Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Objective: To estimate the social cost of respiratory cancers attributable to occupational risk factors in France in 2010. Methods: We estimated the number of cases ofrespiratory cancers attributable to each identified occupational risk factor according to the attributable fractions method. We also estimated direct (costs of hospital stays, drugs, outpatient care) and indirect costs (production losses) related to morbidity (absenteeism and presenteeism) and mortality (years of lost production). Production losses for paid work and unpaid domestic activities were taken into account. Results: The social cost of respiratory cancers (lung, larynx, sinonasal, pleural mesothelioma) attributable to exposure to asbestos, chromium, diesel engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, painting occupations (unidentified carcinogen), crystalline silica, wood and leather dust in France in 2010 was estimated to be between 960 and 1,866 million. The cost of lung cancer represents between 804 and 1,617 million. The three risk factors with the greatest impact are asbestos ((sic)530 to 890 million), diesel engine exhaust ((sic)227 to 394 million), and crystalline silica ( 116 to 268 million). Conclusion: These results provide a conservative estimate of the public health and economic burden of respiratory cancers attributable to occupational risk factors from a societal perspective.
ISSN: 0995-3914

hal-01659246
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01659246
DOI : 10.3917/spub.174.0509
PUBMED : 29034666

Éditeur(s) : Edp Sciences S A
Résumé : This study was designed to measure responses of four-year-old black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera) to different temperatures and food concentrations and to identify the energy requirements of each sex. Oysters were fed a monospecific microalgal diet of Isochrysis affinis galbana (T-iso). Measurements of oxygen consumption and ingestion rates were carried out at 24 degrees C and 27 degrees C and at two algal (T-iso) concentrations: 5000 and 30 000 cell ml(-1). Glycogen content in adductor muscle, absorption efficiency and scope for growth were also estimated. Females and males responded differently to environmental factors, with food level being the most influential parameter. Oxygen consumption and absorption efficiency were significantly higher in females than in males, but males had significantly higher glycogen content than females. At high food concentration, glycogen content, ingestion rate, oxygen consumption, and scope for growth were significantly higher than at the low food concentration. Only absorption efficiency was significantly higher at the low food concentration. Oxygen consumption was significantly higher at 27 degrees C than at 24 degrees C. These results indicate that females and males have different bioenergetic functioning and that energy demands for reproduction are higher in females.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (Edp Sciences S A), 2013-07 , Vol. 26 , N. 3 , P. 263-271

Droits : EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00157/26855/24980.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr/2013059
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00157/26855/

Éditeur(s) : Public Library Science
Résumé : The European Union and other states are moving towards Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management to balance food production and security with wider ecosystem concerns. Fishing is only one of several sectors operating within the ocean environment, competing for renewable and non-renewable resources that overlap in a limited space. Other sectors include marine mining, energy generation, recreation, transport and conservation. Trade-offs of these competing sectors are already part of the process but attempts to detail how the seas are being utilised have been primarily based on compilations of data on human activity at large spatial scales. Advances including satellite and shipping automatic tracking enable investigation of factors influencing fishers' choice of fishing grounds at spatial scales relevant to decision-making, including the presence or avoidance of activities by other sectors. We analyse the determinants of English and Welsh scallop-dredging fleet behaviour, including competing sectors, operating in the eastern English Channel. Results indicate aggregate mining activity, maritime traffic, increased fishing costs, and the English inshore 6 and French 12 nautical mile limits negatively impact fishers' likelihood of fishing in otherwise suitable areas. Past success, net-benefits and fishing within the 12 NM predispose fishers to use areas. Systematic conservation planning has yet to be widely applied in marine systems, and the dynamics of spatial overlap of fishing with other activities have not been studied at scales relevant to fisher decision-making. This study demonstrates fisher decision-making is indeed affected by the real-time presence of other sectors in an area, and therefore trade-offs which need to be accounted for in marine planning. As marine resource extraction demands intensify, governments will need to take a more proactive approach to resolving these trade-offs, and studies such as this will be required as the evidential foundation for future seascape planning.
Plos One (1932-6203) (Public Library Science), 2015-01-27 , Vol. 10 , N. 1 , P. 1-14

