Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A detailed rock-magnetic and archeointensity study was carried out on materials baked by a western Mexican artisan following traditional techniques to produce faithful reproductions of archeological pieces of the Michoacan region (Western Mesoamerica). The field strength at the site (41.0 +/- 0.51 mu T) was measured with a fluxgate magnetometer and the temperature of the furnace during the baking process was monitored continually by means of a thermocouple placed in the middle of the baking cavity.;Rock-magnetic experiments performed on the raw material (clay and paste) and on in situ prepared baked ceramics and bricks included measurement of thermomagnetic curves (susceptibility and strong-field magnetization versus temperature), first-order reversal curves (FORC), anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of thermoremanent magnetization (A-TRM). Magnetite and probably hematite are present in the samples as carriers of the remanence. Hysteresis ratios suggest that the samples fall in the pseudo-single-domain grain size region, which may indicate a mixture of multidomain and a significant amount of single-domain grains.;Ceramic pieces and brick fragments were subjected to the Thellier-Coe archeointensity method and to an alternative paleointensity experiment, with a TRIAXE magnetometer, in order to check whether they are faithful recorders of the local geomagnetic field strength.;Mean raw-intensity of sample M1 (pottery) overestimates a 7% the expected site intensity, while those corresponding to the brick samples (LQ1 and LQ2) underestimate it 15%. Brick sample LNQ shows a slightly lower intensity (7%), but agrees with the expected site intensity within the experimental uncertainty. The intensity retrieved from the volcanic fragment also included closely reproduces the expected intensity. After A-TRM and cooling-rate corrections, all mean raw values move closer to the expected intensity.;Measurement of temperatures at different parts inside the kiln (bottom and upper parts of both central and peripheral parts) revealed the existence of significant thermal gradients, similar to those observed in ovens from other localities. Different cooling rates are then expected in a single oven.;The scatter in the intensity determinations observed in this study, retrieved from pieces elaborated together in the same oven, could arise from this differentiated cooling rate within the oven and thus, to an inappropriate cooling rate correction in the archeointensity protocol. As this situation was probably reproduced in the baking of ancient ceramic artifacts, a better knowledge of the temperature distribution inside these types of kiln would be desirable in order to choose the appropriate cooling rate correction.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00644559
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644559
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2011.06.007

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Mechanisms controlling the transfer and retention of silicon (Si) along continental margins are poorly understood, but play a major role in the functioning of coastal ecosystems and the oceanic biological pump of carbon. Deep-sea fans are well recognized as carbon sink spots, but we lack knowledge about the importance of the fans in the global Si cycle. Here, we provide a first estimate of the role played by the Congo deep-sea fan, one of the biggest in the world, in the Si cycle. Sediment cores sampled in the deep-sea fan were analyzed to build a Si mass balance. An exceptionally high accumulation rate of amorphous silica aSiO(2) (2.29 +/- 0.58 mol Si m(-2) y(-1)) was found, due to a high sedimentation rate and the presence of aluminum in the sediments. Although favored by bioirrigation, recycling fluxes remained low (0.3 mol Si m(-2) y(-1)) and reconstructed input fluxes could only be explained by lateral inputs coming from the canyon. Preliminary calculations show that the rapid transport of aSiO(2) through the canyon and the excellent preservation efficiency in the sediments imply that 50% of aSiO(2) river inputs from the Congo River accumulate annually in the deep-sea fan. Si:C ratios in deep-sea fan sediments were very low (0.2) and only three times as high as those measured in the river itself, which suggests that material from the river and the continental shelf was delivered directly through the canyon, with very little time for Si and C cycle decoupling to take place.
Journal Of Marine Systems (0924-7963) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2015-01 , Vol. 141 , P. 71-79

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00251/36242/35797.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.07.010
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00251/36242/

