intérieur conduite en 2003-2005 et l’enquête Plomb-Habitat dont les prélèvements ont eu lieu en 2008-2009. Une hiérarchisation des molécules jugées prioritaires au regard de leur impact sanitaire potentiel avait permis au préalable d’établir la liste des COSV à mesurer. L’exploitation de ces données de contamination a notamment porté sur l’identification d’éventuelles spécificités françaises au regard des molécules en présence et/ou des concentrations mesurées. Elle a permis de mettre en lumière un ensemble de facteurs déterminants de l’exposition (influence de la taille des particules, du type de poussières collectées, de leur bioaccessibilité), qui ne sont pas toujours considérés et qui limitent par ailleurs la comparabilité des résultats. Les concentrations mesurées ont aussi permis d’évaluer rétrospectivement la hiérarchisation sanitaire et d’en confirmer la pertinence. Les concentrations des COSV quantifiés à la fois dans l’air et au sol ont été mises en perspective afin d’examiner dans quelle mesure les particules en suspension et les poussières déposées sont similaires en termes de concentrations et de mélanges de COSV en présence. Enfin, l‘estimation des doses d’exposition aux COSV à partir d’équations simples, de variables humaines d’exposition et des données de contamination a permis une première évaluation des contributions respectives de l’inhalation et de l’ingestion aux expositions domestiques des enfants et adultes à ces composés en phase particulaire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524

NNT : 2015REN1B033
tel-01308524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524/file/MANDINCorinne.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme
Résumé : International audience
For over a century, the complementary nature of fishing and farming activities in the floodplain of the Rufiji River (Tanzania) has formed the basis of the economy in its villages. Starting in the 1970s, the fishery evolved from a seasonal activity practiced on foot during flooding and using traditional traps to year-round dugout canoe operated lake fisheries using nets.The paper analyses the drivers of this change. After having rejected the simplistic technocratic hypothesis that technical innovation equals progress, the paper examines the relevance of the productivity of the different fishing techniques in the light of the evolution of the role of fisheries in the village economy. During the change-over period, the national and international economy deprives the villages of their main habitual sources of cash income. In the absence of any alternative, fisheries imposed themselves as the unique source of cash income, a function they can only fulfil if practiced year-round and this can only be achieved using canoes and nets. However, the perception of the causes of these changes in the villages is differentiated. For those who initiated the change-over, and who are now of an advanced age, the main driver of the transition to nets was the empowerment of the youth versus the elders. Such an interpretation resonates well with the economic determinants. However, it requires considering the modernisation process as a contextualised multi-sided expression of market globalisation.
Depuis plus d’un siècle, l’économie des villages de la plaine inondable du Rufiji (Tanzanie) est fondée sur la complémentarité des activités agricoles et des activités halieutiques. À partir de la fin des années 1970, les pêches traditionnelles à la nasse, pratiquées à pied saisonnièrement lors de la crue annuelle, sont supplantées par les pêches embarquées (pirogues monoxyles) au filet dans les lacs, pratiquées elles toute l’année. L’article s’interroge sur les déterminants de cette substitution.Après avoir rejeté l’hypothèse techniciste vulgaire qui voudrait que l’innovation technique soit synonyme de progrès, la pertinence du critère de productivité des différentes techniques de pêche est examinée à la lumière de l’évolution de la place des activités halieutiques dans l’économie villageoise. Il apparaît qu’à partir de cette époque, l’évolution économique nationale et internationale prive les villageois de leurs principales ressources monétaires habituelles. En l’absence de toute alternative, la pêche s’impose alors comme unique source de revenu monétaire, une fonction qu’elle ne peut remplir qu’à condition d’être pratiquée tout au long de l’année, ce que seules les techniques au filet permettent. Cependant, les représentations villageoises des causes de la généralisation de la pêche au filet sont différentes. Pour ceux d’entre eux, aujourd’hui très âgés, qui furent les pionniers de cette innovation, c’est le souci d’émancipation des cadets vis-à-vis des aînés qui aurait été le moteur de l’adoption de techniques de pêche au filet. Ce point de vue entre en résonance avec les déterminations économiques à condition de considérer le processus de modernisation comme manifestation multiforme contextualisée de la mondialisation marchande.
ISSN: 0248-6016