Droits : 2015 Tidd et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00254/36518/35064.pdf
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116335
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00254/36518/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Well-designed and effectively managed networks of marine reserves can be effective tools for both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. Connectivity, the demographic linking of local populations through the dispersal of individuals as larvae, juveniles or adults, is a key ecological factor to consider in marine reserve design, since it has important implications for the persistence of metapopulations and their recovery from disturbance. For marine reserves to protect biodiversity and enhance populations of species in fished areas, they must be able to sustain focal species (particularly fishery species) within their boundaries, and be spaced such that they can function as mutually replenishing networks whilst providing recruitment subsidies to fished areas. Thus the configuration (size, spacing and location) of individual reserves within a network should be informed by larval dispersal and movement patterns of the species for which protection is required. In the past, empirical data regarding larval dispersal and movement patterns of adults and juveniles of many tropical marine species have been unavailable or inaccessible to practitioners responsible for marine reserve design. Recent empirical studies using new technologies have also provided fresh insights into movement patterns of many species and redefined our understanding of connectivity among populations through larval dispersal. Our review of movement patterns of 34 families (210 species) of coral reef fishes demonstrates that movement patterns (home ranges, ontogenetic shifts and spawning migrations) vary among and within species, and are influenced by a range of factors (e.g. size, sex, behaviour, density, habitat characteristics, season, tide and time of day). Some species move <0.1–0.5 km (e.g. damselfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes), <0.5–3 km (e.g. most parrotfishes, goatfishes and surgeonfishes) or 3–10 km (e.g. large parrotfishes and wrasses), while others move tens to hundreds (e.g. some groupers, emperors, snappers and jacks) or thousands of kilometres (e.g. some sharks and tuna). Larval dispersal distances tend to be <5–15 km, and self-recruitment is common. Synthesising this information allows us, for the first time, to provide species, specific advice on the size, spacing and location of marine reserves in tropical marine ecosystems to maximise benefits for conservation and fisheries management for a range of taxa. We recommend that: (i) marine reserves should be more than twice the size of the home range of focal species (in all directions), thus marine reserves of various sizes will be required depending on which species require protection, how far they move, and if other effective protection is in place outside reserves; (ii) reserve spacing should be <15 km, with smaller reserves spaced more closely; and (iii) marine reserves should include habitats that are critical to the life history of focal species (e.g. home ranges, nursery grounds, migration corridors and spawning aggregations), and be located to accommodate movement patterns among these. We also provide practical advice for practitioners on how to use this information to design, evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of marine reserve networks within broader ecological, socioeconomic and management contexts.
ISSN: 1464-7931

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01334353
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353/file/Green_et_al-2015-Biological_Reviews.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/brv.12155

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : El turismo es una necesidad para todas las naciones, ya que genera ingresos, empleos, es una fuente de entrada de divisas que permite equilibrar la balanza de pagos de diferentes economías, entre otros factores. Pero junto con ello es fuente de profundas desigualdades y de impactos socio-ambientales considerables en naciones menos desarrolladas del mundo. El impulso a proyectos de Turismo Alternativo en el estado de Chiapas de la república mexicana es importante, ya que en esa entidad perviven muchas comunidades mayas con historia y sabiduría ancestral, acercarse a los postulados bajo los cuales deben construirse proyectos alternativos es punto central de este trabajo para también documentar los posibles impactos a futuro que pueden presentarse.
The tourism is a need for all the nations, since it generates income, work places, it is a source of entry of currencies that allows to balance the balance of payments of different economies, between other factors. But together with it there is source of deep inequality and of impacts an associate environmental considerable in less developed nations of the world. The impulse to projects of Alternative Tourism in the state of Chiapas of the Mexican republic is important, since in this entity many Mayan communities survive with history and ancestral knowledge, to approach the postulates under which alternative projects must be constructed is a central point of this work also to document the possible impacts to future that can appear.
Mexique
Chiapas

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7601
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7601