Résumé : This report synthesises the knowledge on the biogeochemical cycle, bioconcentration processes and ecotoxicity of lead in the marine environment. Man induced changes on the lead cycle, especially along the French coasts are reviewed. Concentration levels, mechanisms and fluxes between geochemical reservoirs are assessed. Emphasis is given on sublethal effects and toxicity mechanisms. Quality standards used in European Community countries are listed. Conclusions and recommendations for environmental management and research are given.
Le présent document constitue une synthèse des connaissances sur le cycle biogéochimique, la bioconcentration et l'écotoxicité du plomb en milieu marin. Il fait état des perturbations du cycle du plomb par l'action de l'homme, en particulier dans le milieu littoral français. Les niveaux de concentration et les quantités échangées entre les réservoirs géochimiques sont évalués. L'accent est mis sur les effets sublétaux et les mécanismes de toxicité vis-à-vis du biotope marin. Les réglementations relatives en milieu marin actuellement en vigueur dans les pays de la Communauté européenne sont répertoriées. Avec les conclusions quelques recommandations en matière de gestion et de recherche sont faites.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1993/rapport-1449.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1449/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
Introduction: The aims of this literature review were to characterize the communications presented during six Association for Research on Intervention in Sport (ARIS) French-speaking congresses from 2000 to 2010 and to compare the research trends between French and English research traditions. The definition of pedagogy is close to the notion of intervention and attempts to study, in an interacting or isolated way, three key components – the educator (professor, coach, teacher's educator), the participants (students, children, adults) and the curriculum/knowledge in specific contexts. The theoretical framework is centred on the social construction of the scientific knowledge. Method: All the communications of the six ARIS congresses (n ¼ 836), reflecting the multiple facets of educational research were analysed. The quantitative treatment of the data, with the assistance of Sphinx software, consisted of univariate (frequencies, percentages) and bi-variate (chi-square statistic) analyses to identify possible significant relations between variables such as the congress, country and sex of author(s), institution, and so on. Findings: The results highlight the commonalties and differences between French and English research about intervention/pedagogy. We notice the continuing expansion of the field of intervention/pedagogy in the Francophone and the Anglophone worlds. But the low participation of the practitioners shows how intricate it is to move educational research closer to everyday practice. The results show that the contexts studied within ARIS are mainly school physical education and teacher's education, then coaching and other contexts. The majority of studies are centred on one component of pedagogy, but rarely on the interactions between the educators and the participants. The Francophone research is essentially descriptive and heuristic, using mostly qualitative methods (interviews and observations). This orientation of Francophone studies towards heuristic research seems to contrast with Anglophone research, even though qualitative research has recently come to dominate. Conclusion: The ARIS researchers have a common object of study (intervention/ pedagogy), share the same ideas and aims, learn how to do it better as they interact regularly and develop a shared repertoire of knowledge, theories and methods. We see here signs of an undeniable wealth of knowledge and the combination of different theories and methods leading to a better understanding of educational phenomena.
ISSN: 1740-8989

hal-01620916
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916/file/PESP%20MUSARD%26POGGI%20VA.pdf
DOI : 10.1080/17408989.2013.817008

Éditeur(s) : Neidine Editeurs
Résumé : This text, directed to the general public exposes, in first part, on the educational point of view, the mechanisms of ocean acidification resulting from the trapping of the carbon dioxide. Then the text presents a state of the knowledge about the speed of the phenomenon, about its geographical heterogeneousness on the surface of the globe, it draws up a balance sheet of existing or potential impacts on the living species and discusses aggravating factors. In conclusion are called back the main remaining questions, are discussed various solutions in parade to the phenomenon and are underlined the main scientific gaps.
Ce texte orienté vers le grand public explicite en première partie, au plan pédagogique, le mécanisme d'acidification de l'océan résultant du piégeage du dioxyde de carbone.Ensuite le texte présente un état des connaissances sur la vitesse du phénomène, sur son hétérogénéité géographique à la surface du globe, il dresse un bilan des impacts mesurés ou potentiels sur les espèces vivantes et discute des facteurs aggravants.En conclusion sont rappelées les grandes questions qui restent posées, sont discutées différentes solutions en parade au phénomène et sont soulignées les grandes inconnues scientifiques à lever.
Taï Kona (2269-7535) (Neidine Editeurs), 2013-07 , N. 3 , P. 14-25

