Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : The overexploitation of fishery resources has led to a major fisheries crisis. In this context, artisanal fisheries, and in particular small-scale coastal fisheries, appear as relevant alternatives for a sustainable use of coastal resources. Marine Protected Areas (MPA) are more and more used as management tools for these fisheries, as protection effects and targeted access regulations may benefit to commercial fishers. Managers and scientists need then quantitative information not only to adapt their management to the fishing activity present on their territory, but also to estimate the effects of MPA management on it. This study provides catch and effort estimates that are essential for appraising and managing the artisanal fishery in the Côte Bleue Marine Park (CBMP), a French Mediterranean MPA including two No-Take Zones of different age and size. A field protocol was defined and implemented between July 2009 and June 2010 within the CBMP. Seven métiers were identified and characterized by target species, gear type, fishing grounds and fishing periods. During the one-year studied period, 3512 fishing trips and 4645 fishing operations were performed by 30 active boats in the Côte Bleue fishing territory, amounting to 9500 km of immersed nets. In total, approximately 130 tons of catch were landed in the six CBMP harbors, out of which 58% depend on the three main species caught on the Côte Bleue: hake (Merluccius merluccius), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and common sole (Solea solea). The presented methodology could be part of a long term monitoring requiring close collaboration with local fishers. It enables adaptive management with respect to changes in fishing pressure (from inside and outside the MPA) that may impact the environment and its resources.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-06 , Vol. 154 , P. 93-101

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00180/29120/29367.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.02.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00180/29120/

Éditeur(s) : Oxford university press
Résumé : There is increasing evidence from previous studies, and from fishers' observations, that coastal dolphins use fishing nets as an easily accessible feeding source, damaging or depredating fish caught in the nets. This study investigates the impact of dolphin depredation on artisanal trammelnets by analysing the catch composition of 614 artisanal fishing operations in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (France). Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) attacked, on average, 12.4% of the nets and damaged 8.3% of the catch. However, attacked nets were characterized by statistically significantly higher catch per unit effort than unattacked ones. Catch composition also differed significantly after dolphin attacks; bentho-pelagic fish were more represented and reef-associated fish less represented. Our results suggest that (i) dolphins are attracted by high fish densities in the fishing area and/or nets, and (ii) their attacks induce specific fish-avoidance behaviour, according to the fish position in the water column. Although dolphins depredate a small part of the catch, damage to nets, not yet assessed in this area, could weaken the benefits that reserves can provide to artisanal fisheries.
ICES Journal of Marine Science (1054-3139) (Oxford university press), 2009-05 , Vol. 66 , N. 4 , P. 699-707

Droits : 2009 ICES/CIEM. Oxford Journals
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6808.pdf
DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsp036
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6808/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Tuna world fisheries yield 3 million tons per year; the increase rate of whole production is constant and sustained since 30 years. This original figure for marine fisheries is due to enlargement of tuna fleets and fishing grounds over all the world ocean, the continuous increase of tuna fishing power by in board equipment and remote sensing equipment for searching and scouting (on board, aircraft, satellite, telecommunication_). During the last 20 years, the log-associated tuna fishing has contributed to the local individual and tuna fleets efficiency and fishing power either for large industrial tuna seiners by radio-equipped buoys on natural (debris) or artificial man-made logs. The same trend is noted for numerous artisanal tuna and large pelagic coastal fisheries on moored fishing aggregating devices and networks. The first part of the paper is a review of data and results to assess and rank the "Surfaces prospected by in board tuna seiners and associated aircraft and satellite technics" (visual, radar, sar-radar and satellite altimetry sensors). The final objective is the comparison with the surfaces and volumes associated to fads. Since 20 years, tuna ecology and behaviour data from ultrasonic tagging (short-term depth/distance/time migration around logs and fads) are used for fishing of tuna associated with floating objects, namely fads. The second part of this paper is an "Assessment of fad's aggregating associated surface and volume" linked with oceanographic data: large oceanic geostrophic current and observed drift speed of radio-equipped fads in the Indian Ocean. Using the available data on fads, tuna fishing technology linked with oceanographic and biological data results from ultrasonic tuna tracking experiments, the paper is an attempt to identify and place the fads technology in the scale of tuna fishing devices as a contribution to the increase of tuna fishing power either individual tuna boat or tuna fleets.Original Abstract: La production mondiale des pecheries thonieres est actuellement de l'ordre de 3 millions de tonnes par an et conserve depuis pres de 50 ans un taux de croissance annuel soutenu. Cette croissance, exceptionnelle pour un secteur des peches maritimes, est due a plusieurs causes: accroissement des effectifs et des puissances de peche des grandes flottes thonieres industrielles oceaniques qui exploitent les ressources thonieres de l'ocean mondial et le developpement conjoint de nouvelles techniques de peche et de nouvelles technologies d'aide a la peche, telles que les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP). L'accroissement de la puissance individuelle des navires est du au developpement de la construction navale (mecanisation, propulsion, hydraulique, conservation et traitement a borda) et a l'utilisation d'une gamme diversifiee d'aides a la peche : navigation, telecommunication, localisation des zones favorables, detection visuelle ou radiometrique assistee par equipement a bord, en helicoptere et avion, detection acoustique, detection par radar de bord, radar-avion ou, a terme, antenne SAR sur satellite. Plus recemment, soit depuis 20 ans, les caracteristiques du comportement, migration de court terme, agregation et concentration des poissons pelagiques, fixation et retention des bancs de thons, sont utilisees, par les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) ancres ou derivants. Cette contribution a pour objectif de situer et placer les DCP fixes ou derivants sur cet ensemble de techniques d'aide a la peche thoniere. Les donnees pour cet essai de classement sont d'ordres biologique, ethologique et comportementaux (amplitude de deplacement des thons et dimension de la sphere d'attraction d'un DCP) et d'ordres environnemental et oceanographique : masse d'eau concernee par un DCP dans une large veine de courant oceanique ou cotier. On tente de quantifier et d'ordonner les surfaces et les volumes prospectes par les thoniers et particulierement les volumes et masses d'eau exploites par les thoniers utilisant des DCP. Ce classement des DCP dans la serie des dispositifs d'aide a la peche thoniere facilitera l'appreciation de leur contribution a l'augmentation des puissances de peche des thoniers.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15297/12656.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15297/