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Seismological Society of America
Résumé : International audience
We present an improvement of the maximum intersection (MAXI) method in which absolute earthquake location is defined by the maximum intersection number of hyperbolic equal differential time (EDT) volumes (one EDT volume being described as all grid nodes satisfying the arrival‐time differences between two stations, ± a tolerance value known as TERR). This 3D technique is well adapted to a strongly heterogeneous environment, avoids the depth versus origin‐time trade‐off (even using P arrivals alone), and objectively filters possible erroneous arrival times. Improvements consist of introducing an iterative multiscale approach on the TERR parameter and conducting a hierarchy of grid discretization to refine the preliminary solution (multigrid algorithm). The outlier cleaning process is strengthened by conducting statistical analyses based on the number of EDT volume intersections per station, rather than on travel‐time residues. Processing two series of synthetic arrival times computed in the 3D seismological configuration of the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone, offshore Taiwan, allows us to (1) confirm MAXI robustness, even when arrival times are highly disturbed or azimuthal coverage largely reduced, and (2) show that MAXI, by limiting trade‐offs between origin time and depth and between epicentral position and depth, is less affected by a wrong velocity model than a technique that minimizes travel‐time residues. To conclude, we apply the MAXI method to locate earthquakes recorded by the combined Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan (CWB) and the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) networks (1991-2008) within a georealistic a priori 3D P‐velocity model. Hypocenter determinations are selected based on MAXI confidence factors, and earthquake clustering along well‐known tectonic features witnesses hypocenter determination accuracy.
ISSN: 0037-1106

hal-00725227
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00725227
DOI : 10.1785/0120100311

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE: Contemporary pesticides, such as triazines or organophosphates, possess immunotoxic properties. We aimed to determine whether prenatal environmental exposure to these current-use pesticides was associated with otitis media (OM) during the first 2 years of life among children from the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. METHODS: The PELAGIE cohort enrolled 3421 women at the beginning of pregnancy in Brittany (France). At the 2-year follow-up, 1505 families completed a self-administered questionnaire, including the domestic use of pesticides and consumption of organic diet during pregnancy and occurrences of OM in the child. Two health outcomes were considered: at least one OM and recurrent OM (at least three). Multivariate logistic regression models that adjusted for known risk factors of OM were performed. Metabolites of triazine herbicides and organophosphate insecticides measured in urine collected before the 19th week of gestation (248 mothers) were considered in a subgroup analysis. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing values for the covariates. RESULTS: Children whose mothers reported an organic diet during pregnancy had a reduced risk of OM (at least one episode, p trend=0.01). No association was found between any outcome and residential proximity to crops. The presence in maternal urine of dealkylated triazine metabolites (OR=2.12 (1.01 to 4.47)) was positively associated with recurrent OM. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to suggest a positive association between prenatal exposure to current-use pesticides and the occurrence of parent-reported OM in young children
Occupational and Environmental Medicine

hal-01201944
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201944
DOI : 10.1136/oemed-2015-103039
PUBMED : 26347056