hal-01344410
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01344410
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01344410/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01344410/file/Pauletal2015Version_Def.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
We derive a general formulation of the time domain random walk (TDRW) approach to model the hydrodynamic transport of inert solutes in complex geometries and heterogeneous media. We demonstrate its formal equivalence with the discretized advection-dispersion equation and show that the TDRW is equivalent to a continuous time random walk (CTRW) characterized by space-dependent transition times and transition probabilities. The transition times are exponentially distributed. We discuss the implementation of different concentration boundary conditions and initial conditions as well as the occurrence of numerical dispersion. Furthermore, we propose an extension of the TDRW scheme to account for mobile-immobile multirate mass transfer. Finally, the proposed TDRW scheme is validated by comparison to analytical solutions for spatially homogeneous and heterogeneous transport scenarios.
ISSN: 0043-1397

hal-01356319
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356319
DOI : 10.1002/2015WR018511

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Communication n°514 -Atelier 4 : Université
International audience
Jacques Rancière affirme dans Le maître ignorant qu'un maître explicateur est plus nuisible que nécessaire pour comprendre les oeuvres littéraires. Ce que tout être humain produit ou crée, en littérature comme dans les arts, tout autre être humain peut le comprendre. Comment dès lors concevoir l'enseignement de la littérature ? Élèves et étudiants manquent souvent d'autonomie et d'initiatives personnelles. Ne voyant dans la littérature qu'un objet d'études et d'évaluation, ils ne songent guère à ce que les auteurs ont à leur dire, et, face à leurs difficultés de compréhension, ils attendent parfois trop passivement l'aide de l'enseignant sans songer qu'ils pourraient développer, de façon autonome, des stratégies de lecture. À partir des propositions de Rancière, il est possible de déplacer l'explication du côté de la coopération en restaurant la méthode de l'égalité. L'égalité dont parle Rancière implique la parité entre enseignants et enseignés. En conséquence, elle doit être visible dans les dispositifs d'enseignements. C'est donc en amont du cours que nous situerons la coopération dans les enseignements littéraires. In Le maître ignorant, Jacques Rancière says that explaining and commenting on texts to students is rather harmful than helpful. Every opus created by a human being can be understood by another human being. So, how can we conceive literature teaching ? One can notice that many students are not enough autonomous, and they haven't ownership over their own learning. Some of them only see literature as an object of study or as a way to succeed their exams. They don't think about what the author has to tell them. When they don't understand a text, many of them wait passively the teacher's explanation. Starting from Rancière's proposals and equality method, it is possible to think differently our way to teach literature, and to
Coopérer
Paris, France

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01240279
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01240279
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01240279/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01240279/file/Val%C3%A9rie%20P%C3%A9rez%20Com%20514%20atelier%20universit%C3%A9.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Our ability to decipher the mechanisms behind metamorphic transformation processes depends in a major way on the extent to which crystallographic and microstructural information is transferred from one stage to another. Within the Leka Ophiolite Complex in the Central Norwegian Caledonides, prograde olivine veins that formed by dehydration of serpentinite veins in dunites exhibit a characteristic distribution of microstructures: The outer part of the veins comprises coarse-grained olivine that forms an unusual, brick-like microstructure. The inner part of the veins, surrounding a central fault, is composed of fine-grained olivine. Where the fault movement included a dilational component, optically clear, equant olivine occurs in the centre. Electron backscatter diffraction mapping reveals that the vein olivine has inherited its crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) from the olivine in the porphyroclastic host rock; however, misorientation is weaker and associated to different rotation axes. We propose that prograde olivine grew epitaxially on relics of mantle olivine and thereby acquired its CPO. Growth towards pre-existing microfractures along which serpentinisation had occurred led to straight grain boundaries and a brick-like microstructure in the veins. When dehydration embrittlement induced slip, a strong strain localisation on discrete fault planes prevented distortion of the CPO due to cataclastic deformation; grain size reduction did not significantly modify the olivine CPO. This illustrates how a CPO can be preserved though an entire metamorphic cycle, including hydration, dehydration, and deformation processes, and that the CPO and the microstructures (e.g. grain shape) of one phase do not necessarily record the same event.
ISSN: 0010-7999

hal-01622643
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622643
DOI : 10.1007/s00410-017-1378-5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In this paper we solve the Navier Stokes’ equation using finite difference method, on a simulated porous rock structure in 2-D, to study the velocity distribution of fluid flowing through it under a constant pressure gradient. A reactive solute carried through the fluid is allowed to interact with the minerals in the rock. Depending on the rock composition, both dissolution and precipitation reactions may occur. However precipitation occurs only through the cations that are released in the solution due to dissolution. These combined dissolution–precipitation reactions change the porosity, permeability and pore geometry of the sedimentary rock. We study the temporal changes of these properties as functions of Peclet number, concentration of the reactive solute and ratio of Damkholer numbers of dissolution to precipitation. The final flow property is decided by a combination of these parameters.
ISSN: 0022-1694

hal-01115291
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01115291
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.019

