Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The Corinth Rift is the most seismically active zone in Europe. Since the year 2000, the Corinth Rift Laboratory (CRL, http://crlab.eu) consisting in a multidisciplinary natural observatory, aims at understanding the mechanics of faulting and earthquake nucleation in the Rift. Recent studies have improved our view about fault geometry and mechanics within CRL but there is still a critical need for a better knowledge of the structure at depth.In this project, we aim to analyze the complete seismological database (13 years of recordings) of CRL by using recently developed methodologies of structural imaging in order to determine, with high resolution, the local 3D structure and the earthquake locations. We perform an iterative joint determination of 3D velocity model and earthquake coordinates. P and S velocity models are estimated through a first arrival traveltime tomography by using the adjoint state method proposed by Taillandier et al. (2009). It consists in the minimization of the cost function between observed and theoretical arrival times,which is achieved by estimating the gradient of the cost function. Earthquake locations are also estimated with a linearized inversion approach by computing the gradient of the misfit function. Iterations are repeated until the cost function no longer decreases. We present preliminary results consisting in: (1) the adjustment of a 1D velocity model that is used as initial model of the 3D tomography and (2) a first attempt of the joint determination of 3D velocity model and earthquake locations.We also perform a preliminary receiver function analysis of teleseismic data recorded by the broadband stations of the CRL network. The multiscale approach (Gesret et. al., 2010) analysis of teleseismic P to S converted waves allows to analyze the signal toward the higher frequencies and thus to characterize the structure at depth with a high resolution. Our multiscale approach should give us reliable depth of interfaces beneath seismometers in the CRL area. In this first attempt, we adjust the 1D velocity model that produces a synthetic RF as similar as possible to the stack of observed RF for a subset of data. The identified interfaces could then be compared with heterogeneities imaged by the tomography.
AGU Fall Meeting
San Fransico, United States

hal-01417184
https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01417184

Éditeur(s) : XXXIII International Symposium on New Species for Mediterranean Aquaculture, Alghero, 22-24 Avril 1998
Résumé : Mediterranean aquaculture development is now at a crossroads. The production of seabass and seabream has been increasing at a smart and constant pace for the last ten years. Nevertheless, it is still far behind the Northern European salmonid industry in terms of level of production, reduction of production costs and market internationalisation. Meanwhile, an in depth transformation of market conditions is ongoing in Europe which remains the main target market for Mediterranean aquaculture products. The most important issues are the soaring role of supermarkets in the distribution chain, the development of new processing techniques like pre-packed fresh fish, the growing importance of catering and the evolution of the consumer behaviour. Seafood consumer behaviour results from contradictory attitudes such as scrutiny of products' origin and farming process, research of the best value for money, desire of social image and need for easy to store and ready to cook fish. As in any other seafood industry, product differentiation has become a pre-requisite to fit consumer's demand and reach new consumers thanks to market segmentation. From a theoretical point of view, two kinds of differentiation have to be taken into account: horizontal differentiation basedon the diversity of presentations of the same quality and vertical differentiation based on a hierarchy of quality. Examining precedents in the poultry industry and salmonid industry make it possible to assess the potential role new species may play in product differentiation. In the case of Mediterranean aquaculture, an analysis of the market structure for fresh fish in France, Italy and Greece reveals two different ways of product differentiation: new well known species with a good image for connoisseur markets and standard quality fish provided by species with high growth potential for the mass market. In any case, particular attention has to be given to reputation, long term production costs and capacity to provide a large range of products. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1998/acte-4008.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4008/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Given the clinical success of commercial amphotericin B lipid products, investigators have begun making generic formulations of liposomal amphotericin B. Generic medicines are an attractive approach to help decrease the cost and accessibility to healthcare, provided that appropriate studies are performed to ensure bioequivalence with the parent product. This is of particular concern for liposomal drugs such as amphotericin B where liposomes are used as a carrier system to reduce the toxicity of the active agent. A favorable therapeutic profile for this form of the drug has to include the proper chemical composition along with strictly controlled manufacturing processes. Studies have shown that a comparison of liposomal amphotericin B products with different or the same chemical compositions, using different methods of production, will vary in size, and have significantly dissimilar in vitro and in vivo toxicities along with reduced efficacy. These results underscore the importance of establishing appropriate bioequivalence testing for liposome products to ensure uniformity of their therapeutic index
Medical Mycology

hal-01259233
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01259233
DOI : 10.1093/mmy/myv111
PUBMED : 26768369