Résumé : Au cours de 325 relevés, 518 observations visuelles et 202 acoustiques ont permis de recenser 4 familles, 14 genres et 17 espèces, représentant un effectif total cumulé de près de 6000 cétacés contactés dans les limites de 15 mille nautiques des côtes en Guadeloupe. Les dauphins (Delphinidëe), constituent 33% des 36 espèces actuellement connues dans le monde. Six espèces plus rares ont été décrites. Parmi les cétacés à fanons, la baleine à bosse (Megaptera novaeangliae) migre dans les eaux côtières de décembre à fin mai et reste l'espèce la plus rencontrée. Grâce à un suivi individuel par télémétrie, il a pu être prouvé qu'au moins un individu de cette espèce pouvait séjourner dans l'archipel plus de huit jours. En 2010, une baleine à bosse de la baie du Moule à été suivie sur plus de 6300 kilomètres jusqu'au sud de l'Islande, vers les Iles Féroé. Une première estimation de stock sur la période de 2008 à 2011 propose que 442 baleines à bosse %CV 19,29 IC95% [302-645] évolueraient dans l'archipel côtier. Les carnïvores sont les plus abondants, avec parmi ceux-ci, le dauphin tacheté pantroplcal (Stenella attenuata) dont l'estimation indique que 270 à 300 individus évolueraient sur 1361 km2 avec une densité relative élevée (0,052 tndtvtdus/km>, %CV 90,16), principalement en-côte-sous-le-vent. L'analyse de la répartition spatiale et des facteurs du milieu indique une sectorisation géographique marquée des populations en zone côtière, avec des distributions influencées spécifiquement par la bathymétrie, la latitude, les distances à la côte et à l'isobathe 200, pour les informations principales et selon les espèces.
In 325 surveys, 518 visuai observations and acoustic 202 have identified four families, 14 genera and 17 species, representing a cumulative total ofnearly 6000 cetaceans assessed within 15 miles of coastal water ofGuadeloupe. Dolphins (Delphinidae), constitute 33% ofthe 36 species currently known in the world. Six rare species have been described. Among the baleen whales, the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate into coastal waters from December to late May and is the species most encountered. With individual monitoring by telemetry, it has been proved that at least one individual ofthis species could stay in the archipelago over eight days. In 2010, a humpback whale in the Bay ofmold were followed for more than 6300 km to the south ofIceland to the Faroe Islands. A first estimate ofstock over the period 2008 to 20 Il suggests that 442 humpback whales CV% 19.2995% [302-645] would evolve in the coastal archipelago. <..';:-.'") Carnivores are the most abundant, with among them, the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) whose estimate indicates that 270 to 300 individuals are present over 1361 km 2 with a high specifie density (0.052 individuals / km 2,% CV 90, 16), mainly in the Leeward coast. The analysis ofthe spatial distribution and environmental factors indicates a marked geographical sectorisation ofpopulations in coastal areas, with distributions specifically influenced by bathymetry, latitude, distance to the coast and the isobath 200, depending on the species

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0520/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Few studies have considered using environmental amenities to explain social health inequalities.Nevertheless, Green spaces that promote good health may have an effect on socioeconomic health inequalities. In developed countries, there is considerable evidence that green spaces have a beneficial effect on the health of urban populations and recent studies suggest they can have a positive effect on pregnancy outcomes. To investigate the relationship between green spaces and the spatial distribution of infant mortality taking account neighborhood deprivation levels. METHODS: The study took place in Lyon metropolitan area, France. All infant deaths that occurred between 2000 and 2009 were geocoded at census block level. Each census block was assigned greenness and socioeconomic deprivation levels. The spatial--scan statistic was used to identify high risk cluster of infant mortality according to these neighborhood characteristics. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of infant mortality was not random with a high risk cluster in the south east of the Lyon metropolitan area (p<0.003). This cluster disappeared (p=0.12) after adjustment for greenness level and socioeconomic deprivation, suggesting that these factors explain part of the spatial distribution of infant mortality. These results are discussed using a conceptual framework with 3 hypothetical pathways by which green spaces may have a beneficial effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes: (i) a psychological pathway, (ii) a physiological disruption process and (iii) an environmental pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These results add some evidence to the hypothesis that there is a relationship between access to green spaces and pregnancy outcomes but further research is required to confirm this.
ISSN: 1471-2393

inserm-00878362
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00878362
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00878362/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00878362/file/1471-2393-13-191.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2393-13-191

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Several assessments of vulnerability and resilience have been attempted at a country level through composite indices but they are barely in accord with a holistic view of sustainable development. We suggest graph theory to structure a network of variables that depict vulnerability and resilience from a sustainable development perspective. Vulnerability is defined as the propensity to incur adverse shocks whereas resilience is the capacity to cope with their negative effects. We identify two control dimensions of vulnerability–resilience (economic and political) and three contingency factors (the social, environmental and the peripheral dimensions). The specificity of the control dimensions is rooted in their impact on all other sides of the pentagon. We propose an algorithm to select the key variables useful in building a composite index that conforms to the structure of these five dimensions while preventing loss of information. An application is provided on Singapore, which has been specified as a typical case of resilience.
Economic Modelling