Résumé : La nécessité d'une approche intégrée des pêches est actuellement largement affirmée, notamment par la FAO, en particulier dans le contexte des pêcheries artisanales tropicales. Ces pêcheries à petites échelles, souvent multi-spécifiques sont très importantes en termes d'emploi et de production, y compris pour la sécurité alimentaire. Néanmoins ces pêcheries et la biodiversité exploitées sont souvent marquées, d'une part, par le manque de données rendant difficile leur gestion dans le cadre d'une approche écosystémique, d'autre part, par la complexité des systèmes écologiques et économiques sous-jacents incluant interactions trophiques et techniques.Cette thèse contribue à la mise au point d'outils bioéconomiques adaptés aux petites pêcheries tropicales dans la perspective d'une gestion durable des pêches fondée sur l'approche écosystémique. Dans cette perspective, la pêcherie côtière en Guyane Française constitue un cas d'étude particulièrement fécond. La thèse propose ainsi des évaluations multi-critères, des modèles bioéconomiques complexes et des scénarios de gestion viable pour cette pêcherie.Dans un premier temps l'analyse statistique multi-variée suggère un statut global satisfaisant de la pêcherie en termes de durabilité. Cependant des différences de performance sont notées au sein de la pêcherie, notamment au niveau des zones frontalières. Aussi des améliorations dans le mode de gestion sont proposées. Ensuite, à travers la modélisation bioéconomique, les projections des différents scénarios de pêche montrent qu'à long terme le niveau d'exploitation actuel peut ne pas être en adéquation avec la future augmentation de la demande locale et qu'une perte de biodiversité peut avoir lieu. Un scénario dit de « co-viabilité » conciliant des objectifs à la fois écologique, économique et social, avec une probabilité de réalisation satisfaisante, est mis en exergue. Enfin, la comparaison des comportements optimaux en situation coopératif et non coopératif, montre dans quelle mesure la viabilité est favorisée quand les acteurs coopèrent. Au-delà du diagnostic apporté pour le cas d'étude, la méthode utilisée s'avère prometteuse dans le contexte des petites pêcheries tropicales, tandis que l'approche de « co-viabilité » permet de trouver les modalités d'exploitation dans le cadre de compromis entre durabilité écologique et socio-économique, ce que les principes de gestion halieutiques traditionnels ne permettent généralement pas.
The need for an integrated approach to fisheries is now widely affirmed, including the FAO, in particular in the context of tropical artisanal fisheries. These small-scale fisheries, often multispecies are very important in terms of production, employment and food security. However these fisheries and the exploited resources are often characterized by a lack of data making difficult their management within an ecosystem approach, and by the ecological and economic system complexities including trophic and technological interactions.This thesis aims to contribute to the development of bioeconomic tools for small tropical fisheries in a sustainable management perspective based on the ecosystem approach. In this perspective, the French Guiana coastal fishery constitutes an interesting case study. The thesis proposes multi-criteria evaluations, complex bioeconomic models and viable management scenarios for this fishery. At first, multivariate statistical analysis suggests a satisfactory overall status of the fishery in terms of sustainability. However, some performance differences are noted within the fishery, particularly at border areas. Also, management improvements are proposed. Then, through bioeconomic modeling, projections of different fishing scenarios show that, in the long term, the current exploitation level may not be consistent with the future increase of local demand and a loss of biodiversity may occur. A scenario called "co-viability" reconciling ecological, economic and social objectives, with a high probability of achievement is exhibited. Finally, the comparison of optimal behavior in cooperative and non-cooperative conditions, confirms that harvest levels are greater when actors do not cooperate. Furthermore, it is shown that the state of the ecosystem depends on the fishing strategies and the type of interaction between species. Beyond the diagnosis made for the case study, the method is promising in the context of small tropical fisheries, while the co-viability approach allows finding the exploitation conditions under which ecological and socio-economic sustainability are meet, what the conventional fisheries management generally do not allow.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0620/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Abstract Numerous freshwater species are consumed or exploited through artisanal fisheries in the rivers of the islands of Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Autochthonous production of organic matter is limited in these flowing rivers and is mainly represented by scarce filamentous green algae and an abundant epilithic biofilm growing on wet stones in the river bed. Stable isotope analysis was used to quantify the relative importance of biofilm and other riverine allochthonous and autochthonous food sources in the diet of tropical shrimps (Palaemonidae, Atyidae and Xiphocarididae) and fishes (Gobiidae and Eleotridae) consumed by the local people. The epilithic biofilm was exploited by most species, constituted an important source of autochthonous carbon and was an important source of organic matter production at the base of freshwater food webs in Caribbean rivers. Biofilm percentages in the diet reached 32% for molluscs, 85% for atyid shrimps, 29% for xiphocaridid shrimps, 14% for palaemonid shrimps and 13% for fish. Assessment of biofilm in nine rivers showed that blue and red cyanobacteria were quantitatively dominant with a moderately rich diatom flora. These results address the interactions between river biofilm and Caribbean freshwater fauna where trophic links between consumers and their potential resources have poorly been documented.
ISSN: 0969-997X

