Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
New evolutionary models for the Pyrenean orogeny must consider feedbacks between the Mid-Cretaceous hyperextension postulated recently and the Pyrenean inversion. We present a new crustal section of the Pyrenees through the Jaca Basin, the western Axial Zone and the Chaînons Béarnais, which allows identifying the ancient continental margins of the Iberian and European plates and a suture. A sequential restoration allows a reassessment of the style of convergence through time. Restoration leads to a progressively thinned crust in narrow continental margins separated by a domain of exhumed mantle peridotite and overlain by a detached sedimentary lid. Early convergence during the Late Cretaceous and the Earliest Paleogene was accommodated by subduction of the peridotite domain. This was followed in the Eocene by initial collision involving overriding of the Iberian margin onto the European margin along the deep ramp of the North-Pyrenean Frontal thrust, which defines the suture. Subsequent full collision and strong relief generation from the late-Mid or Late Eocene to the Early Miocene were associated with thrust accretion of the Iberian plate, underlain by wedging and northward subduction of the decoupled Iberian lower crust.
ISSN: 1631-0713

insu-01291223
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01291223
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01291223/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01291223/file/The%20crustal%20evolution%20of%20the%20west-central%20Pyrenees%20-%20postprint.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.crte.2015.10.010

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Sciences curriculum, official instructions and scholar books are the same for all French pupils. Some official scientific aims of secondary schools (11–18 years old) like seasons and moon observation may not fit with nature observation in French West Indies. To overcome this obstacle and improve sciences education in French West Indies, a better understanding of representation of students seems necessary. A questionnaire was fulfilled by 124 first year students from Guadeloupe. European seasons descriptions are significantly more precise than Caribbean ones in year period as in climatic characteristics (temperature and humidity). More than 75% of answers do not take in account the relationship between moon orientation and latitude. The majority of students seem to perceive the moon as represented in the models of education or cultural product from temperate areas and not as they see it. Here we seem to face a kind of inverted obstacle in the epistemological sense. It is not the naive observation of nature that makes it more difficult to understand scientific concepts but universal selection of content (examples, models, order of ideas) that explains science taught imperfectly observable in specific educational setting.
ESERA 2011 Science Learning and Citizenship
Lyon, France

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01539485
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539485
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539485/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539485/file/ESERA2011.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Kisspeptins are well known as mediators of the coordinated communication between the brain-pituitary axis and the gonads in many vertebrates. To test the hypothesis that gonadal steroids regulate kiss1 and kiss2 mRNA expression in European sea bass (a teleost fish), we examined the brains of gonad-intact (control) and castrated animals, as well as castrated males (GDX) and ovariectomized females (OVX) that received testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) replacement, respectively, during recrudescence. In GDX males, low expression of kiss1 mRNA is observed by in situ hybridization in the caudal hypothalamus (CH) and the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), although hypothalamic changes in kiss1 mRNA levels were not statistically different among the groups, as revealed by real-Time PCR. However, T strongly decreased kiss2 expression levels in the hypothalamus, which was documented in the MBH and the nucleus of the lateral recess (NRLd) in GDX T-Treated sea bass males. Conversely, it appears that E2 evokes lowkiss1mRNAin the CH, while there were cells expressing kiss2 in the MBH and NRLd in these OVX females. These results demonstrate that kisspeptin neurons are presumably sensitive to the feedback actions of sex steroids in the sea bass, suggesting that the MBH represents a major site for sex steroid actions on kisspeptins in this species. Also, recent data provide evidence that both positive and negative actions occur in key factors involved in sea bass reproductive function, including changes in the expression of gnrh-1/gonadotropin, cyp19b, er and ar genes and sex steroid and gonadotropin plasma levels in this teleost fish. © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
Journal of Experimental Biology

hal-01406072
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01406072
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.137364
PUBMED : 27591305

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Women who drink light-to-moderately during pregnancy have been observed to have lower risk of unfavourable pregnancy outcomes than abstainers. This has been suggested to be a result of bias. In a pooled sample, including 193 747 live-born singletons from nine European cohorts, we examined the associations between light-to-moderate drinking and preterm birth, birth weight, and small-for-gestational age in term born children (term SGA). To address potential sources of bias, we compared the associations from the total sample with a sub-sample restricted to first-time pregnant women who conceived within six months of trying, and examined whether the associations varied across calendar time. In the total sample, drinking up to around six drinks per week as compared to abstaining was associated with lower risk of preterm birth, whereas no significant associations were found for birth weight or term SGA. Drinking six or more drinks per week was associated with lower birth weight and higher risk of term SGA, but no increased risk of preterm birth. The analyses restricted to women without reproductive experience revealed similar results. Before 2000 approximately half of pregnant women drank alcohol. This decreased to 39% in 2000–2004, and 14% in 2005–2011. Before 2000, every additional drink was associated with reduced mean birth weight, whereas in 2005–2011, the mean birth weight increased with increasing intake. The period-specific associations between low-to-moderate drinking and birth weight, which also were observed for term SGA, are indicative of bias. It is impossible to distinguish if the bias is attributable to unmeasured confounding, which change over time or cohort heterogeneity. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
ISSN: 03932990

hal-01647159
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647159
DOI : 10.1007/s10654-017-0323-2
PUBMED : 29027084