Droits : Tai Kona
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00142/25352/23434.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00142/25352/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The coastal intrusion of brine threatens populations. This is particularly prejudicial in carbonate environments. We have studied the Miocene coral reef of S-E Majorca for better understanding the relation between geological structure and intrusion. For that purpose, we have used multi-scalar and multi-disciplinary methods. The measurements in 25 boreholes over the whole coral platform have allowed defining the stratigraphic structure and some elements of the regional tectonic. The reef progrades in the NE-SW direction, starting from the Aquitanian to terminates at the Messinian. The Messinian Salinity Crisis involves a disappearance of the Mediterranean corals and results in a Terminal Carbonate Complex which overlays a great part of the previously living corals of Majorca. At the experimental site scale, the study of the mineral composition, the texture, and the diagenesis have allowed characterization of the carbonate sequence heterogeneity. Layers of mineralization accompanied by dolomitization and low porosity correspond to postdepositional eustatic levels. The causes for the existence and the orientation of fractures are studied. The permeability to porosity relation is approached. The porosity structure is studied by comparison between primary and secondary porosity. This study contributes to the knowledge of the world best documented site for the evolution of carbonate reef reservoirs, with applications for brine intrusion and for hydrocarbon extraction.
Les intrusions d'eau salée en zone côtière constituent une menace pour la population. Celles-ci sont particulièrement dommageables en contexte carbonaté. Nous avons étudié le récif corallien Miocène du sud-est de Majorque afin de comprendre la relation entre structure géologique et intrusion. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des méthodes multi-scalaires et multi-disciplinaires. Les mesures dans 25 forages sur l'ensemble de la plateforme corallienne ont permis de préciser la structure stratigraphique et certains éléments de la tectonique régionale. Le récif prograde dans la direction NE-SO, en partant de l'Aquitanien pour aboutir au Messinien. La Crise de Salinité Messinienne entraîne une disparition des coraux méditerranéens et se traduit par un Complexe Carbonaté Terminal qui s'étend sur une grande partie des coraux autrefois vivants de Majorque. A l'échelle du site expérimental, l'étude de la composition minérale, de la texture et de la diagenèse ont permis de caractériser l'hétérogénéité de la séquence carbonatée. Des couches de minéralisation accompagnées de dolomitisation et de faible porosité correspondent à différents niveaux eustatiques post-dépositionnels. Les causes de l'existence et de l'orientation des fractures sont étudiées. La relation de perméabilité à porosité est précisée. La structure de porosité est étudiée par comparaison entre la porosité primaire et la porosité secondaire. Cette étude contribue à la connaissance du site le mieux documenté au monde pour l'évolution des réservoirs carbonatés récifaux, avec applications pour les intrusions d'eau salée et l'extraction des hydrocarbures.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019

tel-00440019
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019/file/thesemariasube.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Safe drinking water is essential for well-being. Although microbiological contamination remains the largest cause of water-related morbidity and mortality globally, chemicals in water supplies may also cause disease, and evidence of the human health consequences is limited or lacking for many of them. We aimed to summarize the state of knowledge, identify gaps in understanding, and provide recommendations for epidemiological research relating to chemicals occurring in drinking water. Assessing exposure and the health consequences of chemicals in drinking water is challenging. Exposures are typically at low concentrations, measurements in water are frequently insufficient, chemicals are present in mixtures, exposure periods are usually long, multiple exposure routes may be involved, and valid biomarkers reflecting the relevant exposure period are scarce. In addition, the magnitude of the relative risks tends to be small. Research should include well-designed epidemiological studies covering regions with contrasting contaminant levels and sufficient sample size; comprehensive evaluation of contaminant occurrence in combination with bioassays integrating the effect of complex mixtures; sufficient numbers of measurements in water to evaluate geographical and temporal variability; detailed information on personal habits resulting in exposure (e.g., ingestion, showering, swimming, diet); collection of biological samples to measure relevant biomarkers; and advanced statistical models to estimate exposure and relative risks, considering methods to address measurement error. Last, the incorporation of molecular markers of early biological effects and genetic susceptibility is essential to understand the mechanisms of action. There is a particular knowledge gap and need to evaluate human exposure and the risks of a wide range of emerging contaminants.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-01118530
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118530
PUBMED : 24380896
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1206229
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC3948022