hal-00744809
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00744809
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00767.x

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : From 1972, when Solomon Taiyo Limited (stl) started a pole-and-line fishing operation, to 1980, stl vessels had been catching tuna almost exclusively from surface free-swimming schools. In 1981, a fad programme group purse-seining fishing operation, using the Filipino "payao" model, was put in place. Results were excellent and STL vessels quickly adapted their fishing methods to make the best use of fads. STL slightly modified the original payao design to better suit its own needs and nowadays, about 90% of the group purse seine catch, i.e. 5,800 t annually, and around 60-70% of the pole-and-line catch, i.e. about 15,000 t annually, come from fad fishing. fads bring benefits not only to stl but also to the rural communities of the region. For stl, it allows savings on the operational costs, especially those of pole-and-line fishing operations, reduction of searching time and a better regularity of fish landings. For the rural communities, it gives better returns to bait-ground owners through royalties paid by stl for their baitfishing boats and it allows local fishing communities (known as canoe-fishermen) to increase their catches using fishing methods (artisanal) such as trolling and midwater handlines set around fads. This provides fish for family consumption and a source of income from fish sold. Overall, the importance of fads to stl's fishing operation, and therefore to the local economy as a whole, is high, although no precise value can be attached to it.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15307/12643.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15307/

Éditeur(s) : Inter-research
Résumé : Marine protected areas (MPAs) have the potential to enhance the long-term sustainability of coastal resources, and the artisanal fisheries which depend on them. However, recreational fisheries, which are increasing their impacts on coastal resources worldwide, may reduce the benefits that MPAs provide to declining artisanal fisheries. Here we used the Bonifacio Straits Natural Reserve (BSNR) Corsica as a study case to simulate the combined effects on coastal resources of artisanal and recreational fishing efforts. The BSNR ecosystem was modelled using mass-balance modelling of trophic interactions. This model was compared to another built on a non-protected area from the same region. We aggregated fishing fleets into artisanal and recreational categories, and we simulated various combinations of fishing effort over a 20 yr dynamic simulation using Ecosim. We showed that fishing activities have an additional top-down effect on the food web and that they decrease the targeted group's biomass, such as piscivorous species. We found, for some trophic groups, non-trivial patterns of biomass variation through trophic cascades. Our trophic approach revealed that some groups may suffer a biomass decrease when MPAs are set or enforced, due to the combined effect of artisanal and recreational fisheries. Overall, our results illustrate the value of modelling to manage MPAs, as a complementary tool to surveys. Models provide the opportunity to anticipate the potential consequences, at the ecosystem level, of socio-political decisions that aim to sustain coastal resources while managing artisanal and recreational fisheries.
Marine Ecology-progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-research), 2010-08 , Vol. 412 , P. 207-221