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : International audience
The Michaelis-Menten enzymatic reaction is sufficient to perceive many subtleties of network modeling, including the concentration and time scales separations, the formal equivalence between bulk phase and single-molecule approaches, or the relationships between single-cycle transient probabilities and steady state rates. Seven methods proposed by different authors and yielding the same famous Michaelis-Menten equation, are selected here to illustrate the kinetic and probabilistic use of rate constants and to review basic techniques for handling them. Finally, the general rate of an ordered multistep reaction, of which the Michaelis-Menten reaction is a particular case, is deduced from a Markovian approach.
Journal of Mathematical Chemistry

hal-00920806
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00920806
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00920806/document
ARXIV : 1312.5468
DOI : 10.1007/s10910-013-0237-5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : International audience
We isolated and characterized 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Lytocarpia brevirostris (Aglaophe- niidae), a hydrozoan common in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Four to 34 alleles per locus were detected at the Indo-Pacific scale. At the population level, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities ranged across 0.100–0.625 and 0.097–0.597, respectively. Three markers showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equi- librium, all of them presenting null alleles. Linkage dis- equilibrium was detected in three pairs of loci among 120. These primers provide powerful tools for studying popu- lation genetic diversity and the implication of life cycle strategies on population differentiation in tropical hydro- zoans. This will be valuable for the conservation of coral reefs biodiversity and the design of marine protected areas.
ISSN: 1877-7252

hal-01185722
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722/file/Postaire%20et%20al.%20-%202015%20-%20Isolation%20and%20characterisation%20of%2016%20microsatellit_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s12686-014-0407-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The main goal of the monitoring stage of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is to obtain an accurate estimation of the subsurface CO2 accumulation and to detect any possible leakage. Laboratory experiments are necessary to investigate the small scale processes governing the CO2–brine–rock interaction. They also provide a means to calibrate the results coming from field scale geophysical methods. In this work we set up an experimental system which is able to perform Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurements on centimeter-scale rock samples at various P–T conditions. We present the results of two new experiments related to CO2 monitoring, performed on a cylindrical (4 × 8 cm) Fontainebleau rock sample. In the first one, we have quantified the CO2 saturation at different volume fractions, representing zones from a deep saline aquifer with varying degrees of saturation. In the second one, we have monitored and quantified the effect of CO2 dissolution in the brine at a pressure of 40 bar during eight days, emulating the invasion of CO2 into a shallow aquifer. Results highlight the importance of accounting for the contribution of surface conductivity in highly CO2-saturated regions, even in clay-free rocks, and also for brine conductivity variation due to CO2 dissolution. Ignoring any of these effects will end up in a CO2 saturation underestimation. We present a modified CO2 saturation equation to account for these two influences.
ISSN: 0926-9851

hal-01356323
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356323
DOI : 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.03.039

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Evidence of the impact of exposure to lowlevels of lead on children's health is increasing. Residential floor dust is the assumed origin of lead exposure by young children. In this study, we estimate the contribution of different lead sources to household interior floor dust contamination. We also estimate the within-home variability of interior floor dust lead loadings. A multilevel model was developed based on data collected in a French survey in 2008-2009 (484 housing units, 1834 rooms). Missing data were handled by multiple imputation using chained equations. The intra-home correlation between interior floor Log dust lead loadings was approximately 0.6. Dust lead from the landing of an apartment, mostly originating outside the building, was the major contributor to interior floor dust lead. Secondary contributors included the lead-based paint on exterior railings, track-in of the exterior soil of the children's play area into the dwelling, smoking inside the home, demolition of nearby old buildings and sites of pollution in the vicinity. Interior lead-based paint contaminated interior floor dust only in old and non-renovated dwellings. To reduce interior floor dust lead levels in the general population of dwellings, common areas should be maintained, and track-in from the outside should be limited as much as possible.
Science of the Total Environment

hal-00997780
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00997780
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.028