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality have been observed in different European countries and the US until the end of the 1990s, with changes over time in the magnitude of these inequalities and contrasted situations between countries. The aim of this study is to estimate relative and absolute educational differences in cancer mortality in France between 1999 and 2007, and to compare these inequalities with those reported during the 1990s. METHODS: Data from a representative sample including 1% of the French population were analysed. Educational differences among people aged 30--74 were quantified with hazard ratios and relative indices of inequality (RII) computed using Cox regression models as well as mortality rate difference and population attributable fraction. RESULTS: In the period 1999--2007, large relative inequalities were found among men for total cancer and smoking and/or alcohol related cancers mortality (lung, head and neck, oesophagus). Among women, educational differences were reported for total cancer, head and neck and uterus cancer mortality. No association was found between education and breast cancer mortality. Slight educational differences in colorectal cancer mortality were observed in men and women. For most frequent cancers, no change was observed in the magnitude of relative inequalities in mortality between the 1990s and the 2000s, although the RII for lung cancer increased both in men and women. Among women, a large increase in absolute inequalities in mortality was observed for all cancers combined, lung, head and neck and colorectal cancer. In contrast, among men, absolute inequalities in mortality decreased for all smoking and/or alcohol related cancers. CONCLUSION: Although social inequalities in cancer mortality are still high among men, an encouraging trend is observed. Among women though, the situation regarding social inequalities is less favourable, mainly due to a health improvement limited to higher educated women. These inequalities may be expected to further increase in future years.
ISSN: 1471-2458

inserm-00868759
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00868759
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00868759/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00868759/file/1471-2458-13-823.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2458-13-823

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A high-resolution record of paleostorm events along the French Mediterranean coast over the past 7000 years was established from a lagoonal sediment core in the Gulf of Lions. Integrating grain size, faunal analysis, clay mineralogy and geochemistry data with a chronology derived from radiocarbon dating, we recorded seven periods of increased storm activity at 6300-6100, 5650-5400, 4400-4050, 3650-3200, 2800-2600, 1950-1400 and 400-50 cal yr BP (in the Little Ice Age). In contrast, our results show that the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1150-650 cal yr BP) was characterised by low storm activity.;The evidence for high storm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea is in agreement with the changes in coastal hydrodynamics observed over the Eastern North Atlantic and seems to correspond to Holocene cooling-in the North Atlantic. Periods of low SSTs there may have led to a stronger meridional temperature gradient and a southward migration of the westerlies. We hypothesise that the increase in storm activity during Holocene cold events over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions was probably due to an increase in the thermal gradient that led to an enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity over a large Central Atlantic-European domain. (C) 2011 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0033-5894

hal-00760909
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00760909
DOI : 10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.002

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Fondazione Lingue e Culture
Résumé : International audience
Inwieweit der Gemeinsame Europäische Referenzrahmen (GER) zur Unterrichtsplanung und ganz besonders zur Leistungsbewertung benutzt werden kann, untersuchen die beiden Autoren am Beispiel der DELF- und DALF- Diplome, die ab November 2007 in die Beurteilung von Französisch als Fremdsprache an den Schweizer Schulen (Ende Sek I) integriert werden sollen. Dazu müssen die Bewertungskriterien in den verschiedenen Testbereichen nicht nur transparent und vergleichbar sein und auf jedem Niveau bestimmten qualifikativen Aspekten der gesprochenen bzw. der geschriebenen Sprache genügen, sondern auch eine in Zeit und Aufwand angemessene Durchführung der Prüfungen gewährleisten.Im Beitrag von Riba und Luscher wird vor allem die Rolle vorausgehender Studien und Probetests, soliden Prüfertrainings, nachfolgender Vergleichskontrollen und eventueller Korrekturmassnahmen innerhalb der Prüfungszentren deutlich. Sie verweisen aber auch auf die Anbindung von Prüfungsaufgaben an das “normale” Unterrichtsgeschehen und schliesslich auf die Grenzen messbarer Leistungen: So lässt sich z.B. die interkulturelle Dimension nur schwer in festen Kriterien fassen und bewerten, was sich auch in dem unterschiedlichen Stellenwert ausdrückt, der Prüfungen in verschiedenen Kulturen zukommt. Am Ende bekennen sich die Autoren zu ihrem Credo, dass Sprachtests die Autonomie der Lerner fördern und deshalb so gerecht und zuverlässig wie möglich sein müssen. (Red.)
Après la publication du cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues, le Centre international d'études pédagogiques de Sèvres a procédé à la réforme des certifications en français langue étrangère, le DELF et le DALF. Dans cet article, le responsable du bureau du DELF et du DALF au CIEP, et le responsable de ces certifications en Suisse analysent l'impact que le Cadre européen a ou peut avoir sur la planification des enseignements/apprentissages en français langue étrangère.
Babylonia