Droits : Inter-Research 2010
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12436/9246.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12436/9247.pdf
DOI:10.3354/meps08679
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12436/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Résumé : The need for an integrated approach to fisheries is now widely affirmed, including the FAO, in particular in the context of tropical artisanal fisheries. These small-scale fisheries, often multispecies are very important in terms of production, employment and food security. However these fisheries and the exploited resources are often characterized by a lack of data making difficult their management within an ecosystem approach, and by the ecological and economic system complexities including trophic and technological interactions. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of bioeconomic tools for small tropical fisheries in a sustainable management perspective based on the ecosystem approach. In this perspective, the French Guiana coastal fishery constitutes an interesting case study. The thesis proposes multi-criteria evaluations, complex bioeconomic models and viable management scenarios for this fishery. At first, multivariate statistical analysis suggests a satisfactory overall status of the fishery in terms of sustainability. However, some performance differences are noted within the fishery, particularly at border areas. Also, management improvements are proposed. Then, through bioeconomic modeling, projections of different fishing scenarios show that, in the long-term, the current exploitation level may not be consistent with the future increase of local demand and a loss of biodiversity may occur. A scenario called "co-viability" reconciling ecological, economic and social objectives, with a high probability of achievement is exhibited. Finally, the comparison of optimal behavior in cooperative and non-cooperative conditions, confirms that harvest levels are greater when actors do not cooperate. Furthermore, it is shown that the state of the ecosystem depends on the fishing strategies and the type of interaction between species. Beyond the diagnosis made for the case study, the method is promising in the context of small tropical fisheries, while the co-viability approach allows finding the exploitation conditions under which ecological and socio-economic sustainability are meet, what the conventional fisheries management generally do not allow.
La nécessité d’une approche intégrée des pêches est actuellement largement affirmée, notamment par la FAO, en particulier dans le contexte des pêcheries artisanales tropicales. Ces pêcheries à petites échelles, souvent multi-spécifiques sont très importantes en termes d’emploi et de production, y compris pour la sécurité alimentaire. Néanmoins ces pêcheries et la biodiversité exploitées sont souvent marquées, d’une part, par le manque de données rendant difficile leur gestion dans le cadre d’une approche écosystémique, d’autre part, par la complexité des systèmes écologiques et économiques sous-jacents incluant interactions trophiques et techniques. Cette thèse contribue à la mise au point d’outils bioéconomiques adaptés aux petites pêcheries tropicales dans la perspective d’une gestion durable des pêches fondée sur l’approche écosystémique. Dans cette perspective, la pêcherie côtière en Guyane Française constitue un cas d’étude particulièrement fécond. La thèse propose ainsi des évaluations multi-critères, des modèles bioéconomiques complexes et des scénarios de gestion viable pour cette pêcherie. Dans un premier temps l’analyse statistique multivariée suggère un statut global satisfaisant de la pêcherie en termes de durabilité. Cependant des différences de performance sont notées au sein de la pêcherie, notamment au niveau des zones frontalières. Aussi des améliorations dans le mode de gestion sont proposées. Ensuite, à travers la modélisation bioéconomique, les projections des différents scénarios de pêche montrent qu’à long terme le niveau d’exploitation actuel peut ne pas être en adéquation avec la future augmentation de la demande locale et qu’une perte de biodiversité peut avoir lieu. Un scenario dit de "co-viabilité" conciliant des objectifs à la fois écologique, économique et social, avec une probabilité de réalisation satisfaisante, est mis en exergue. Enfin, la comparaison des comportements optimaux en situation coopératif et non coopératif, montre dans quelle mesure la viabilité est favorisée quand les acteurs coopèrent. Au-delà du diagnostic apporté pour le cas d’étude, la méthode utilisée s’avère prometteuse dans le contexte des petites pêcheries tropicales, tandis que l’approche de co-viabilité permet de trouver les modalités d’exploitation dans le cadre de compromis entre durabilité écologique et socio-économique, ce que les principes de gestion halieutiques traditionnels ne permettent généralement pas.

Droits : 2013 Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00144/25492/23646.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00144/25492/