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is a non-bacterial seafood poisoning well characterized in the remote archipelagos of French Polynesia, yet poorly documented in the Society archipelago, most notably on Moorea, the second most populated island in French Polynesia, which counts a high proportion of fishermen fishing on a regular basis. To address this knowledge gap, a holistic study of the ciguatera issue was conducted on Moorea. First, ciguatera risk was analysed in terms of incidence rate, fish species most commonly involved and risk stratification in Moorea lagoon based on 2007–2013 epidemiological data. A mean incidence rate of 8 cases per 10,000 inhabitants for the study period and an average under-reporting rate of 54% were found. Taking into account hospitalization and medication fees, and loss of productive days, the health-related costs due to CFP were estimated to be USD $1613 and $749 for each reported and unreported case, respectively, with an overall cost of USD $241,847 for the study period. Comparison of the present status of CFP on Moorea with a risk map established in the late 1970’s showed that the spatial distribution of the risk has stayed relatively stable in time, with the north shore of the island remaining the most prone to ciguatera. Evaluation of the current knowledge on CFP among different populations groups, i.e. fishermen, residents and visitors, was also conducted through direct and indirect interviews. About half of the fishermen interviewed were actually able to identify risky fishing areas. While, overall, the CFP risk perception in the fishing community of Moorea seemed accurate, although not scientifically complete, it was sufficient for the safe practice of their fishing activities. This may be due in part to adaptive responses adopted by 36% of the fishermen interviewed, such as the avoidance of either high-risk fishing sites or toxic species. At the residents and visitors’ level, the study points out a striking lack of awareness of the CFP issue among visitors, as compared to local residents. Indeed, less than 25% of Moorea visitors vs. an average of 98% in residents were aware of CFP or of its presence on the island. Interestingly, evaluation of the fish consumption preferences showed that 70% of visitors do not consume lagoon fish during their stay, not for fear of CFP, but mainly due to the lack of availability of these species in recreational facilities or because they have nutritional preference for pelagic fish. This lack of awareness, along with the report by several CFP patients of the consumption of fish species yet banned for sale, stress the need for improved communication efforts on this critical issue among both residents and visitors on Moorea. The implementation of a public outreach strategy is proposed, based on both existing information networks and low-cost communication actions through information displays at various strategic locations, e.g. Tahiti-Faa’a international airport, the ferry boat station, recreational facilities, as well as the major trading points on Moorea Island.
ISSN: 1568-9883

hal-01391648
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01391648
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2016.10.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The identification and economic valuation of ecosystem services (ES) are becoming important components of coral reef management. In many contexts, protection of human assets against coastal floods is one of the most important ES provided by coral reefs. The methods utilized to characterize this ES should be able to accommodate situations with low data availability, without sacrificing robustness. In this paper, we suggest such an approach that utilizes expert opinion and does not require copious amounts of data. Our primary objective is to find a balance between simple and complex models that can be used in a data scarce environment, to produce an economic valuation of the coral reef ES of protection against coastal floods. The approach has three steps: (i) identify geographic zones and assets at risk, (ii) identify the contributing role of coral reefs in the protection of coasts and, (iii) value the annual repair costs of assets through the avoided damage cost approach. The proposed method seems appropriate for advocacy with policy makers, but appears to be less effective for small scale approaches, such as those required for Payment for ES negotiations or marine spatial planning.
Ecosystem Services

hal-01359394
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359394
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.005