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
IntroductionLeishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) is an endosymbiont of some Leishmania (Vianna) species in South America. Presence of LRV1 in parasites exacerbates disease severity in animal models and humans, related to a disproportioned innate immune response, and is correlated with drug treatment failures in humans. Although the virus was identified decades ago, its genomic diversity has been overlooked until now.Methodology/Principles findingsWe subjected LRV1 strains from 19 L. (V.) guyanensis and one L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis samples identified throughout French Guiana with next-generation sequencing and de novo sequence assembly. We generated and analyzed 24 unique LRV1 sequences over their full-length coding regions. Multiple alignment of these new sequences revealed variability (0.5%±23.5%) across the entire sequence except for highly conserved motifs within the 5' untranslated region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that viral genomes of L. (V.) guyanensis grouped into five distinct clusters. They further showed a species-dependent clustering between viral genomes of L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis, confirming a long-term co-evolutionary history. Noteworthy, we identified cases of multiple LRV1 infections in three of the 20 Leishmania isolates.Conclusions/SignificanceHere, we present the first-ever estimate of LRV1 genomic diversity that exists in Leishmania (V.) guyanensis parasites. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses has shed light on their evolutionary relationships. To our knowledge, this study is also the first to report cases of multiple LRV1 infections in some parasites. Finally, this work has made it possible to develop molecular tools for adequate identification and genotyping of LRV1 strains for diagnostic purposes. Given the suspected worsening role of LRV1 infection in the pathogenesis of human leishmaniasis, these data have a major impact from a clinical viewpoint and for the management of Leishmania-infected patients.
ISSN: 1935-2727

pasteur-01583523
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01583523
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005764
PUBMED : 28715422

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Inter-Research
Résumé : Precise knowledge of lifetime migrations is vital in exploited fish species, since all essential habitats must be protected to maintain sustainable stock levels. The present study used multi-element otolith fingerprints of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (L.) to discriminate its main juvenile and adult habitats in the Languedoc-Roussillon region (Gulf of Lions, northwest Mediterranean) and infer the lifetime migrations of 12 individuals from the area (11 from the present day and 1 from the Roman era). This allowed for the first time the identification of key habitats for the successful completion of the species' life cycle in the Gulf of Lions, and the connectivity between them. Our results revealed that lagoon use by S. aurata is probably ancient (>2500 yr) and confirmed its current commonness. Yet, although most observed migration patterns were in accordance with the migratory behavior previously described for the species, strong inter-individual variations and new patterns in habitat use were detected. At the juvenile stage, a preference for shallow lagoons with low salinities was evidenced. Nevertheless, the first year of life can also be successfully completed in marine conditions. At the adult stage, lagoon use was shown to occur until at least age 4 yr, with periods of lagoon residency of up to 11 mo in a year, often including winter months. Because overwintering in the lagoons was previously thought to be impossible for S. aurata due to low temperatures, this finding has important implications for future stock management, especially since the species breeds in winter.
Marine Ecology Progress Series

hal-00682003
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682003
DOI : 10.3354/meps09444

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The geology of the North Pyrenean Zone in the central Pyrenees allows for the observation in the field of theentire section of the Pyrenean rift, from the mantle to the crust and the Mesozoic cover (pre, syn and post rift).The good knowledge we have of the pre-Alpine history of the Pyrenees allows us to properly constrain the Alpinegeological evolution of the pre-Triassic rocks which record both Variscan and Alpine orogenic cycles.The mantle outcrop as kilometric to centimetric fragments of peridotite dispersed within a carbonate metamorphicbreccia. The study of peridotite serpentinisation shows several events of low-temperature serpentinisation, incontact with seawater. In some locallities, we can observe a mixture of fragments of variously serpentinizedperidotites. This suggests a tectonic context where fragments of peridotites from different structural levels weresampled more or less synchronously.The granulitic basement is characterized by a Variscan syndeformational HT event (300-280 Ma). So farwe have not found any trace of a Cretaceous HT event (> 500C). On the other hand, the basement is affectedby a regional metasomatism that began during the Jurassic and became more spatially focused with time until itwas restricted to the Pyrenean rift during the Aptien, Albian and Cenomanian. The talc-chlorite metasomatism(120-95 Ma) shows an evolution from a static toward a syn-deformation hydrothermal event, under a more or lessnormal geothermal gradient. Extensional deformation is recorded by the reworking of several inherited low-angleVariscan tectonic contacts, but also by dispersed high-angle extensional shear zones formed under greenshistconditions.The metamorphic Mesozoic cover of the basement massifs, which constitute the so-called Internal MetamorphicZone, is an allochtonous unit made of lenses of Mesozoic rocks enclosed into the breccia, whichlocally contains peridotite and basement clasts. The Mesozoic metamorphic carbonates show a first phase ofsyn-metamorphic (450-600C, P < 2 kb) ductile deformation, and subsequent phases of folding and fracturing.The datation of neoformed minerals give a 108-85 Ma time span for the metamorphism. We interpret this brecciaas an abandonment breccia which marks the emergence of the main detachment. The basal contact of the Mesozoiccover has a complex 3D geometry traced by Triassic evaporites. It corresponds to a major pre- and synorogenicpolyphased tectonic contact.All these data show a geometrically complex hyper-extended rift where the crust was not stretched under ahigh geothermal gradient but thinned by the tectonic extraction of relatively thin lenses and perhaps cut by highangle low-grade shear zones. The 3D geometry, as well as the strain records and the breccia lithologies stronglysuggest a non-cylindricity for the exhumation process, probably within a transtentional system
Geophysical Research Abstracts
Vienne, Austria