Résumé : Marine capture fisheries in Jamaica is primarily artisanal in nature ansd is conducted maiinly by fishermen operating from canoes. Approximately 95% of these fishermen operate on the coastal shelf and its associated banks. The commercial species harvested comprise bottom-dwelling, coral reef species and free swimming species of finfish. Other fishery resources of commercial value include marine shrimp, conch and lobsters. Catch statistics are not available for all species, but the Department of Fisheries reports a slight decline in fishery production with production decreasing from 16 milion lbs in 1990, despite the fact that fishing efforts have doubled. Over this period the number of registered fishermen has grown from 12 000 to 16 000, al of whom are engaged in full-time fishing. There arealso part-time fishermen who are not registered. The decline in fish catch is accompanied by a decrease in fish size and quality, suggesting that the fisheries are under pressure and have already exceeded optimum production in relation to vailable resources. As a result the economic returns to fishermen are declining. There are also other problems, such as high incidence of conflicts among fishermen at sea, the high cost of purchasing boats, outboard engine fuel, and equipment, with together with the dangers involved in fishing offshore (piracy, and praedial larceny) create serious social ans economic difficulties for fishermen. Notwithstanding, there is an apparent move on the part of the fishermen to leave the industryor to seek alternative forms of employment. In fact, the Department ofFisheries reports that it is still reciving applications for new licences to operate fishing boats. This is probably due to the fact that where the basis of a community is fishing, it becomes difficult to introduce alternative forms of employment, such as cottage industries, village crafts and other trades. In 1987 the Jamaica Department of Fisheries prepared a Management plan which proposed several conservation measures to promote the efficient use of fisheries resources and to control the development of the Fishery in such a way that the country would receive highest benefits. Adequate attention was given to limitations on fishing gear, institution of closed seasons and related legislation. Strategies to diversify the marine fishing were also proposed. The 1990 five year Devlopment Plan for marine fisheries also focuses on proper resource management in order to reverse trends associated with the overexploitation of marine resources. According to the plan, emphasis will be placed on inland fisheries and mariculture in order to reduce pressure on the fisheries. Inland fisheries in the form of freshwater fish fanning has expanded significantly over the past 10 years with production increasing from less than 0,5 million lbs. in 1980 to in excess of 6.0 million lbs. in 1989. However, some freshwater fish farmers are already experiencing serious competition for water usage and, to a lesser extent for land from crop-producing farmers. The Ministry of Agriculture is of the view that marine cage culture technologically has the potential for introduction in Jamaica . This technologyhas been successfully developed in Norway and the technology is currentlty being experimentally utilized in several countries in the area. The technology, if widely utilized in Jamaica, couls significantly reduce pressure on fisheries, making fishing more cost effective and improve the economic returns to fishermen. Already there exist some technical and institutional capabilities in Jamaica to support commercial development of marine cage culture. The Department of Fisheries has highly trained personnel in aquaculture and marine fisherie, some of whom are directly responsible for the success of freshwater fish fanning. In adition, the Marine Laboratory at the Univesity of the West Indies (UWI) is caarying research on hatchery facilities for marine cage farming. The Department of Fisheries will seek the collaboration ofg the marine unit at UWI which could provide fingerlings of selected marine species for cage 1
Les pêcheries de captage marin en Jamaïque sont principalement de nature artisanale et elles sont dirigées principalement par les pêcheurs qui travaillent depuis des canoës. Environ 95 % de ces pêcheurs travaillent sur la plaine côtière et ses bancs associés. Les espèces commerciales récoltées comprennent les espèces benthiques, les espèces de corail et les espèces de poisson marin de nage libre. D'autres ressources de pêcheries de valeur commerciale comprennent la crevette, la conque et le homard. Les statistiques des pêches ne sont pas disponibles pour toutes les espèces, mais le Département des Pêcheries fait état d'une légère réduction de production de pêcheries, la production se réduisant de 16 millions de livres en 1990, en dépit du fait que les efforts de la pêche ont doublé. Sur cette période le nombre de pêcheurs inscrits a augmenté de 12 000 à 16 000, dont tous sont occupés à plein temps à la pêche. Il y a aussi des pêcheurs à mi-temps qui ne sont pas inscrits. La réduction des pêches est accompagnée d'une réduction de la taille et la qualité des poissons, ce qui implique que les pêcheries sont sous pression et qu'elles ont déjà dépassé la production optimum par rapport aux ressources disponibles. En conséquence, les rendements pour les pêcheurs sont en baisse. Il y a aussi d'autres problèmes, tels qu'un taux élevé de conflits entre les pêcheurs en mer, le coût élevé pour acheter les bateaux, le combustible pour les moteurs hors-bord, et le matériel, ainsi que les dangers impliqués dans la pêche offshore (le piratage, et le vol prédial) ont créé de graves problèmes sociaux et économiques pour les pêcheurs. Néanmoins, il y a une tendance évidente chez les pêcheurs de quitter l'industrie ou de chercher du travail dans d'autres domaines. En fait, le Département des Pêcheries signale qu'il continue de recevoir des demandes de nouveaux permis pour opérer les bateaux de pêche. Ceci est probablement attribuable au fait que là où la base d'une communauté est la pêche, il est difficile d'y introduire des formes alternatives de travail, telles que l'industrie artisanale, l'artisanat de village ou d'autres métiers. Le Département des Pêcheries de la Jamaïque a préparé en 1987 un Projet de gestion qui proposait plusieurs mesures de conservation afin d'encourager l'utilisation efficace des ressources des pêcheries et de contrôler le développement de la Pêcherie de manière que le pays touche le plus de bénéfices. Une attention adéquate a été prêtée aux limitations sur les engins de la pêche, l'établissement de saisons de clôture et les législations associées. Des stratégies pour diversifier la pêche marine ont aussi été proposées. Le Plan de développement quinquennal de 1990 pour les pêcheries marines met l'accent aussi sur la gestion de ressources appropriée afin de faire reculer les tendances associées à la surexploitation des ressources marines. Selon le plan, l'accent sera mis sur les pêcheries intérieures et la mariculture afin de réduire la pression sur les pêcheries. Les pêcheries intérieures, sous la forme de l'élevage de poissons en eau douce, ont pris leur essor sur les 10 dernières années avec une production qui s'est élevée de moins de 0,5 millions de livres en 1980 pour atteindre en 1989 plus de 6.0 millions de livres. Cependant, certains pisciculteurs en eau douce expérimentent déjà une concurrence sérieuse avec les agriculteurs pour l'usage de l'eau et, dans une moindre mesure, de la terre. Le Ministère de l'Agriculture est de l'avis que l'élevage en cage marine a technologiquement le potentiel d'être introduit en Jamaïque. La technologie a été développée avec réussite en Norvège et plusieurs pays dans la région utilisent actuellement la technologie expérimentalement. La technologie, si elle était utilisée en Jamaïque, pourrait réduire de façon significative la pression sur les pêcheries, ce qui rendrait la pêche plus économique et améliorerait les rendements aux pêcheurs. Certaines capacités techniques et institutionnelles existent déjà en Jamaïque qui pourraient soutenir le développement de l'élevage en cage marine. Le Département des Pêcheries a un personnel bien formé en aquaculture et pêcherie marine, dont certains qui sont directement responsables du succès de la pisciculture en eau douce. Par ailleurs, le Laboratoire Marin à l'Université des Antilles (UWI) mène des recherches sur les installations d'écloseries pour l'élevage en cage marine. Le Département des Pêcheries demandera la collaboration de l'unité marine à l'UWI qui pourra fournir des saumoneaux d'espèces marines sélectionnées pour la cage 1.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1993/rapport-1918.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1918/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : In the Caribbean, snappers (Lutjanidae) and groupers (Serranidae) are often heavily exploited by artisanal or industrial fisheries. This paper analyzes the catches of an artisanal fishery selectively targeting these species with a moderate fishing pressure in the Bay Islands (Honduras), and discusses the implications on the understanding of the early stages of development of reef fisheries. Although snappers and groupers are targeted with handlines and spearguns in the whole archipelago, the differences in species diversity and size structure of the catch reveals various exploitation patterns. In most areas, a depletion is observed for the most vulnerable snapper and grouper species, and most other species are mainly exploited in their juvenile phase; clear signs of an intensification process are apparent in one of the areas. The comparison of the relative production in the Bay Islands with other reef fisheries in the Caribbean suggests that higher values may be related to moderate fishing pressure and appropriate combinations of fishing effort and selectivity. This example shows how fisheries strictly targeting a high quality resource with selective fishing techniques can be quite productive even at high levels of effort, but also that they are progressively lead to broaden their species range (sooner or later at the expense of the most vulnerable, often large-sized, species) while increasingly using less selective gears.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier), 2005-06 , Vol. 73 , N. 1-2 , P. 159-169