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
halshs-01400371
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01400371
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01400371/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01400371/file/Le%20CER%20instrument%20de%20planification%20des%20enseignements%20et%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9valuation%20des%20apprenants.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article aborde la création du projet Observatoire de Tourisme et Culture de la Serra Gaúcha qui, dans son étape initiale, inclut les dix villes de l’Agglomération urbaine nord-est de l’État de Rio Grande Do Sul (AUNe). La création de l’Observatoire a été prévue dans le projet de Valorisation du Tourisme intégré à l’Identité culturelle des Territoires (VICTUR), financé par le Programme URB-AL, de la Commission européenne. Le programme de Maîtrise en Tourisme de l’Université de Caxias do Sul coordonne et développe les activités de recherche de l’Observatoire, dont l’objectif principal est de contribuer au développement régional, par un processus de socialisation de connaissances, au moyen d’un portail électronique (www.observatur.org.br). L’initiative démontre la possible coopération et la présence réelle d’échanges entre les organismes publics et privés pour la réalisation de projets d’intérêts communs qui mettent en valeur le capital social régional.
This article discusses the creation of Project Monitoring Tourism and Culture of the Serra Gaucha, which in its initial stage, includes the ten cities of the urban north-eastern state of Rio Grande Do Sul (ELL). The creation of the Observatory has been provided in the proposed Integrated Tourism Enhancement of the Cultural Identity Territories (victuri), funded by the URB-AL, the European Commission. The program in Tourism Degree from the University of Caxias do Sul coordinates and develops research activities of the Observatory, whose main objective is to contribute to regional development, um process of socialization of knowledge, by means of an electronic portal (www.observatur.org.br). The initiative demonstrates the cooperation and the possible presence of real exchange between public and private projects of common interests that enhance the regional capital.
Brésil
Rio Grande Do Sul

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3986
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3986

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD L'Harmattan
Résumé : International audience
When the European arrived in the Lesser Antilles they have been in contact with their Amerindian inhabitant they will call "Caribs". By this way, an important text corpus concerning those peoples will be constituted between the fifteen and the eighteen centuries. Since the archaeological researches beginnings in the archipelago until today, establish a link between those historic texts and the archaeological findings have been one of the the archaeologists main objectives. We will present here a review of the works about this question. By this way we will be able to observe the progressive transformation of the relationship between the archaeologists and the text sources and this of their utilization mode. This transformation is related to an historians and archaeologist discussion concerning the European text about Lesser Antilles Amerindian real value.
Lors de leur arrivée dans les Petites Antilles les Européens ont été au contact de populations amérindiennes qu'elles ont dénommées "Caraïbes". Ainsi, un important corpus de texte concernant ces groupes a été constitué, entre les XVé et XVIIIé siècles. Dès les débuts de l'archéologie dans l'archipel et jusqu'à aujourd'hui un des enjeux importants de la recherche a été de tenter d'établir un lien entre ces sources historiques et les découvertes effectuées au cours des fouilles. C'est un bilan de ces recherches que nous présenterons ici. Par la mise en évidence des grandes étapes qu'a connues le traitement de cette question, il nous sera possible d'observer la modification progressive du rapport des archéologues aux sources textuelles ainsi que celle de leur mode d'utilisation. Une modification qui s'est effectuée en parallèle d'une discussion, menée tant par les historiens que par les archéologues, sur la valeur des textes des Européens traitant du peuplement amérindien des Petites Antilles.
Les Indiens de Petites Antilles. Des premiers peuplements aux débuts de la colonisation européenne