Résumé : Marine capture fisheries in Jamaica is primarily artisanal in nature ansd is conducted maiinly by fishermen operating from canoes. Approximately 95% of these fishermen operate on the coastal shelf and its associated banks. The commercial species harvested comprise bottom-dwelling, coral reef species and free swimming species of finfish. Other fishery resources of commercial value include marine shrimp, conch and lobsters. Catch statistics are not available for all species, but the Department of Fisheries reports a slight decline in fishery production with production decreasing from 16 milion lbs in 1990, despite the fact that fishing efforts have doubled. Over this period the number of registered fishermen has grown from 12 000 to 16 000, al of whom are engaged in full-time fishing. There arealso part-time fishermen who are not registered. The decline in fish catch is accompanied by a decrease in fish size and quality, suggesting that the fisheries are under pressure and have already exceeded optimum production in relation to vailable resources. As a result the economic returns to fishermen are declining. There are also other problems, such as high incidence of conflicts among fishermen at sea, the high cost of purchasing boats, outboard engine fuel, and equipment, with together with the dangers involved in fishing offshore (piracy, and praedial larceny) create serious social ans economic difficulties for fishermen. Notwithstanding, there is an apparent move on the part of the fishermen to leave the industryor to seek alternative forms of employment. In fact, the Department ofFisheries reports that it is still reciving applications for new licences to operate fishing boats. This is probably due to the fact that where the basis of a community is fishing, it becomes difficult to introduce alternative forms of employment, such as cottage industries, village crafts and other trades. In 1987 the Jamaica Department of Fisheries prepared a Management plan which proposed several conservation measures to promote the efficient use of fisheries resources and to control the development of the Fishery in such a way that the country would receive highest benefits. Adequate attention was given to limitations on fishing gear, institution of closed seasons and related legislation. Strategies to diversify the marine fishing were also proposed. The 1990 five year Devlopment Plan for marine fisheries also focuses on proper resource management in order to reverse trends associated with the overexploitation of marine resources. According to the plan, emphasis will be placed on inland fisheries and mariculture in order to reduce pressure on the fisheries. Inland fisheries in the form of freshwater fish fanning has expanded significantly over the past 10 years with production increasing from less than 0,5 million lbs. in 1980 to in excess of 6.0 million lbs. in 1989. However, some freshwater fish farmers are already experiencing serious competition for water usage and, to a lesser extent for land from crop-producing farmers. The Ministry of Agriculture is of the view that marine cage culture technologically has the potential for introduction in Jamaica . This technologyhas been successfully developed in Norway and the technology is currentlty being experimentally utilized in several countries in the area. The technology, if widely utilized in Jamaica, couls significantly reduce pressure on fisheries, making fishing more cost effective and improve the economic returns to fishermen. Already there exist some technical and institutional capabilities in Jamaica to support commercial development of marine cage culture. The Department of Fisheries has highly trained personnel in aquaculture and marine fisherie, some of whom are directly responsible for the success of freshwater fish fanning. In adition, the Marine Laboratory at the Univesity of the West Indies (UWI) is caarying research on hatchery facilities for marine cage farming. The Department of Fisheries will seek the collaboration ofg the marine unit at UWI which could provide fingerlings of selected marine species for cage 1
Les pêcheries de captage marin en Jamaïque sont principalement de nature artisanale et elles sont dirigées principalement par les pêcheurs qui travaillent depuis des canoës. Environ 95 % de ces pêcheurs travaillent sur la plaine côtière et ses bancs associés. Les espèces commerciales récoltées comprennent les espèces benthiques, les espèces de corail et les espèces de poisson marin de nage libre. D'autres ressources de pêcheries de valeur commerciale comprennent la crevette, la conque et le homard. Les statistiques des pêches ne sont pas disponibles pour toutes les espèces, mais le Département des Pêcheries fait état d'une légère réduction de production de pêcheries, la production se réduisant de 16 millions de livres en 1990, en dépit du fait que les efforts de la pêche ont doublé. Sur cette période le nombre de pêcheurs inscrits a augmenté de 12 000 à 16 000, dont tous sont occupés à plein temps à la pêche. Il y a aussi des pêcheurs à mi-temps qui ne sont pas inscrits. La réduction des pêches est accompagnée d'une réduction de la taille et la qualité des poissons, ce qui implique que les pêcheries sont sous pression et qu'elles ont déjà dépassé la production optimum par rapport aux ressources disponibles. En conséquence, les rendements pour les pêcheurs sont en baisse. Il y a aussi d'autres problèmes, tels qu'un taux élevé