insu-01510371
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01510371

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce numéro met en perspective l’approche développementaliste et la dimension dialogique du tourisme. Les auteurs successifs y interrogent l’équation tourisme, culture et développement, par le prisme de la patrimonialisation.L’émergence puis le développement, dans les années soixante-dix, d’un tourisme culturel ont largement contribué à favoriser la prise de conscience des populations et des politiques, ainsi qu’à formaliser la nécessité d’une nouvelle approche des discours s’agissant des espaces naturels et du patrimoine historique et immatériel. Des regards croisés de juristes, d’anthropologues et de géographes, se dégage une problématique qui fait écho à un constat largement partagé : les connaissances sur les applications et les instruments des orientations politiques internationales, de même que sur leurs liens avec les identités sociales et ethniques, restent insuffisantes.Les enjeux de la patrimonialisation requièrent donc que l’on se pose, dans le domaine considéré, la question de la relation entre les concepts, les discours et les politiques, et que l’on esquisse, à partir des expériences rapportées, les contours de réponses susceptibles d’y être apportées.
This issue puts into perspective the development-centric vision and the dialogic dimension of tourism. The successive authors examine the relationship between tourism, culture, and development, in the light of heritage.In the 1970s, the emergence and the growth of cultural tourism contributed significantly to raise awareness among ordinary people and politicians, as well as to formalize the need for a new approach to discourse about natural spaces and historical and intangible heritage. The overlapping perspectives of legal experts, anthropologists, and geographers, draw out a set of problems that echoes an observation shared by many: the knowledge on the applications and the instruments of international policy guidance, as well as the knowledge on their relationship with social and ethnic identity, is still inadequate.hen dealing with the issues at stake in the heritage field, it is thus necessary to question the relationship between concepts, discourse, and policies, and to outline the basis of possible solutions from the experience covered.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5711

Résumé : Implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to marine management points to several shared objectives between conservation and fishery management that require better knowledge of the life history of the exploited resources, elucidation of the information encoded in the calcified tissues (otoliths, scales, bones, shells, and corals) of marine and freshwater organisms, and support for knowledge-based, sustainable ocean management and use. Calcified tissues have been employed since the 19th century to gain knowledge of life traits, population structure, and environmental relationships of fish and molluscs. Breakthrough advances include the discovery by Pannella (1971) of the daily growth increments and the discovery by Radtke (1984) of otolith tracer approaches, resulting in an exponential growth of publications and four dedicated international symposia. IOS2014 will be the fifth in a series of independent symposia convened since 1993, to encourage the exchange of information and expertise, and promote the development of new techniques and applications for otolith-based analysis in ecology, management, and conservation. This international forum is the centre for the exchange of information on developments in the field. New techniques of analysis, statistical treatment, and indeed new areas of application are all presented in this forum. The IOS series started in Hilton Head (USA) in 1993, followed by IOS1998 in Bergen (Norway), IOS2004 Townsville (Australia), and the IOS2009 Symposium held in Monterey (USA). In general, attendance ranged between 250–350 participants. IOS2009 counted 268 registrants from 36 countries, despite the economic crisis.