hal-01291338
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01291338

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le Costa Rica est devenu une référence incontournable sur le plan de l’écotourisme et de la conservation de l’environnement depuis une quinzaine d’années. Le pays est « célèbre pour son approche éclairée de la préservation de l’environnement ». Environ 27 % de la superficie du pays est protégée et les parcs nationaux couvrent plus de 13 % du territoire costaricien. À travers l’analyse des processus de développement du tourisme, l’exemple du Costa Rica démontre l’importance des facteurs politiques et du contrôle des images dans la mise en tourisme d’un lieu.
Costa Rica has become an essential reference point in terms of ecotourism and conservation of the environment over the past fifteen years. The country became famous for its original policy to preserve the environment. Approximately 27% of the country's land is protected and national parks cover more than 13% of the Costa Rican territory. An analysis of the Costa Rican approaches to the development of tourism, provides an example of the importance of political factors and the control of “image” in the popular and public imagination.
Costa Rica

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.432
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/432

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
ISSN: 0962-8436

hal-01282464
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282464
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
INTRODUCTION: Membrane drug transporters are well recognized as important contributing factors to pharmacokinetics, notably involved in drug-drug interactions. Besides drugs, environmental chemicals, to which humans are commonly exposed, are also substrates, inhibitors or inducers of drug transporters, which may have notable consequences toward toxicokinetics, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. AREA COVERED: This review summarizes key data about the interactions of main environmental contaminants with drug transporters, including the nature of drug transporters involved in contaminant transport, or inhibited or induced by these chemicals. Implications for toxicokinetics and toxicity of pollutants and pharmacokinetics of drugs administrated to pollutant-exposed humans are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Although various structurally unrelated environmental chemicals have been already demonstrated to interact with drug transporters, further in vitro and in vivo studies are probably required to characterize pollutant-transporter interplays in a more extensive and accurate way. Data obtained should be next confronted with known exposure levels of humans to pollutants, with the aim to fully determine the relevance of environmental contaminant-transporter interactions in terms of toxicokinetics, toxicity and putative pollutant-drug interactions.
ISSN: 1742-5255

inserm-00872876
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872876
DOI : 10.1517/17425255.2012.637918
PUBMED : 22176607

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: In a malaria-endemic area the distribution of patients is neither constant in time nor homogeneous in space. The WHO recommends the stratification of malaria risk on a fine geographical scale. In the village of Cacao in French Guiana, the study of the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria cases, during an epidemic, allowed a better understanding of the environmental factors promoting malaria transmission. METHODS: A dynamic cohort of 839 persons living in 176 households (only people residing permanently in the village) was constituted between January 1st, 2002 and December 31st, 2007.The information about the number of inhabitants per household, the number of confirmed cases of Plasmodium vivax and house GPS coordinates were collected to search for spatial or temporal clustering using Kurlldorff's statistical method. RESULTS: Of the 839 persons living permanently in the village of Cacao, 359 persons presented at least one vivax malaria episode between 2002 and 2007. Five temporal clusters and four spatial clusters were identified during the study period. In all temporal clusters, April was included. Two spatial clusters were localized at the north of the village near the Comté River and two others localized close to orchards. CONCLUSION: The spatial heterogeneity of malaria in the village may have been influenced by environmental disturbances due to local agricultural policies: deforestation, cultures of fresh produce, or drainage of water for agriculture. This study allowed generating behavioural, entomological, or environmental hypotheses that could be useful to improve prevention campaigns.
ISSN: 1475-2875

inserm-00849010
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00849010
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00849010/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00849010/file/2013_Basurko_-_Deforestation_agriculture_and_farm_jobs_a_good_recipe_for_Plasmodium_vivax_in_French_Guiana.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-12-90