de conflits entre les pêcheurs en mer, le coût élevé pour acheter les bateaux, le combustible pour les moteurs hors-bord, et le matériel, ainsi que les dangers impliqués dans la pêche offshore (le piratage, et le vol prédial) ont créé de graves problèmes sociaux et économiques pour les pêcheurs. Néanmoins, il y a une tendance évidente chez les pêcheurs de quitter l'industrie ou de chercher du travail dans d'autres domaines. En fait, le Département des Pêcheries signale qu'il continue de recevoir des demandes de nouveaux permis pour opérer les bateaux de pêche. Ceci est probablement attribuable au fait que là où la base d'une communauté est la pêche, il est difficile d'y introduire des formes alternatives de travail, telles que l'industrie artisanale, l'artisanat de village ou d'autres métiers. Le Département des Pêcheries de la Jamaïque a préparé en 1987 un Projet de gestion qui proposait plusieurs mesures de conservation afin d'encourager l'utilisation efficace des ressources des pêcheries et de contrôler le développement de la Pêcherie de manière que le pays touche le plus de bénéfices. Une attention adéquate a été prêtée aux limitations sur les engins de la pêche, l'établissement de saisons de clôture et les législations associées. Des stratégies pour diversifier la pêche marine ont aussi été proposées. Le Plan de développement quinquennal de 1990 pour les pêcheries marines met l'accent aussi sur la gestion de ressources appropriée afin de faire reculer les tendances associées à la surexploitation des ressources marines. Selon le plan, l'accent sera mis sur les pêcheries intérieures et la mariculture afin de réduire la pression sur les pêcheries. Les pêcheries intérieures, sous la forme de l'élevage de poissons en eau douce, ont pris leur essor sur les 10 dernières années avec une production qui s'est élevée de moins de 0,5 millions de livres en 1980 pour atteindre en 1989 plus de 6.0 millions de livres. Cependant, certains pisciculteurs en eau douce expérimentent déjà une concurrence sérieuse avec les agriculteurs pour l'usage de l'eau et, dans une moindre mesure, de la terre. Le Ministère de l'Agriculture est de l'avis que l'élevage en cage marine a technologiquement le potentiel d'être introduit en Jamaïque. La technologie a été développée avec réussite en Norvège et plusieurs pays dans la région utilisent actuellement la technologie expérimentalement. La technologie, si elle était utilisée en Jamaïque, pourrait réduire de façon significative la pression sur les pêcheries, ce qui rendrait la pêche plus économique et améliorerait les rendements aux pêcheurs. Certaines capacités techniques et institutionnelles existent déjà en Jamaïque qui pourraient soutenir le développement de l'élevage en cage marine. Le Département des Pêcheries a un personnel bien formé en aquaculture et pêcherie marine, dont certains qui sont directement responsables du succès de la pisciculture en eau douce. Par ailleurs, le Laboratoire Marin à l'Université des Antilles (UWI) mène des recherches sur les installations d'écloseries pour l'élevage en cage marine. Le Département des Pêcheries demandera la collaboration de l'unité marine à l'UWI qui pourra fournir des saumoneaux d'espèces marines sélectionnées pour la cage 1.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1993/rapport-1918.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1918/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Two major findings emerge from the theoretical analysis of Transport-Tourism link via a game theory type model of capacity coordination. Firstly the model explains the optimal capacities ratio of Transport and Tourism by the quotient of the ratio of tourism type (ratio of the length of stay in the destination and of transport duration) divided by the installation costs ratio (of transport and tourism).The corollary of this first finding gives the second outcome: The optimal transport and Tourism profit ratio is the product of the ratio of the type of tourism by the index of overcapacity conditions (a non linear combination of installation costs, and durations). From these results, it follows an interpretive grid that allows, according to tourism types, firstly to identify the optimal overcapacities by the difference between installation costs; and secondly the equilibrium ratio of profits according to the overcapacity direction and the tourism types.
Deux résultats ressortent de l’analyse théorique du lien Transport-tourisme via un modèle de coordination des capacités : l’expression et les déterminants des capacités et des profits optimaux relatifs du Transport et du Tourisme. L’article démontre que le rapport des capacités optimales de transport et de tourisme dépend du ratio comparatif de leurs coûts d’installation à celui inversé de leur poids relatif. Ce premier résultat a pour corollaire le second : le rapport d’équilibre des profits est le produit des indicateurs du type de tourisme (le ration des temps respectifs dans le transport et dans la destination) de la destination par celui identifiant les conditions de surcapacité relative. De ces résultats généraux, il suit une grille d’interprétation qui permet d’identifier d’abord le rapport optimal des capacités selon l’écart entre les coûts d’installation et le type de tourisme ; et ensuite le rapport d’équilibre des profits selon les sens des surcapacités relatives et le types de tourisme.
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01265818