ISBN : 978-2-296-55079-7
hal-00967529
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00967529
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00967529/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00967529/file/A_la_recherche_des.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université de la Rochelle
Résumé : In order to better understand the functioning of the Brouage intertidal mudflat (Marennes- Oléron Basin, France), its carbon-based trophic web has been modelled and analyzed. The foodweb building is based on the 4 step method of Inverse Analysis: 1) conceive an a priori model as the graph of compartments (nodes) between which exist fluxes of material (vertices). These vertices are the unknowns for the problem; 2) gather all the existing knowledge about the ecosystem and translate it into linear equations and inequalities involving the fluxes; 3) complete this set of data by common knowledge on the behaviour of the compartments and translate it into inequalities, 4) solve the obtained linear system under the parsimony principle to find a unique solution vector. The food-web analysis is based on. The first purpose of this work was a methodological one: inverse analysis method has been adapted to consider the seasonal and spatial variability of the temperate ecosystem: two seasons have been coupled in the computation and the area has been divided into three geographical zones along a cross-shore gradient. Hence, two types of physical exchanges are involved: the benthicpelagic ones and the advection ones. Statistical results can also be obtained by coupling Monte Carlo methods to Inverse Analysis. To study the obtained networks, new indices based on Markov Chains take delay into account in describing integrative transfers of material between compartments. This lets emerge the systems' properties that are not obvious at first sight and emphasizes the role of peculiar components. The second purpose was to apply such methods to the Brouage mudflat ecosystem in order to better understand its functioning. As the knowledge and methods evolve, various food webs were computed and analyzed with the help such indices and existing ones. Sensitivity analyses allow to point at the most crucial lacks of knowledge, which can orientate future field research. New data would improve the quality of the model in two ways: one the one hand, they would validate or invalidate the outcomes and on the other hand, they would give useful information to better constrain some of the black boxes and most uncertain fluxes, especially the advection and vertical flows. The main results of the study show a strongly seasonal system in which benthic and pelagic components are linked with intensity. The system is driven by its high local benthic primary production, but also depends on imports from the basin. Each of the 3 geographic zones has a peculiar functioning. The central zone corresponds to the classical description of European intertidal mudflats: very productive, it can feed the other regions. It is a production zone. The upper part is less productive but is fed by the middle one via the water column and can be exploited by shorebirds. It is a degradation zone (material is transformed for less qualitative). The lower part strongly depends on the basin imports for its functioning, as the cultivated bivalves act as a pump for pelagic material of which a great part is deposited under the cultivation structures (oyster racks or mussels "bouchots"). It is a transformation zone.
Un double objectif (méthodologique et appliqué) a été visé par une modélisation du réseau trophique de la vasière de Brouage (Bassin de Marennes Oléron, France) à l'aide de l'analyse inverse, et son étude à l'aide de l'analyse des réseaux. L'Analyse Inverse permet en effet de reconstruire l'ensemble du réseau à partir de données éparses, le problème du manque de données étant récurrent en Ecologie. Au plan méthodologique, l'analyse inverse a été adaptée à la prise en compte des caractères saisonnier et spatialement hétérogène d'un écosystème tempéré de zone intertidale : deux saisons ont ainsi été couplées et la vasière a été considérée le long d'un transect perpendiculaire au rivage et divisé en trois zones spatiales. Deux types de flux physiques interviennent donc : les flux verticaux de dépôt et remise en suspension, et les flux d'advection via la colonne d'eau. Des pistes d'amélioration et de nouvelles méthodes sont proposées. Un résultat sous forme statistique peut être obtenu en couplant l'utilisation de méthodes de Monte Carlo à l'analyse inverse pour la construction des réseaux trophiques. Les moyens d'étude des modèles ont été enrichis par la mise au point d'indices issus de la construction de chaînes de Markov et prenant en compte le caractère temporel des transferts de matière entre compartiments. Enfin, la transformation mathématique du modèle statique pour une étude dynamique de la stabilité de l'équilibre décrit est abordée. Plusieurs modèles ont été construits au cours de l'évolution des méthodes et de l'acquisition de connaissances sur le site. Des méthodes d'analyses existantes et d'autres mises au point dans le cadre de cet ouvrage ont été appliquées aux réseaux obtenus afin de faire émerger les propriétés du fonctionnement de la vasière et de souligner le rôle de certains compartiments. Des analyses de sensibilité permettent d'évaluer la robustesse des résultats et d'orienter les recherches futures en mettant en évidence les manques les plus cruciaux. Des données supplémentaires, notamment concernant les foraminifères benthiques, le zooplancton ou les mouvements verticaux du microphytobenthos permettront de fournir de meilleures contraintes et de valider (ou non) les résultats obtenus. Les principaux résultats montrent un système au fort caractère saisonnier dont les compartiments benthiques et pélagiques sont très liés. La production primaire benthique locale est un moteur important, mais qui ne suffirait pas à suppléer l'indispensable importation de matériel détritique. Le découpage de la vasière en trois zones fait apparaître les particularités de chacune. La zone centrale correspond à la description classique des « vasières intertidales européennes » : très productive, elle peut alimenter les autres régions. C'est une zone de production et d'exportation. La partie supérieure est moins productive et reçoit de la matière de la zone de milieu d'estran via la colonne d'eau. Sa production secondaire peut alors être exploitée par les limicoles, nombreux en hiver. C'est une zone de dégradation et d'exportation. Le bas d'estran dépend fortement des importations extérieures, « pompées » par les bivalves cultivés qui sont ainsi directement responsables d'une forte sédimentation sous les structures mytilicoles et ostréicoles. C'est une zone de transformation.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/these-2260.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2260/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
The benefit of assimilating high spatial and temporal resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) observations within a high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) system is evaluated during IOP 9 of the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) campaign. In the framework of the international COPS field experiment, which took place from June to August 2007, a dense GPS network was deployed in the Vosges mountain region in eastern France and in the Black Forest region in southwestern Germany. GPS ZTD observations collected during the COPS field campaign, in addition to the European operational GPS data, are assimilated into the AROME/3D-Var system. We investigate the impact of assimilating these GPS ZTD observations on the forecast of convective systems that travelled over eastern France during the three days of COPS IOP 9 (18-20 July 2007). The results show a clear positive impact on short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts when GPS ZTD observations are assimilated. The impact is most important on 19 July 2007 (IOP 9b). The present study benefits from additional validation measurements collected during the COPS campaign. In particular we find that the assimilation of ZTD data induces changes in the low-to-middle tropospheric water vapour vertical structure that are consistent with water vapour measurements from radiosonde and airborne lidar. As most of the improvement is gained by assimilating GPS ZTD observations from the European operational GPS network, this study opens up encouraging horizons for the assimilation of GPS ZTD in new high-resolution operational NWP systems
ISSN: 0035-9009