Droits : 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/publication-512.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.12.008
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/512/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Hawaii was one of the first locations to adapt the Philippine payao concept for use in high energy, deep-water environments. Initial experimental fad deployments were made by the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1977. In 1980, the State of Hawaii started deploying FADs in a programme that has since expanded to its current status of 52 approved surface fad sites. Funding is primarily derived from federal US programmes and the FADs are primarily focused on the sport fishing community. fad sites were selected to expedite access by sport fishermen; specific sites were chosen after consultation with fishermen at public hearings. Since 1997, the FAD system has been managed on a collaborative basis between the State of Hawaii and the University of Hawaii. Hawaiian FADs evolved through two previous designs before the current system of single-sphere spar-buoy was adopted. Today's FADs have an "inverse catenary" mooring system comprised of sections of floating and sinking rope attached to a "tripod" concrete block anchor system. fad sites range between 3.2 km and 46 km from shore. Mooring depths range between 200 and 3,000 metres. Average on-site longevity is 31 months; there is no correlation between longevity and depth of mooring. Windward locations have significantly shorter lifespans than leeward locations. Ten to twenty fads are replaced each year. Each FAD costs approximately us$ 7,500 to build and deploy. Hawaiian fads are heavily used by private and commercial sport fishermen and by small-scale artisanal and commercial fishermen. Commercial pole-and-line boats occasionally use the FADs to capture skipjack tuna. Hawaiian FADs will continue to be used for various types of pelagic fisheries research.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15280/12666.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15280/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : How users perceive the performance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is fundamental for the social acceptance of these zones. Moreover, their perceptions may be relevant for monitoring the effects of MPAs on extractive activities. This study analyzes artisanal fishers' perceptions of the performance of a north-western Mediterranean coastal MPA, which encompasses two no-take zones (NTZs). Three viewpoints have been considered: the effect on the personal activity of fishers, the effect on the local fishery and the effect on the ecosystem. In order to test the hypothesis that biomass export (spillover) - which had previously been evidenced from the two NTZs - may influence fishers' perceptions of NTZ effects, fishers' perceptions were compared with both declared and observed fishing activity over an one-year period. The results show that negative perceptions of NTZs are either nil or are negligible. Most fishers are aware of the beneficial effects of NTZs on ecosystems and fisheries. However, they remain to be convinced of the beneficial effects of the NTZs on their own activity. For instance, the proximity of a NTZ appears never to be involved in the choice of a fishing spot. This partial lack of correspondence between scientific expectation and fishers' perceptions is discussed in the light of fishing habits in the zone adjacent to NTZs, and takes into account fishing grounds, targeted species and seniority (defined as the number of years the fisher has been fishing within the MPA). All three factors appear to influence fishers' perceptions. For example, having a positive perception about a NTZ and spending more time fishing in the adjacent zone are habits that can be associated with fishers with less seniority. Fishers' perceptions obviously indicate the social acceptance of the MPA and are an essential monitoring tool for MPA managers. However, perceptions cannot be seen as a substitute for scientific monitoring, as both approaches are clearly complementary. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Marine Policy (0308-597X) (Elsevier), 2012-03 , Vol. 36 , N. 2 , P. 414-422

Droits : 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00060/17137/16442.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.06.002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00060/17137/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since a few years, the catches of pelagic fish by artisanal fishermen of Reunion Island have strongly increased. Manpower and investments have been constant through the maintenance of about 30 fads all around the island. The traditional techniques of fishing pelagic fishes have been adapted in order to maintain a high level of catches and ensure the income of the fishermen. This report describes different techniques to capture pelagic fish on fads such as drift fishing, dragnet fishing and longline fishing. Knowledge, professional experience of fishermen are the main factors in setting fads and sustaining adaptability. The strong relation between the knowledge of the fishermen and the techniques is discussed. Then, the strategies of fishing, influenced by the environmental and seasonal conditions, and the species, are analysed.Original Abstract: L'activite de la petite peche a l'ile de La Reunion connait, depuis quelques annees, une periode d'expansion rapide de la production de poissons pelagiques. Ce developpement est d'autant plus remarquable qu'il s'effectue, en ce qui concerne la peche professionnelle artisanale, a effectif et investissement presque constants. Il est essentiellement du a la mise en place et a l'entretien d'un parc d'une trentaine de dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP), places tout autour de l'ile. Les techniques traditionnelles de peche de poissons pelagiques ont ete adaptees a ce nouveau concept, mais elles doivent continuellement evoluer et s'adapter aux modifications comportementales des poissons, afin de maintenir un niveau de capturabilite assurant les revenus des pecheurs. Cette etude s'attache a decrire les techniques de peche a la derive, a la traine et aux palangres, employees pour la capture de poissons pelagiques sur DCP. Bien que difficile a evaluer, l'experience du pecheur est un facteur determinant dans la mise en uvre de ces techniques et en permet l'amelioration constante. L'imbrication etroite entre le savoir-faire du pecheur et les techniques est egalement abordee et discutee. Enfin, les strategies de peche, fortement influencees par les conditions environnementales, les saisons et les especes rencontrees, y sont analysees.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15294/12652.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15294/