Résumé : La tuberculose, maladie très ancienne, est plus que jamais présentée sur la scène sanitaire mondiale avec 9 millions de nouveaux cas par an. Cette maladie, qui demeure une cause majeure de mortalité, est un des problèmes les plus difficiles à résoudre en santé publique et à échelle internationale. Les diverses programmes de lutte, lancés par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), pour prévenir et garantir la guérison des patients tuberculeux, se heurtent à des difficultés qui hypothèquent leur efficacité. En effet, l'expansion du virus de rinimunodéficience humaine (VIII) et son influence néfaste sur la susceptibilité à la tuberculose, l'accroissement rapide de la tuberculose multirésistante, la pauvreté ainsi que la croissance démographique, sont un ensemble de facteurs préjudiciables à l'application des mesures préventives et curatives. Les contextes économiques difficiles conduisant indubitablement au cumul de ces facteurs, ont fait une césure entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres quant à l'incidence et la révolution de la tuberculose à échelle mondiale. Pour atténuer la disparité des résultats des luttes antituberculeuses, les méthodologies employées en épidémiologie de la tuberculose doivent s'inscrire dans une démarche d'efficacité. Les marqueurs moléculaires, indispensables à l'identification et à la classification des souches appartenant au complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTC) ont chacun des potentialités qui leur sont propres dont il convient de cerner pour une utilisation adéquate dans les études épidémiologiques et phylogénétiques. Le but de cette thèse consiste à extraire des connaissances nouvelles des résultats de génotypage stockées dans les bases de données, connaissances relatives au polymorphisme du support génomique pour estimer la contribution de chaque marqueur dans la classification de MTC. Le recours à différentes méthodes de reconstruction phylogénétique et de modélisation des données fut indispensable. A la lumière des résultats obtenus, cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthodologie de classification, pour rétablissement d'une phylogéographie robuste de MTC en relation avec l'histoire des migrations humaines qui aurait débutée en Afrique subsaharienne. Chaque méthode de génotypage ayant une efficience et un cout propres, qu'il convient de mesurer par rapport aux moyens disponibles et aux résultats escomptes, il est donc intéressant de renforcer la connaissance des marqueurs et de proposer différentes alternatives menant à la classification des mycobactéries. Ainsi, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse apportent plus de cohérence aux solutions proposées pour la caractérisation des clones de MTC circulant dans le monde.
Tuberculosis, very old disease, is more than ever presented on the global health scene with 9 million new cases per year. This disease, which remains a major cause of mortality is one of the most intractable public health and international issues. The various control programs, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent and guarantee the cure of tuberculosis patients face difficulties that undermine their effectiveness. Indeed, the expansion of human virus rinimunodéficience (VIII) and its negative influence on susceptibility to tuberculosis, the rapid growth of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, poverty and population growth, are a set of factors detrimental to application of preventive and curative measures. The difficult economic circumstances undoubtedly leading to accumulation of these factors have a break between rich and poor countries about the impact and the revolution of tuberculosis worldwide. To address the disparity of the results of tuberculosis struggles, the methodologies used in epidemiology of tuberculosis must be part of a process efficiency. Molecular indispensable to the identification and classification of strains belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) markers each have their own potentials that need to be identified for proper use in epidemiological and phylogenetic studies. The purpose of this thesis is to extract new knowledge of the results of genotyping data stored in databases, knowledge of the polymorphism of genomic carrier to estimate the contribution of each marker in the classification of TCM. The use of different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction and modeling data was essential. In light of the results obtained, the thesis proposes a new classification methodology for a robust recovery phylogeography of TCM in connection with the history of human migration have started in sub-Saharan Africa. Each genotyping method with cost efficiency and equity, should be measured in relation to the resources available and discounts results, it is interesting to strengthen the knowledge of markers and propose alternatives leading to the classification of mycobacteria. Thus, the results obtained in this thesis bring more coherence to the proposed characterization of clones MTC circulating worldwide solutions.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0518/document

Résumé : De type parabolique et soumis à l’action d’un couple de contrôles (h, k) où h et k jouent des rôles différents ; le contrôle k étant de type "contrôlabilité" et h de type "contrôle optimal".Il est alors naturel de considérer un problème d’optimisation multi-critères. Il existe plusieurs façons d’étudier de tels problèmes. Nous proposons, dans cette thèse, le contrôle de Stackelberg. Il s’agit d’une notion d’optimisation hiérarchique avec, ici, h qui est le "Leader" et k le "Follower".
In this thesis, we are interested in evolution problems governed by parabolic equations subjected to the action of a pair of controls (h, k) where h and k play different roles : the control k being of "controllability" type and h of "optimal control" type.It is then natural to consider a multi-criteria optimization problem. There are several ways to study such problems. We propose in this thesis, the Stackelberg control which is a notion of hierarchical optimization with here, h which is the "Leader" and k the "Follower".