hal-00424350
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00424350
DOI : 10.1002/qj.508

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
The Iberian Massif is the best exposed segment of the European Variscan Belt. It includes relatively well preserved terranes that were accreted by transpression along time and resulted in a number of geotectonic units that formed part of the Late Paleozoic assembly of the Pangaea Supercontinent. In SW Iberia, these units are the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ), Ossa Morena Zone (OMZ), and the South Portuguese Zone (SPZ). A 210 km long NE-SW magnetotelluric profile was carried out through the CIZ, from the OMZ-CIZ boundary toward the north, reaching the Tagus (Cenozoic) basin. Data dimensionality analysis resulted in a suitable 2-D electrical resistivity structure, allowing a 2-D inversion of the data set. Complementary available geophysical data (deep seismic, gravity and aeromagnetic) and a comparison with a detailed geological cross section led us to constrain the interpretation of the 2-D electrical resistivity structure of the CIZ crust. The results show, for the upper crust, the existence of diverse conductive/resistive bodies that correlate well with known geological features (sedimentary basins, faults, granitic plutons, mineralized systems). A mild but steady conductive band is located along the middle and lower crust that is interpreted as a mafic granulite basement. The upper section of this band connects with several elongated shallow conductors, providing further evidence for the existence, in the Central Iberian Zone, of a complex decollement system where the major faults are rooted. Such a crustal architecture is viewed as the northward continuation of the Variscan large-scale structures previously recognized in the southern sectors (OMZ and SPZ).
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00671036
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00671036
DOI : 10.1029/2010JB007538

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Avril 2011. L’agitation dans les rues est le signe qu’un événement capital pour l’avenir du pays se prépare : Raoul Castro a convoqué la réunion du 6e congrès du Parti Communiste Cubain. Après des années de revendication d’un système social égalitaire échappant à la tutelle étasunienne, les structures économiques de la perle des Caraïbes sont remises en question. L’arrivée des printemps arabes, qui symbolisent la révolte des peuples vis-à-vis d’une gouvernance politique et économique autoritaire et rigide, n’est probablement pas étrangère à ce soudain besoin de modifier les structures économiques existantes à Cuba. Au menu, ce sont 291 mesures qui sont annoncées pour améliorer le quotidien des cubains, dont le salaire moyen mensuel est de 12 euros. Quant à la relation qu’entretient Cuba avec l’UE, elle revêt aujourd’hui une dimension surtout bilatérale : la position commune de 1996 n’a en effet jamais été modifiée, les Etats Membres adoptant une attitude différente selon les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec Cuba, tant d’un point de vue politique qu’historique.
April, 2011. The excitement in streets is the sign that a major event for the future of the country gets ready: Raoul Castro convened the meeting of the 6th congress of the Cuban Communist Party. After years of defending an equalitarian social system escaping the American guardianship, the economic structures of the pearl of Caribbean islands are questioned. The arrival of Arab Springs, which symbolize the revolt of the peoples towards authoritarian and stiff political and economic governance, is most probably linked to this sudden need to modify the economic structures existing in Cuba. To the menu, 291 measures are announced to improve the everyday life of Cubans, the monthly average wage of which is 12 euro. As for the relation which maintains Cuba with the EU, it takes on an especially bilateral dimension today: the common position of 1996 was modified indeed never, Member States adopting a different attitude according to the relations which they maintain with Cuba, from a political point of view as well as from a historic one.
Abril de 2011. La agitación en las calles testimonia que un evento capital para el futuro del país está preparándose: Raúl Castro convoco la reunión del 6to congreso del Partido Comunista Cubano. Después de anos reivindicando un sistema social igualitario que escapó a la tutela estadounidense, las estructuras económicas de la perla del Caribe están siendo cuestionadas. La llegada de las primaveras árabes, símbolo de la rebelión de los pueblos frente de una gobernanza política y económica autoritaria y rígida, probablemente no es ajena extranjera a esta necesidad súbita de modificar las estructuras económicas existentes en Cuba. Como parte del programa, 291 medidas son anunciadas para mejorar la vida diaria del cubano, cuyo salario medio mensual es de 12 euros. En cuanto a la relación que tiene Cuba con la UE, reviste hoy una dimensión sobre todo bilateral: en efecto, la posición común de 1996 no ha sido modificada, dado que los Estados Miembros adoptan una actitud diferente según las relaciones que mantienen) con Cuba, tanto desde un punto de vista político como histórico.
Cuba
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6297
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6297