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services largely depend on the functional identities of extirpated species. However, poor descriptions of spatial patterns of community functional composition across landscapes hamper accurate predictions, particularly in highly diverse tropical regions. Therefore, understanding how community functional composition varies across environmental gradients remains an important challenge. We sampled 15 functional traits in 800 Neotropical tree species across 13 forest plots representative of the broad climatic and soil gradients encompassed by three widespread lowland forest habitats (terra firme forests on clay-rich soils, seasonally flooded forests and white-sand forests) at opposite ends of Amazonia (Peru and French Guiana). We combined univariate and multivariate approaches to test the magnitude and predictability of environmental filtering on community leaf and wood functional composition. Directional shifts in community functional composition correlated with environmental changes across the 13 plots, with denser leaves, stems and roots in forests occurring in environments with limited water and soil-nutrient availability. Critically, these relationships allowed us to accurately predict the functional composition of 61 additional forest plots from environmental data alone.Synthesis. Environmental filtering consistently shapes the functional composition of highly diverse tropical forests at large scales across the terra firme, seasonally flooded and white-sand forests of lowland Amazonia. Environmental factors drive and allow the prediction of variation in community functional composition among habitat types in Amazonian forests.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01204211
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204211
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2745.12160
PRODINRA : 259900

Résumé : Les espaces naturels protégés sont aujourd’hui à l‘échelle mondiale l’une des principales politiques publiques mises en œuvre pour faire face à la destruction des écosystèmes. Leur nombre a beaucoup augmenté ces dernières années et les modes d’action qu’ils recouvrent se sont considérablement diversifiés. Pour autant, les écosystèmes continuent à se dégrader, et l’efficacité de ces dispositifs est souvent remise en cause. Cette thèse vise à analyser les facteurs influant sur l’efficacité des espaces protégés pour la conservation d’écosystèmes amazoniens encore peu dégradés. Elle étudie pour cela la mise en œuvre de dispositifs relevant de doctrines de gestion de l’environnement différentes, basées sur (i) la limitation réglementaire maximale des activités humaines impactantes pour les écosystèmes, (ii) la gestion des ressources par des populations locales ou traditionnelles ou (iii) la mise en place d’une gestion forestière durable sur des terres publiques. Nous nous plaçons dans une posture comparative entre la Guyane (France) et l’Amapá (Brésil), territoires partageant une frontière commune, principalement matérialisée par le fleuve Oyapock. La comparaison internationale entre ces deux régions présentant une couverture exceptionnelle en espaces protégés, dans des conditions écologiques et géographiques relativement similaires, nous permet d’observer l’influence du contexte historique et sociopolitique sur les modes de prise en charge de la gestion de l’environnement par les aires protégées. Nous nous sommes basés sur une approche constructiviste, appuyée sur une production de données principalement qualitatives (entretiens semi-directifs, analyse de documents, observation participante…). Nous avons ainsi procédé à une déconstruction critique des dispositifs « aires protégées », permettant de mettre en lisibilité les enjeux environnementaux qu’ils portent, et d’analyser l’efficacité environnementale des stratégies mises en œuvre. Cette analyse s’est articulée autour d’une lecture à la fois diachronique et multiscalaire des processus de gestion.Nous montrons que la mise en place des espaces protégés de Guyane et d’Amapá a été portée par des coalitions d’acteurs structurées autour de doctrines de gestion, c’est à dire de conceptions partagées des conditions de mise en œuvre d’une « bonne gestion environnementale ». Les dispositifs créés ont hérité des ressources stratégiques d’action et de la légitimité de ces coalitions. Les coalitions porteuses de la création des espaces protégés en Amapá sont fortement articulées aux mouvements sociaux et environnementaux plus généraux de l’Amazonie brésilienne, notamment pour les revendications socio-environnementales émergeant à la sortie de la période dictatoriale. En Guyane française, les espaces naturels protégés sont principalement la résultante de compromis entre d’une part une volonté d’exemplarité de l’action de la France en Amazonie, et d’autre part une recherche de minimisation des conflits avec les acteurs politiques locaux.