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0805/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Numerical programs for simulating flow and reactive transport in porous media are essential tools for predicting reservoir properties changes triggered by CO2 underground injection. At reservoir scale, meshed models in which equations are solved assuming that constant macroscopic properties can be defined in each cells, are widely used. However, the parameterization of the dissolution-precipitation problem and of the feedback effects of these processes on the flow field is still challenging. The problem arises from the mismatch between the scales at which averaged parameters are defined in the meshed model and the scale at which chemical reactions occur and modify the pore network geometry. In this paper we investigate the links between the dissolution mechanisms that control the porosity changes and the related changes of the reactive surface area and of the permeability. First, the reactive surface area is computed from X-ray microtomography data obtained before and after a set of dissolution experiments of pure calcite rock samples using distinctly different brine-CO2 mixtures characterizing homogeneous to heterogeneous dissolution regimes. The results are used to validate the power law empirical model relating the reactive surface area to porosity proposed by Luquot and Gauze (2009). Second, we investigate the spatial distribution of the effective hydraulic radius and of the tortuosity, two structural parameters that control permeability, in order to explain the different porosity-permeability relationships observed for heterogeneous and homogeneous dissolution regimes. It is shown that the increase of permeability is due to the decrease of the tortuosity for homogeneous dissolution, whereas it is due to the combination of tortuosity decrease and hydraulic radius increase for heterogeneous dissolution. For the intermediate dissolution regime, identified to be the optimal regime for increasing permeability with small changes in porosity, the increase of permeability results from a large increase in the mean effective hydraulic radius of the sample.
ISSN: 0169-7722

hal-00617671
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617671
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.07.004

Résumé : Évoquer la place des libres de couleur en Martinique des origines à 1815, c'est évoqué un curieux paradoxe. Afin d'appréhender ce dernier et aborder la position des libres de couleur dans la société, il a fallu se pencher sur le processus de formation de ce groupe de 1635 à la veille de la Révolution française, en mettant en lumière l'origine de celui-ci, le statut, la condition des personnes, la répartition géographique, la situation socioéconomique et les réseaux de sociabilité qu'ils utilisent dans la société. L'abord de ce processus ne pouvait se faire sans la prise en compte de la politique menée par l'administration envers l'affranchissement. L'utilisation des registres paroissiaux (puis de l'état civil) et du notariat a permis la confrontation entre la théorie (le droit colonial), et, la pratique quotidienne. Il a fallu ensuite mettre en évidence dans un second temps comment, malgré la Révolution française et de ses idéaux, de son impact en Martinique, la ségrégation perdure à l'encontre du groupe des libres de couleur et confirme l'entre-deux de celui-ci dans la société, en dépit de son accroissement numérique (via l'affranchissement principalement) et économique, et ce, jusqu'au début de la Restauration. La politique coloniale menée par les différentes administrations qui se succèdent et les troubles qui perturbent l'ordre établi ont favorisé la compréhension du phénomène. Si, les libres de couleur furent assimilés dès 1685 aux sujets naturels du royaume de France, ils ne purent pourtant exercer comme les Blancs, certaines charges publiques, certaines professions libérales, certains emplois dans la milice (officiers). Cependant, certains d'entre eux réussirent à se hisser économiquement au niveau des négociants blancs avant 1815. Néanmoins, ils demeurèrent cantonnés dans une place mitoyenne entre Blancs et esclaves, une "zone tampon", un entre-deux discriminatoire et ségrégatif. Ces libres de couleur qui étaient aussi bien des noirs que des métis furent rejetés par les Blancs qu'ils souhaitaient égaler et méprisaient en général les esclaves alors qu'ils étaient souvent liés à eux par un ancêtre noir. Comme les Blancs, ils possédaient des esclaves, des terres et des maisons. Pourtant, leur situation dans la société fut très paradoxale.
To evoke the place of free coloureds in Martinic from the earliest times to 1815, it is evoked a curious paradox. In order to apprehend this last and to tackle free coloureds position in the society, it had to look into the process of development of this group from 1635 to the day before french revolution. The access of this process could not become without taking into consideration of the political controlled by the administration on emancipation. The utilization of parish registers (then registers of births, marriages and deaths) and deeds executed by a notary permitted confrontation between the theory (the colonial right) and the daily practical. It had to show how in spite of french revolution and these ideals, and this impact in Martinic, the segregation be continued against free coloureds group and confirmed space in between of this group in the society in spite of these numerical and economic growth (by way of emancipation principally), and those, as far as the beginning of the Restoration. The colonial political controlled by different administrations who followed one another and unrest who perturbed etablished order assisted the comprehension of this phenomenon. If free coloureds were assimilated since 1685 to natural subjects of french kingdom with the same rights, privileges and immunities, they did not exercise as whites some public responsabilities and offices, some liberal trades, some positions in militia (officers). Before the end of observation period (1815), some people were succeded to hoist themselves economically on a level with whites wholesalers. In spite of that, they were limited in a intermediate place between whites and slaves, a "buffer zone". Free coloureds who were as well as blacks than halfcastes have been rejected by whites that they would wish to equal and despised in general slaves even when they had common interests (a mother or a sister in slavery). As whites, they possessed slaves, estates and houses. However, their situation was so paradoxical in the colonial society.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0395/document