Droits : ICES - All Rights Reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00221/33260/31736.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00221/33260/

Résumé : En occupant un espace social privilégié, la médecine traditionnelle et les diverses pratiques qui y sont liées, sont de moins en moins marginalisées, de plus en plus admises comme ressources et la société leur devient du même coup permissive. La tolérance sociale est relativement forte ». Cette lecture de la situation de la médecine traditionnelle et de sa réception dans la société est celle de l’anthropologue et médecine martiniquais M. Yoyo. Elle évoque la réalité de la médecine créole dans l’espace antillais et dit l’intérêt que lui portent ceux qui en font usage.L’objectif de cette recherche est de poser la question de la transmission du savoir médicinal en contexte martiniquais : transmission des tradipraticiens vers les profanes ; transmission entre professionnels de cette médecine. Autrement dit comment se fait l’apprentissage si apprentissage il y a, de ce savoir traditionnel, jalousement gardé par ceux qui l’exercent ? La dimension magico-religieuse de ce savoir influe-t-elle sur sa transmission ? Quel est le rôle de la famille dans l’éducation et la transmission de ces pratiques ? Quelle est la connaissance profane accessible à tous et que détiennent certaines familles ? Celle-ci répond-elle aux attentes de la médecine traditionnelle et comment les familles procèdent-elles à sa transmission ? Quelle contribution l’institution scolaire apporte-t-elle à la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine ? Ce questionnement nous amène à nous interroger sur les pratiques en matière de médecine des Martiniquais et à considérer la coexistence entre savoir traditionnel et savoir rationnel dit moderne.On ne peut faire l’économie de ces analyses si on veut appréhender de façon objective le problème de la transmission de la médecine créole, de sa sauvegarde par – et pour – les générations montantes, en raison de l’aspect mémoriel de cette pratique thérapeutique mais également en raison de son efficacité et du potentiel important qu’elle représente pour la santé dans les années qui viennent.
By occupying a privileged social space, traditional medicine and the diverses practices related to the field are less and less marginalized, more and more accepted as resources, thus society is gradually becoming more tolerant towards those practices. The social tolerance is relatively strong”. This perception of the present situation of traditional medicine and of its reception in society is proposed by M. Yoyo, French anthropologist and physician from Martinique. It speaks of the reality of traditional medicine in the west Indians context and highlights the positive affects on those who make use of it. The objective of this research is to explore the question of the transmission of medicinal knowledge within the confines of Martinique: transmission by traditionalists towards nonprofessionals as well as transmission among professionals in the fields of medicine. In other words, what learning, if any, still exists of this traditional knowledge faithfully kept by those practiced it? To what extent does the magical-religious experience influence the transmission of this knowledge? What is the role of the family in the education and the transmission of those practices? How much of this profane knowledge is accessible to all and to what extent is it practiced by families? Does the latter respond to the demands of traditional medicine? How do families proceed with the process of transmission. What contribution does the school make towards preserving this tradition ? The above questions provoke reflection on the medicinal practices of the people of Martinique and of the possible coexistence of traditional knowledge and modern or rational knowledge. These questions are inevitable if we want to progress with objectivity in the transmission of Creole medicine and of its preservation for future generations, as a form of safeguarding the memory of this therapeutic practice. However, they also help to focus on the level of its effectiveness and the potential importance that it represents in ensuring a healthy environment in the coming years.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0865/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ethnopharmacological relevancePsidium acutangulum Mart. ex DC is a small tree used by the Wayana Amerindians from the Upper-Maroni in French Guiana for the treatment of malaria.Aim of the studyIn a previous study, we highlighted the in vitro antiplasmodial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the traditional decoction of P. acutangulum aerial parts. Our goal was then to investigate on the origin of the biological activity of the traditional remedy, and eventually characterize active constituents.Materials and methodsLiquid-liquid extractions were performed on the decoction, and the antiplasmodial activity evaluated against chloroquine-resistant FcB1 ([3H]-hypoxanthine bioassay) and 7G8 (pLDH bioassay) P. falciparum strains, and on a chloroquine sensitive NF54 ([3H]-hypoxanthine bioassay) P. falciparum strain. The ethyl acetate fraction (D) was active and underwent bioguided fractionation. All the isolated compounds were tested on P. falciparum FcB1 strain. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) of the ethyl acetate fraction and of an anti-Plasmodium active compound, was concurrently assessed on LPS-stimulated human PBMC and NO secretion inhibition was measured on LPS stimulated RAW murine macrophages. Cytotoxicity of the fractions and pure compounds was measured on VERO cells, L6 mammalian cells, PBMCs, and RAW cells.ResultsFractionation of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (IC50 ranging from 3.4 to <1 µg/mL depending on the parasite strain) led to the isolation of six pure compounds: catechin and five glycosylated quercetin derivatives. These compounds have never been isolated from this plant species. Two of these compounds (wayanin and guaijaverin) were found to be moderately active against P. falciparum FcB1 in vitro (IC50 5.5 and 6.9 µM respectively). We proposed the name wayanin during public meetings organized in June 2015 in the Upper-Maroni villages, in homage to the medicinal knowledge of the Wayana population. At 50 µg/mL, the ethyl acetate fraction (D) significantly inhibited IL-1β secretion (−46%) and NO production (−21%), as previously observed for the decoction. The effects of D and guiajaverin (4) on the secretion of other cytokines or NO production were not significant.ConclusionsThe confirmed antiplasmodial activity of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the decoction and of the isolated compounds support the previous results obtained on the P. acutangulum decoction. The antiplasmodial activity might be due to a mixture of moderately active non-toxic flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory activities were less marked for ethyl acetate fraction (D) than for the decoction.
ISSN: 0378-8741