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The uptake and loss kinetics of Cd were determined in two species of scallops from the European coasts, the variegated scallop Chlamys varia and the king scallop Pecten maximus, following exposures via seawater, phytoplankton and sediment using highly sensitive radiotracer techniques (Cd-109). Results indicate that, for seawater and dietary pathways, C. varia displays higher bioaccumulation capacities in terms of uptake rate from water and fraction absorbed from ingested food (assimilation efficiency) than Pecten maximus. Regarding sediment exposure, P. maximus displayed low steady-state Cd transfer factor (TFSS < 1); however, once incorporated, a very large part of Cd transferred from sediment (92%) was strongly retained within R maximus tissues. Both species showed a high retention capacity for Cd (biological half-life, T-b1/2 > 4 months), suggesting efficient mechanisms of detoxification and storage in both species. The digestive gland was found to be the main storage organ of Cd in the two scallops regardless of the exposure pathway. However, Cd was stored differently within this organ according to the species considered: 40% of the total Cd was found in the soluble cellular fraction in C. varia whereas this soluble fraction reached 80% for P. maximus. This suggests that the two species displayed different Cd detoxification/storage mechanisms. Finally, the present study has determined the relative contribution of the different exposure pathways to global Cd bioaccumulation for the two scallop species. Results clearly show that for both species, food constitutes the major accumulation pathway, contributing for >99% and 84% of the global Cd bioaccumulation in C. varia and R maximus, respectively. This work confirms the previous assumption, derived from a bibliographic overview, that dietary pathway plays a prevalent role in metal bioaccumulation in Pectinidae. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (0022-0981) (Elsevier), 2007-12 , Vol. 353 , N. 1 , P. 58-67

Droits : 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3581.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.09.001
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3581/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article étudie l’évolution de la Consommation énergétique des ménages à La Réunion entre 1980 et 2005, en mettant l’accent sur le domaine de la consommation domestique d’électricité. Il montre que cet espace, autonome sur un plan énergétique au début des années 1980, a connu une dépendance de plus en plus forte vis-à-vis des approvisionnements en ressources fossiles durant les deux dernières décennies, sous la pression des mutations démographiques, économiques et sociologiques engagées. Depuis le début des années 2000, sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques, essentiellement fiscales, La Réunion s’engage dans le développement des énergies renouvelables, essentiellement le photovoltaïque, en s’affichant en tête des régions françaises et européennes dans la maîtrise de cette production énergétique.
This article aims at studying the evolution of the domestic consumption of energy in Reunion island between 1980 and 2005 (electricity consumption). It shows that this area which reached its energetic autonomy at the beginning of the 80’s has known a strong dependency from fossil resources for the last two decades, due to the increasing pressures of demographic, economic and sociological factors. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, as a result of public policies impulsion (mainly fiscal policies), Reunion island has developed the use of renewable resources (essentially photovoltaic). It tends to be now one of the first French and European regions mastering this energy production process.
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3476
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3476