Résumé : Les risques naturels majeurs constituent une menace plus ou moins récurrente pour la plupart des populations de la planète. Les catastrophes naturelles sont à la fois sources et révélatrices d’inégalités sociales et environnementales, dans le monde, mais aussi sur le territoire de la République française. Les Antilles françaises sont très fréquemment, et très lourdement frappées par les aléas naturels. La réponse en matière de gestion des crises, et, en amont, en matière de prévention, ne nous semble pas à la hauteur des défis, et des besoins des populations. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous nous interrogeons, à travers la présente thèse, sur la place de la solidarité et de l’égalité, dans le régime juridique des risques naturels majeurs. C’est une préoccupation doctrinale majeure, inscrite dans la constitution. La recherche du lien entre droit des risques naturels majeurs et justice sociale et environnementale est l’objet de la présente étude, s’agissant de la réponse juridique à la préoccupation des populations et catégories défavorisées, qui s’avèrent a priori les plus atteintes par les catastrophes naturelles. Les limites des textes, l’insuffisance des moyens, ainsi que les pratiques locales, facteurs d’aggravation des vulnérabilités, le laxisme des pouvoirs publics nationaux et territoriaux, l’absence de culture de risque et l’esprit « kokagneur » des populations (avec des différences de comportement entre la Guadeloupe et la Martinique), toutes ces considérations rendent illusoire la détermination proclamée des pouvoirs publics de résoudre les problèmes de risques naturels majeurs. Des voies d’un renforcement de la solidarité sont proposées. Cette contribution à la recherche sur les risques ambitionne d’apporter aux acteurs, une vision transversale de la problématique des risques naturels, par l’analyse du régime juridique confronté à une exigence de justice sociale et environnementale. Les Antilles françaises servent de support à cette étude.
Major natural hazards are more or less recurring threat for most people in the world. Natural disasters are both sources and revealing social and environmental inequalities in the world, but also in the French Republic. The French West Indies are very frequently and strongly hit by natural hazards. The answer in terms of crisis management, and beforehand, in terms of prevention, doesn’t seem to be up to the population’s challenges and needs. This is why we wonder, in this thesis, about the place of solidarity and equality in the legal system of major natural hazards. This is a major doctrinal concern in the constitution. The research of the relationship between major natural hazards law and environmental and social justice is the subject of this study, concerning the legal answer to the concerns of the underprivileged people and categories, which prove to be a priori the most struck by natural disasters. The limits of the legislation, inadequate resources and local practices, vulnerabilities worsening factor, the laxity of the national and territorial public authorities, the lack of risk culture and the "kokagneur" spirit of the populations (with behavior differences between Guadeloupe and Martinique), all these considerations make unreal the government’s proclaimed determination to solve the major natural hazards issues. Ways to strengthen solidarity are proposed. This contribution to risks research aims to bring to the players an interdisciplinary view of natural hazards issues, through the analysis of the legal system confronted with the requirement of social and environmental justice. The French West Indies are used as research support.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0824/document