Résumé : The "assessment of Caribbean fisheries" program, started in 1986 by the Caribbean Centre, included, amongst others, the study of coastal resources in Martinique as well as their exploitation. This study is based on a large amount of data collected on landing ports through a quite intensive survey system whose methodology had to be adapted to the available means and to environmental constraints. This document brings together two other documents presenting and analysing the two methods on which this data collection is based. -Methodological assessment of the indirect activity survey for artisanal fisheries in Martinique (p.1 to 24) - Methodological assessment of the visual estimate of the catches of artisanal fisheries in Martinique (p.25 to 52).
Le programme "évaluation des pêcheries antillaises", entrepris en 1986 par le pôle caraïbe, comportait notamment l'étude des ressources côtières martiniquaises et de leur exploitation. Cette étude repose sur une quantité importante de données recueillies dans les points de débarquement par un système d'enquêtes assez intensif, dont La méthodologie a dû être adaptée aux moyens disponibles et aux contraintes de terrain. Ce document rassemble deux documents présentant et analysant les deux méthodes sur lesquelles reposait ce recueil de données: -Evaluation méthodologique de L'enquête indirecte d'activité pour Les pêcheries artisanales martiniquaises (p 1 à 24) évaluation méthodologique de l'estimation visuelle des prises des pêcheries artisanales martiniquaises (p.25 à 52). OCR NON CONTRÔLE

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/rapport-3886.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3886/

Éditeur(s) : Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls
Résumé : Coastal uses have deeply evolved these last decades and high anthropogenic pressures on coastal ecosystems have affected the sustainability of these areas with respect to the services and the resources they may provide. Traditional fisheries management has failed to avoid overexploitation of most coastal marine resources. Management measures based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) are thus required. Spatial management covers various ranges of properties that may enhance usual regulatory means. If spatial considerations are explicitly integrated in fisheries management, the latter may contribute to zoning design in order to balance the economic, social and biological values of natural marine resources. While traditional fisheries management approaches protect resource based on population numbers, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) protect ecosystem in space. Besides their ecological effects on fish assemblages within its boundaries, MPAs can enhance adjacent artisanal fisheries. MPAs can thus ensure the sustainability of fisheries and at the same time maintain non-fisheries benefits of marine ecosystems to society.
Vie et Milieu (0240-8759) (Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls), 2006-12 , Vol. 56 , N. 4 , P. 301-305