Éditeur(s) : Université Paris 7 – Denis Diderot
Résumé : Sea surface salinity (SSS) influences numerous oceanic phenomena, for instance surface water ventilation, deep water formation and thermohaline circulation. SSS also controls some ocean-atmosphere coupled processes, such as the intensity of freshwater flux and the penetration of heat flux and turbulence. Salinity is more difficult to measure than temperature from in situ surveys, which results in 20 times less data being currently available. Moreover, sea surface temperature (SST) is routinely estimated from satellites, which is not possible yet for SSS. Two space missions will fill this gap soon: SMOS from the European Space Agency and Aquarius/SAC-D from NASA and CONAE. To contribute to the SMOS project, we propose a method for estimating SSS from current satellite observations and for studying the mechanisms governing its variability. We developed a simplified model of the ocean mixed layer, based on the "slab mixed layer" formulation (Frankignoul et Hasselmann, 1977). This 2D horizontal model is implemented over the global ocean, using a near 100 km resolution, and integrated during a climatological year. Air-sea fluxes are taken from the ECMWF meteorological model (ERA40 reanalysis) and the surface currents are provided by altimeter data (SSALTO-DUACS analysis). The mixed layer depth (MLD) is derived from SST observations, using an original inversion technique. The MLD fields obtained from this inversion are well correlated to in situ estimates. This effective depth represents the air-sea fluxes penetration and ensures consistency between fluxes, les currents and SST. We first validate the simulation through examination of the heat balance in north-eastern Atlantic, by comparing to measurements and models from the POMME experiment. Then we study the salinity balance in the global domain, in terms of its geographical distribution and seasonal evolution. Equilibrium between the various processes appears generally more complex than for temperature. Noteworthy, the role of atmospheric flux is less predominant (22%), while geostrophic advection (33%) and diapycnal mixing (22%) contribute more strongly. Our results indicate this model succeeds in reconstructing SSS variability over most of the oceans. Daily SSS variations are also simulated, whereas they are not represented in current observed data at a global scale. Owing to its simplicity and fast computation, the model will be useful to the SMOS mission. It can help for the measurement calibration/validation and provide a first guess estimate to the sophisticated algorithm required for SSS restitution.
La salinité de surface des océans (SSS) influence de nombreux phénomènes océaniques, parmi lesquels la ventilation des eaux de surface, la formation d'eaux profondes et la circulation thermohaline. Elle détermine aussi certains processus couplés océan-atmosphère, notamment l'intensité du flux d'eau douce, la pénétration du flux de chaleur et de la turbulence. La mesure in situ de salinité est plus compliquée que celle de température, si bien qu'on dispose actuellement de 20 fois moins de données pour cette propriété. De plus, la température de surface (SST) est couramment estimée par satellite, ce qui n'est pas encore le cas de la SSS. Deux missions spatiales vont prochainement combler cette lacune : le satellite SMOS de l'Agence Spatiale Européenne et le satellite Aquarius/SAC-D de la NASA et de la CONAE. En préparation du projet SMOS, nous proposons une méthode pour estimer la SSS à partir des observations satellitaires actuelles et étudier les mécanismes de sa variabilité. Nous avons développé un modèle simplifié de couche mélangée océanique, basé sur la formulation "slab mixed layer" (Frankignoul et Hasselmann, 1977). Ce modèle 2D horizontal est implémenté sur l'océan global, avec une résolution proche de 100 km, et intégré au cours d'une année climatologique. Les flux air-mer proviennent du modèle météorologique ECMWF (réanalyse ERA40) et les courants de surface sont issus de l'altimétrie (analyse SSALTO-DUACS). La profondeur de la couche mélangée (MLD) est dérivée des observations de SST, grâce à une technique d'inversion originale. La MLD obtenue par inversion est bien corrélée aux estimations basées sur des données in situ. Cette profondeur effective représente la pénétration des flux air-mer et assure la cohérence entre les flux, les courants et la SST. La simulation est d'abord validée en examinant le bilan de chaleur dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est, par comparaison aux mesures et aux modèles de l'expérience POMME. Puis le bilan de salinité est étudié dans le domaine global, en termes de distribution géographique et d'évolution saisonnière. L'équilibre entre les différents processus est généralement plus complexe que pour la température. Notamment, le rôle du flux atmosphérique est moins prépondérant (22%), tandis que l'advection géostrophique (33%) et le mélange diapycnal (22%) contribuent fortement. Nos résultats montrent que ce modèle parvient à restituer la variabilité de la SSS sur la majeure partie des océans. Le modèle simule aussi les variations journalières de SSS, qui ne sont pas représentées à l'échelle globale dans les observations actuelles. Grâce à sa simplicité et à sa rapidité, le modèle pourra être utile dans le cadre de SMOS. Il pourra aider à la calibration/validation de la mesure et fournir une estimation a priori pour l'algorithme complexe nécessaire à la restitution de la SSS.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/these-2302.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2302/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In the external Western Alps, the collision started with the shortening of the proximal European (Dauphinois) margin. One peculiar feature is the crustal thickening that finally led to the exhumation of the basement External Crystalline Massifs (ECM) during the Neogene. In these massifs, various age of shortening, structural style and sequence of deformation have been proposed leading to different kinematics along the Alpine arc that in turn do not imply the same crustal/lithospheric strength. In this contribution, we present new structural and microstructural data along with Ar/Ar ages from field studies in the Oisans-Grandes Rousses massifs, between Grenoble and Briançon). From balanced cross-sections, we show that about half of the external zone crustal shortening is accommodated within the ECM with similar Ar/Ar ages in all massifs. Furthermore, the shear zones present very large thicknesses (several hundred meters) and do not reactivated either the inherited Liassic normal faults or the Variscan foliation. Finally, the main shortening structures are localized beneath inherited Liassic syn-rift basins. These results suggest that the crust was weak during its shortening. Such behavior is most likely due to the combination of several factors: the crust burial (below the overthrusting internal units) down to about 10km, the presence of weak inherited syn-rift basins, and the strain softening in shear zones that evolve in mica-rich phyllonites. These results are consistent with the studies in the Aar massif and should most likely apply to the Mont Blanc massif, whose relationships with its cover are still debated.
EGU General Assembly
Vienne, Austria