hal-01313006
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01313006
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01313006/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01313006/file/Houel_Wayanin_and.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.053

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Understanding the factors underlying the spatio-temporal distribution of infectious diseases provides useful information regarding their prevention and control. Dengue fever spatio-temporal patterns result from complex interactions between the virus, the host, and the vector. These interactions can be influenced by environmental conditions. Our objectives were to analyse dengue fever spatial distribution over New Caledonia during epidemic years, to identify some of the main underlying factors, and to predict the spatial evolution of dengue fever under changing climatic conditions, at the 2100 horizon. We used principal component analysis and support vector machines to analyse and model the influence of climate and socio-economic variables on the mean spatial distribution of 24,272 dengue cases reported from 1995 to 2012 in thirty-three communes of New Caledonia. We then modelled and estimated the future evolution of dengue incidence rates using a regional downscaling of future climate projections. The spatial distribution of dengue fever cases is highly heterogeneous. The variables most associated with this observed heterogeneity are the mean temperature, the mean number of people per premise, and the mean percentage of unemployed people, a variable highly correlated with people's way of life. Rainfall does not seem to play an important role in the spatial distribution of dengue cases during epidemics. By the end of the 21st century, if temperature increases by approximately 3°C, mean incidence rates during epidemics could double. In New Caledonia, a subtropical insular environment, both temperature and socio-economic conditions are influencing the spatial spread of dengue fever. Extension of this study to other countries worldwide should improve the knowledge about climate influence on dengue burden and about the complex interplay between different factors. This study presents a methodology that can be used as a step by step guide to model dengue spatial heterogeneity in other countries.
ISSN: 1935-2727

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
pasteur-01247037
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01247037
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01247037/document
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01247037/file/journal.pntd.0004211.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004211

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
These last years, many analysis methods have been proposed to extract knowledge from social networks. As for the traditional data mining domain, these network-based approaches can be classified according to two main families. The approaches based on predictive modelling, which encompass the techniques that analyse current and historical facts to make predictive assumptions about future or unknown events. The approaches based on descriptive modelling, which cover the set of techniques that aim to summarize the data by identifying some relevant features in order to describe how things organize and actually work. In this paper, we review the main descriptive modelling methods of social networks and show for each of them the resulting useful knowledge on a running example. We particularly emphasize on the most recent methods that combine information available on both the network structure and the node attributes in order to provide original description models taking into account the context.
EISSN: 1877-0509

hal-01312383
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01312383
DOI : 10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.505