Nowadays, natural protected areas are one of the main public policies implemented at the international level in order to prevent the destruction of ecosystems. During the last decades, they became very numerous, and mobilized more and more diversified modes of action. However, natural ecosystems continue to deteriorate, and the effectiveness of protected areas is often questioned. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the factors influencing the effectiveness of protected areas in a context of Amazonian ecosystems that are still well preserved. We observed the implementation of environmental management arrangement (protected areas) that are based on various doctrines: (i) the strong limitation of all harmful human activities through legislation; (ii) the management of resources by local or traditional populations; and (iii) the implementation of sustainable forest management on public lands. We adopted a comparative approach between Guyana (France) and Amapá (Brazil), territories that share a common border, mainly identifiable by the Oyapock River. These two territories present quite similar ecological and geographical conditions, and both have an exceptional coverage of protected areas. Therefore this international comparison allowed us to observe the influence of the historical and socio-political context on the implementation of protected areas. We used a constructivist approach, mainly based on qualitative data (semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation...). We effected a critical deconstruction of "protected areas" management arrangements in order to make their environmental objectives intelligible, and we analysed the environmental effectiveness of the strategies implemented. This analysis was based on a diachronic and multiscalar lecture of management processes. We show that the establishment of protected areas in Guiana and Amapá was led by coalitions of actors structured around management doctrines, i.e. shared conceptions of "good environmental management". Management arrangements created inherited the strategic resources of action and the legitimacy of these coalitions. In Amapá, coalitions were strongly articulated with wider social and environmental movements of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the case of socio-environmental claims rising at the end of the dictatorship. In French Guiana, the natural protected areas are mainly the result of compromise between the French willingness to serve as an example in the Amazon region, and the minimisation of conflicts with local politicians.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0744/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : In the tropical rainforest of Amazonia, the factors driving the evolution of tree species remain poorly understood, and the relative influence of neutral and adaptive processes is continuously debated. In particular, local habitat patchiness draws much attention, as profound changes in the structure and composition of forest communities occur among micro-habitats. Thus, micro-environmental variations related to topography have frequently been invoked as drivers of adaptive radiation leading to sympatric speciation in Neotropical trees. On one hand, the hypothesis of local adaptation has never been investigated at the intra-specific level, i.e. within species currently undergoing population differentiation; on the other hand, many tree species are genetically structured over local scales due to neutral processes, mainly limited gene flow (caused by restricted pollen and seed dispersal). In this study, I used populations of a common tree species of the Guiana Shield - Eperua falcata (Fabaceae) - to study how neutral and adaptive processes shape the distribution of genetic diversity across forest landscapes characterized by local micro-habitat patchiness. I asked three main questions by combining both phenotypic (quantitative genetics) and molecular (population genetics) approaches: 1) How is the genetic diversity structured in forest landscapes of French Guiana? 2) Which evolutionary drivers are relevant to explain the structure of genetic diversity at local scale? 3) Does local adaptation contribute to structure genetic diversity within continuous populations?
En forêt tropicale humide Amazonienne, les facteurs gouvernant l'évolution des espèces d'arbres restent peu connus et continuellement débattus. En particulier, les micro-variations environnementales attirent beaucoup d'attention car elles induisent de profondes modifications de structure et composition des communautés. Les variations micro-environnementales associées à la topographie ont couramment été évoquées comme facteur de radiations adaptatives chez les espèces d'arbres. Cependant, l'hypothèse de l'adaptation locale n'a jamais été testée au niveau intra-spécifique chez les arbres de forêt amazonienne alors que l'on sait que la diversité génétique des arbres tropicaux est couramment structurée à faibles échelles spatiales par des processus neutres (en particulier du fait de restrictions de flux de gènes). Dans cette étude, j'ai étudié le processus de différentiation génétique d'une espèce d'arbre (Eperua falcata, Fabaceae) dans les paysages forestiers de Guyane française grâce à la combinaison d'une approche phénotypique (génétique quantitative) et d'une approche moléculaire (génétique des populations). Je me suis attachée à répondre à trois questions principales : 1) Comment se distribue la diversité génétique dans les paysages forestiers de Guyane française ? 2) Quelles forces évolutives sont impliquées dans le processus de différentiation génétique à faible échelle spatiale ? 3) Est-ce que le processus d'adaptation locale contribue à structurer la diversité génétique à faible échelle spatiale ?
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967318