insu-00839426
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00839426
BIBCODE : 2013EGUGA..15.8837B

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Bioaccumulation is difficult to document because responses differ among chemical compounds, with environmental conditions, and physiological processes characteristic of each species. We use a mechanistic model, based on the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, to take into account this complexity and study factors impacting accumulation of organic pollutants in fish through ontogeny. The bioaccumulation model proposed is a comprehensive approach that relates evolution of hake PCB contamination to physiological information about the fish, such as diet, metabolism, reserve and reproduction status. The species studied is the European hake (Merluccius merluccius, L. 1758). The model is applied to study the total concentration and the lipid normalised concentration of 4 PCB congeners in male and female hakes from the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean sea) and the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic ocean). Outputs of the model compare consistently to measurements over the life span of fish. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the relative effects of food contamination, growth and reproduction on the PCB bioaccumulation in hake. The same species living in different habitats and exposed to different PCB prey concentrations exhibit marked difference in the body accumulation of PCBs. At the adult stage, female hakes have a lower PCB concentration compared to males for a given length. We successfully simulated these sex-specific PCB concentrations by considering two mechanisms: a higher energy allocation to growth for females and a transfer of PCBs from the female to its eggs when allocating lipids from reserve to eggs. Finally, by its mechanistic description of physiological processes, the model is relevant for other species and sets the stage for a mechanistic understanding of toxicity and ecological effects of organic contaminants in marine organisms.
Journal of Sea Research (1385-1101) (Elsevier), 2009-10 , Vol. 62 , N. 2-3 , P. 124-134

Droits : 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6789.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.seares.2009.02.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6789/

Éditeur(s) : IEEE
Résumé : Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, European Space Agency, is the first satellite mission addressing the challenge of measuring sea surface salinity from space. It uses an L-band microwave interferometric radiometer with aperture synthesis (MIRAS) that generates brightness temperature images, from which both geophysical variables are computed. The retrieval of salinity requires very demanding performances of the instrument in terms of calibration and stability. This paper highlights the importance of ocean salinity for the Earth's water cycle and climate; provides a detailed description of the MIRAS instrument, its principles of operation, calibration, and image-reconstruction techniques; and presents the algorithmic approach implemented for the retrieval of salinity from MIRAS observations, as well as the expected accuracy of the obtained results.
Proceedings of the IEEE (0018-9219) (IEEE), 2010-05 , Vol. 98 , N. 5 , P. 649-665

Droits : 2010 IEEE – All Rights Reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11482/8066.pdf
DOI:10.1109/JPROC.2009.2033096
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11482/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Magnolia Press
Résumé : International audience
Hydroporus rifensis sp. n. is described from Central Rif in northern Morocco. The new species is the first member of the Hydroporus tristis-group to be recorded from the African continent. Analyses of cytochrome oxydase 1 (CO1) and 16S rRNA partial sequences indicate unambiguously that H. rifensis sp. n. is a geographical vicariant of the widespread and common European species Hydroporus gyllenhalii Schiodte, 1841, whose closest Iberian populations are known from southern Spain and southern Portugal. Genetically the two species are very close, but in terms of morphology they differ considerably, to the extent that in several respects H. rifensis sp. n. is more similar to some species of the H. striola-group, the sister clade of the H. tristis-group. The new species differs from H. gyllenhalii notably by its larger size, lighter elytra, stronger pubescence, much finer elytral punctation, morphology of the median prosternum area, and marked differentiation of protarsal claws in male. Hydroporus rifensis sp. n. is the first dytiscid species endemic to the Rif and the second Hydroporus species endemic to Morocco.
ISSN: 1175-5326

hal-01544481
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544481
DOI : 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.4