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01265818
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01265818
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01265818/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01265818/file/TRANP-TOUR.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques. Ifremer. Brest [ACTES COLLOQ. IFREMER.]. 1985
Résumé : SATMAR has developed techniques and methods allowing a production of over 100 million spat per year at a size from 2 to 10 millimetres. Among the 13 species concerned by this production, 3 of major importance are the oysters Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea edulis and the Japanese little neck clam, Ruditapes philippinarum . The hatchery production could easily be doubled if the market would increase. Current research tend to increase the quality of the products by means of genetics and to lower the costs by improving the nursery phase.
La Société Atlantique de Mariculture a développé des techniques et des méthodes permettant la production annuelle de plus de l00 millions de naissains d'une taille de 2 à 10 millimètres. Parmi les 13 espèces concernées par ces productions les 3 principales sont les huîtres Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea edulis, et la palourde du Pacifique, Ruditapes philippinarum. La production de l'écloserie pourrait facilement doubler si le marchess développait. Les recherches actuelles portent sur l'amélioration de la qualité des produits par la sélection génétique et un abaissement du prix de revient par l'optimisation des performances au niveau de la phase nurserie.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1983/acte-1184.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1184/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
The Caribbean Sea is emblematic of the cruise, it is known for its international routes, scenic postcards touting the charms of the region. The analysis of the cruise industry will highlight some limits and contradictions of current development patterns. The product "cruise" has evolved considerably. It’s now the cruise ship itself (temple of consumption and enclave floating) that became the object of the Cruise, the “Destination” of the cruise line.The cruise is part of mass tourism. It’s characterized by its huge boats, rationalization and cost optimization in the context of a market increasingly globalized capital. All data that must be analyzed to understand recent developments in the cruise and repeated challenges to the host territories.
El Mar Caribe es un emblema de la travesía. Esta conocido por sus rutas internacionales, postales escénicas explicando en detalle los encantos de la región. El análisis de la industria de los cruceros pondrán de relieve algunos límites y contradicciones de los patrones actuales de desarrollo. El producto "crucero" ha evolucionado considerablemente. Ahora es el crucero en sí (el templo del consumo y el enclave flotante) que se convirtió en el objeto del Crucero, el Destino "de la línea de cruceros. El crucero es parte del turismo de masas. Se caracteriza por sus grandes barcos, la racionalización y optimización de costes en el contexto de un mercado de capitales cada vez más globalizado. Todos los datos que se deben analizar para comprender la evolución reciente en el crucero y constantes desafíos a los territorios de acogida.
La mer des Caraïbes est un espace emblématique de la croisière. Au-delà de la réputation mondiale de ses destinations, des cartes postales qui vantent les charmes de la région, l’analyse de l’industrie de la croisière permet de souligner certaines limites et contradictions des modalités de développement actuelles. Le produit « croisière » a considérablement évolué : désormais c’est le paquebot en lui-même (temple de la consommation et enclave flottante) qui est devenu la destination du croisiériste. Ouverture au tourisme de masse, gigantisme des bateaux, rationalisation et optimisation des coûts dans le cadre d’un marché de plus en plus globalisé et capitalistique sont autant de données qui doivent être analysées pour comprendre l’évolution récente de la croisière et les défis renouvelés pour les territoires d’accueil.
ISSN: 1779-0980