Droits : 2007 Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-2598.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2598/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : In the area served by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), which includes 22 Pacific Island countries and territories, anchored FADs have been used since the late 1970s. First introduced from the Philippines, via Hawaii, they were quickly adopted by both industrial and artisanal fisheries sectors : in 1984 more than 600 anchored FADs had been deployed in the region. Since these early days, the development of the technique by the industrial and the artisanal sectors have followed parallel paths with little interaction. In the industrial private sector, companies are funding, deploying and monitoring their own FADs. For some fishing companies, using purse seiners and pole-and-line vessels, from the Solomon Islands or Papua-New-Guinea, these FADs have become a necessity. FAD programmes for small-scale fisheries have been almost exclusively run by the public sector, with technical support from regional and international development agencies and financial assistance from overseas funding agencies. These programmes have had mixed successes : becoming an on-going and essential tool in some places like French Polynesia or Guam; or being momentarily suspended, like in Vanuatu or Tonga, because of the lack of funds, partly due to the scarcity of proven economic return to the fishing communities. This document is an attempt to synthesise the current information on these very diverse situations, including technical, economical and social considerations.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/12669.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : French Polynesia started it's Fish Aggregating Device programme in June 1981 with the positioning of the first buoy offshore of the main island of Tahiti. Since then, 251 structures have been installed throughout the 5 archipelagoes of this French overseas territory. The shape and size of the devices have evolved 8 times over this period, however, a single model has not yet been adopted. Trials are currently underway using lighter structures similar to those found in the Indian Ocean. The anchoring lines have progressively been modified through better knowledge of material and product availability, as well as better understanding of environmental constraints. The programme is entirely financed by the territorial government and managed by the public sector. This ongoing technical assistance, aimed towards the local small-scale coastal fishery, is considered an important factor to maintaining this activity alive. Up until 1997, this economical support policy of outer island populations far from the metropolis central town, along with incidental fishing methods around FADs, have given mitigated results without nevertheless putting into cause this programme. The use of 'drifting handlines' retained at the surface by small indicator floats are one of the contributing factors to the degradation of the anchor lines. It is now commonly accepted that a new fishing strategy must be adopted so that professional coastal fishermen become more aware with regards to an expensive work tool due to local bathymetric conditions, so that fishing effort is increased through the development of better adapted fishing techniques, and finally so that community spirit rules over individualism.Original Abstract: Le programme d'ancrage de DCP en Polynesie francaise a vu le jour en juin 1981 avec l'implantation d'un premier dispositif au large des cotes de Tahiti. Depuis cette date, ce sont 251 structures qui ont ete installees dans les cinq archipels de ce pays d'outre-mer. La forme et la taille des bouees ont evolue huit fois sans etre definitivement arretees a un seul modele et des essais sur des structures legeres de type " Ocean Indien " sont en cours. Les lignes d'ancrage ont fait l'objet de modifications progressives en raison de meilleures connaissances des produits ainsi que des contraintes du milieu environnant. Ce programme est finance en totalite par le territoire de la Polynesie francaise et gere par le secteur public. Il s'adresse a la pecherie artisanale et cotiere qui considere depuis de nombreuses annees cette assistance technique comme un atout indispensable au maintien de son activite. La politique d'engagement de ce soutien economique jusqu'en 1997 aupres des populations d'iles et atolls tres eloignes de la capitale ainsi que l'incidence de la technique de peche la plus repandue autour des DCP ont abouti a des resultats mitiges sans pour autant remettre en cause ce programme. En effet, les lignes a main derivantes et retenues en surface par une petite bouee temoin sont un des principaux facteurs de degradation des lignes d'ancrage. Il est desormais reconnu par tous les intervenants qu'une nouvelle strategie doit etre deployee afin que les pecheurs cotiers professionnels soient mieux responsabilises face a un outil de travail onereux en raison de la bathymetrie environnante, pour que l'effort de peche soit accru par l'utilisation de techniques de peche mieux adaptees, et enfin que l'esprit communautaire prime sur l'individualisme.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/12649.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le cantonnement de pêche est un outil administratif et juridique français employé pour la gestion de la ressource halieutique et la réglementation de la pêche sur un site marin défini. Cet outil a été mis en place à la Martinique (Petites Antilles) en 1999, à la demande des marins-pêcheurs confrontés à la raréfaction des stocks de poissons au sein de la bande côtière. Les autorités compétentes sur le milieu marin ont installé ce dispositif sur huit zones réparties autour de l’île (de la côte Atlantique à la côte Caraïbes). Le cantonnement de pêche reste peu documenté scientifiquement à ce jour, en dehors d’inventaires ichtyologiques réalisés par des scientifiques-biologistes. Il est donc opportun de retracer les étapes de la mise en place de cet outil et d’analyser les premiers résultats et les enjeux.
Cantonment fishing is a French legal and administrative tool used to manage fisheries resources and the regulation of fishing on marine site defined. This tool was developed in Martinique (Lesser Antilles) in 1999, at the request of fishermen facing depletion of fish stocks in the coastal strip. The competent authorities on the marine environment have installed this device on eight areas spread around the island (the Atlantic coast to the Caribbean coast). Cantonment fishing is little scientifically documented to date, apart from fishery surveys conducted by scientists-biologists. It is therefore appropriate to retrace the steps of the development of this tool and analyze the first results and challenges.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6800
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6800

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : More than ten years after its launching, an evaluation of the results of the FADs programme carried on in Reunion Island has been made. Its implementation and its impact on artisanal fishery in Reunion Island have been analysed. This analysis demonstrates that, following a continuously ascending phase, the production of fish caught on fads has reached a plateau. Parallel to the FAD-associated fishery, the longline fishery has developed since 1991. This type of fishery includes production units whose operating zone is bordering the FAD installation area. Analysing the evolution of the small longliner sector is based on general activity indicators (number of ships, production, fish selling prices). Besides, a synthesis of the interactions between those two types of fisheries, whether in terms of exploited resources, space conflicts, fishing population or market, has been effected. Judging from the complementary and antagonistic natures of the two fisheries identified above and given their evolution, the future of the FADs programme is pending. Have the fads just been a step in the evolution of the Reunion fishing system or have they modified it on a long-term basis?

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/12640.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/

Éditeur(s) : Edp Sciences S A
Résumé : It is estimated that fish aggregating devices (FADs) are now used for over 40% of world tropical tuna catches, making this technique a major phenomenon for high seas fisheries worldwide, and one that has experienced great expansion over the past three decades. The question of whether the FAD is a good or a bad tool for the exploitation of marine resources depends on many parameters. To respond to this question, it is necessary to distinguish different scales of exploitation (artisanal vs. industrial) and various types of FADs (anchored vs. drifting), but it is also very important to gather more data and conduct further research on this topic to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon and of its impacts. As such, twelve years after the first international conference devoted to FADs, which was held in Martinique (French West Indies), a new multi-scalar global assessment of FAD fisheries development and a review of the progress of research in this field was deemed vital. The latest international conference, "Tuna Fisheries and Fish Aggregating Devices", was held in Tahiti in November 2011, and it was an event that welcomed nearly 150 conference attendees from 40 different countries, three ocean regions, and the Mediterranean. This is an analysis of the relevant literature gathered by the author in the bibliographic database FADBASE. Then, the major issues already addressed by the scientific community are set out, and gaps and research priorities are highlighted for anchored and drifting FADs management.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (Edp Sciences S A), 2013-01 , Vol. 26 , N. 1 , P. 25-35

Droits : EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00137/24835/22915.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr/2013043
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00137/24835/