NNT : 2013LORR0188
tel-00967318
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967318
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967318/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967318/file/THESE_Louise_Brousseau.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Energy dissipation is observed on seismic data when a wave propagates through a porous medium, involving different frequency regimes depending on the nature of rock and fluid types. We focus here on the role of partial fluid saturation in unconsolidated porous media, looking in particular at P-wave phase velocity and attenuation. The study consists in running an experiment in a sand-filled tank partially saturated with water. Seismic propagation in the tank is generated in the kHz range by hitting a steel ball on a granite plate. Seismic data are recorded by buried accelerometers and injecting or extracting water controls the partial saturation. Several imbibition/drainage cycles were performed between the water and gas residual saturations. A Continuous Wavelet Transform applied on seismic records allowed us to extract the direct P-wave at each receiver.We observe an hysteresis in phase velocities and inverse quality factors between imbibition and drainage. Phase velocities and inverse quality factors are then jointly inverted to get a final poro-visco-elastic model of the partially saturated sand that satisfactorily reproduces the data. The model formulation consists in generalizing the Biot theory to effective properties of the fluid and medium (permeability and bulk modulus) in order to properly explain the phase velocity variation as a function of the saturation. The strong level of attenuation measured experimentally is further explained by an anelastic effect due to grain to grain sliding, adding to Biot's losses. This study shows that fluid distribution at microscopic scale has strong influence on the attenuation of direct P-waves at macroscopic scale and confirms that seismic prospection may be a powerful tool for the characterization of transport phenomena in porous media.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00779920
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779920
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779920/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779920/file/Barriere_et_al_HAL.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05691.x

Éditeur(s) : Edp Sciences S A
Résumé : Reared sea bass were submitted to six stressful situations: hyperoxia with or without hypercapnia, increased stocking density in an open flow or recirculating system, transfer to another tank and nodavirus injection. The potentially negative impact of these factors on the lives of sea bass was investigated by measuring 9 water parameters and 19 fish parameters including total serum protein (TSP). TSP has already been used to evaluate stress. The present study investigates data of previous and new experiments, concentrating on the potential use of TSP as a routine indicator to assess welfare in sea bass reared on fish farms. In the current experiment, oxygen and carbon dioxide were seen to affect levels of TSP, but alterations were too erratic to enable proper comparison, probably because they are normal components of the fish environment and become toxic only by dose increase. TSP decreased when stocking density increased. After transfer to another tank, TSP decreased to 14% for three weeks and then increased during the fourth week through compensative overproduction, before returning to normal levels after 2 months. The results confirmed that transfer is an important stress factor for fish, with cumulative effects for successive transfers. TSP alteration of nodavirus-injected fish depends on the type of symptoms, which can be divided into 3 groups: (i) dying fish, in which TSP increased sharply due to over-production of protein involved in non-specific defences and inflammation, then decreased dramatically before death; (ii) whirling fish, a group that included both fish that later died, in which TSP decreased, and fish that subsequently survived, in which TSP increased due to development of specific immunity; and (iii) asymptomatic fish, in which TPS was similar to control levels and which were probably insensitive to nodavirus and/or had developed defences. In this paper, different mechanisms of TSP alteration are proposed and the interest of TSP as a field parameter is discussed. TSP is a non-destructive parameter that is robust, easy to measure everywhere and cheap, representing a suitable way of monitoring the overall welfare of fish by its regular increase. It can be used only as a "warning" of poor rearing conditions, however, and further investigations would be needed to identify the specific stress or health disorder.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (Edp Sciences S A), 2011-04 , Vol. 24 , N. 2 , P. 121-127

Droits : EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00043/15382/12740.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr/2011130
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00043/15382/

Résumé : The report presents a survey of marine related activities in France, highlighting recent past trends, present situation and future outlook. The commercial sector includes marine resource exploitation, manufacturing branches and services. The public sector includes the Navy, State services, environmental protection and research. A summary identifies the main factors in the development of marine activities.
Le rapport présente un panorama des activités liées à la mer en France en mettant en évidence la conjoncture récente, la situation actuelle et les perspectives. Le secteur industriel comprend l'exploitation des ressources marines, le manufacturier, les services. Le secteur public comprend la Marine nationale, l'intervention publique, la protection de l'environnement, la recherche. Une synthèse dégage les principaux facteurs d'évolution des activités maritimes.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/rapport-3919.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/sup-3919.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3919/