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
We review current knowledge of axial skeleton biology in Acipenseriformes with the aim to know whether available data can help in understanding axial anomalies (anomalies of the vertebral column) in reared sturgeons or if further investigations are needed prior to undertake such analysis. In particular, accurate data on axial skeleton development, structure and mineralization are required to understand these pathologies. We show that such knowledge is fragmented and incomplete when compared to the information available in teleost fish. In Acipenseriformes, we only know that (i) the axial skeleton morphology is highly distinctive, as mostly cartilaginous, (ii) the vertebrae are composed of several elements organized around a persistent and unconstricted notochord, and (iii) mineralization only concerns a few of these elements and occurs late in ontogeny, but virtually no descriptions demonstrating the presence of bone (perichondral, membranous...) or mineralized cartilage is available in the literature. In addition, few studies concern axial anomalies in the wild or in rearing conditions, and the determinism of these pathologies is largely unknown. This is in contrast with the numerous studies dealing with the axial skeleton and its anomalies in many farmed teleost species, in which axial anomalies can result from numerous factors, such as unfavourable abiotic conditions, inappropriate nutrition and genetic factors. However, even if some parallels can be established between teleosts and sturgeons, it appears that current knowledge of the axial skeleton in teleosts may not help much in the study of axial anomalies in sturgeons. Knowledge of axial skeleton biology in sturgeon has to be therefore deeply improved prior to undertake investigations focusing on these pathologies.
ISSN: 0175-8659

hal-01545478
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545478
DOI : 10.1111/jai.12525

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : For a decade, distance-based methods have been widely employed and constantly improved in the field of spatial economics. These methods are a very useful tool for accurately evaluating the spatial distribution of plants or retail stores, for example (Duranton and Overman, 2008). In this paper, we introduce a new distance-based statistical measure for evaluating the spatial concentration of economic activities. To our knowledge, the m function is the first relative density function to be proposed in the economics literature. This tool supplements the typology of distance-based methods recently drawn up by Marcon and Puech (2012). By considering several theoretical and empirical examples, we show the advantages and the limits of the m function for detecting spatial structures in economics.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01082178

hal-01082178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01082178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01082178v3/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01082178/file/LANG-%20MARCON-PUECH%20-%20m%20-%20HAL%2001082178v3.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SAGE Publications
Résumé : International audience
: French Guiana is the French territory that is most affected by HIV. AIDS incidence is much higher than in mainland France and sex work seems to be an important driver of the epidemic. The objective of this study was to describe consistent condom use among female sex workers with their clients and their intimate partners and to identify determinants of non-use of condoms. An HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours and Practices survey was conducted in 2009-2010 among sex workers in French Guiana. A total of 477 sex workers were interviewed. Female sex workers were more likely to use condoms with their clients (97%) than with their intimate partners (45%). The factors associated with non-consistent condom use with the intimate partner were having had an abortion, feeling at risk for HIV, not evaluating one's own risk for HIV, living as a couple, being Dominican, not feeling comfortable asking intimate partners to use condoms. Although a high proportion of female sex workers declared using condoms with commercial partners, there is still room for improvement in the prevention of transmission with both commercial and intimate partners.
ISSN: 0956-4624

inserm-01065111
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065111
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065111/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065111/file/Table_III_IJSA.pdf
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065111/file/2014_Parriault_-_Predictive_factorssur unprotected_sex_for_female_sex_workers.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 13 pages, 4 figures, to be published on J. Am. Cer. Soc
International audience
Since crack propagation in oxide materials at low crack velocities is partly determined by chemical corrosion, proper knowledge of the crack tip chemistry is crucial for understanding fracture in these materials. Such knowledge can be obtained only from in situ studies because the processes that occur in the highly confined environment of the crack tip are very different from those that take place at free surfaces, or that can be traced post mortem. We report the occurrence of hydrous liquid condensate between the two fracture surfaces in the vicinity of the tip of tensile cracks in silica. Observations are performed in real-time by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) at continuously controlled crack velocities in the regime of stress corrosion. Condensate formation and changes in extent and shape are demonstrated for a wide range of macroscopic humidity at different crack speeds. Its liquid character is confirmed by the study of AFM phase-contrast data. It is believed that this evidence of a nanoscale liquid hydrous phase at the crack tip will enable novel insights in the chemistry of failure of oxide materials.
ISSN: 0002-7820

hal-00424984
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00424984
ARXIV : cond-mat/0509209
DOI : 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00765.x