hal-01624772
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01624772
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3843

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
In this study, we propose to analyze the limits of mass tourism in the French Antilles, specifically the decline of tourism, economic limits, and ecological degradation). The recognition of these limits is overdue, and signals a need to define another model for tourism development.The popular coastal sector in the south of Martinique has been subject new regulations to protect marine resources. These regulations require the development of new practices and a greater level of awareness for tourists, for example, around coral reefs and mangroves. Ecotourism programs aim to demonstrate to visitors the forests rich natural resources and biodiversity in general. It also features the inclusion of small rural businesses that benefit from additional sources of revenue as a result of ecotourism.The situation in the French Antilles is complex: Urbanization is fraught with serious consequences for the coastline. Tourism products currently being marketed on the island are not competitive (particularly against the political dynamics of the neighbouring island of Dominica). Ecotourism and sustainable tourism are just beginning to develop in such destinations, where tourism has been declining in the last ten years. The situation of the French Antilles is paradoxical in a region that generally has a very favourable tourism. Assessing these limits through the scope of ecotourism helps to highlight the causes of these difficulties and to adapting to new tourism practices.
En el contexto de este estudio, nos proponemos analizar los límites del turismo de masas en las Antillas Francesas (depreciación del turismo, las limitaciones económicas, ecológicas y las molestias). Este reconocimiento de esos límites está en el origen de la conciencia tardía de la necesidad de definir otro modelo de desarrollo turístico.En el sector costero de la más popular, como en el sur de Martinica, se pone en la normativa nuevo lugar para proteger los recursos marinos. Esto requiere el desarrollo de nuevas prácticas y la sensibilización de los turistas, por ejemplo, alrededor de los arrecifes de coral y los manglares.Programas en torno al ecoturismo también tienen como objetivo dar al visitante la riqueza de los recursos forestales y la biodiversidad en general. También incluye las pequeñas empresas rurales que reciben los nuevos ingresos a través del turismo.Pero la situación es compleja en las Antillas francesas: la urbanización está llena de importantes consecuencias para la costa. Productos turísticos que se comercializan actualmente no son competitivos (en particular, contra la dinámica política de la cercana isla de Dominica). Ecoturismo y desarrollo sostenible están empezando a desarrollar en este destino turístico, donde el turismo está en problemas en los últimos diez años.Esta situación es bastante paradójico en un turismo regional muy favorable. Sin lugar a dudas, pensando en el ecoturismo contribuye a identificar los destinos de estos retrasos y dificultades para adaptarse a nuevas prácticas de turismo.
Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’accent est mis sur les limites du tourisme de masse dans les Antilles françaises (dépréciation du tourisme, les contraintes économiques et les nuisances écologiques). La reconnaissance de ces limites est à l'origine de la prise de conscience tardive de la nécessité de définir un autre modèle de développement touristique.Dans le sud de la Martinique, le secteur le plus populaire du littoral, de nouvelles règlementations sont mises en place pour protéger les ressources marines. Cela nécessite le développement de nouvelles pratiques et de sensibilisation des touristes notamment autour des récifs coralliens et les mangroves. Les programmes autour de l'écotourisme visent également à montrer aux visiteurs la richesse des ressources forestières et de la biodiversité en général. Il comprend également les petites entreprises rurales qui reçoivent de nouveaux revenus grâce au tourisme.La situation est complexe dans les Antilles françaises: l'urbanisation est lourde de conséquences importantes sur la côte. Les produits touristiques commercialisés actuellement ne sont pas compétitifs (notamment contre la dynamique politique de l'île voisine de la Dominique). L'écotourisme et le tourisme durable commencent tout juste à se développer dans ces destinations où le tourisme classique est en difficulté depuis une dizaine d’années ; situation assez paradoxale au regard du dynamisme de ce secteur d’activité dans la région.
ISSN: 1779-0980

hal-01624756
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01624756
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5262

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since 1980 a programme of Fish Aggregation Device (fad) deployment has been carried out in the Cook Islands. Government has deployed all fads between 1 to 3 nautical miles from shore at depths ranging from 800 to 1,600 metres. The fads have undergone various designs with varying degrees of success. The average fad lifespan during the early 1980s was nine months; however, it increased to 18 months, with some fads in operation in excess of 30 months. Each fad cost between nz$ 7,000 and nz$ 9,000 to build and deploy. Since their introduction, fad have been widely accepted as a very effective apparatus in coastal small-scale fishing activities, specifically for pelagic species. Judging by the progressive behaviour of local fishing communities, there is sufficient reason to believe that fads have created productive fishing zones for Cook Islands fishermen to enable them to supply the ever-increasing local market for fresh fish. fads are an integral part of local fishing communities and provide a reasonable form of income to the increasing fishing community.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15323/12654.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15323/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is the main industrial cellulolytic enzyme producer. Several strains have been developed in the past using random mutagenesis, and despite impressive performance enhancements, the pressure for low-cost cellulases has stimulated continuous research in the field. In this context, comparative study of the lower and higher producer strains obtained through random mutagenesis using systems biology tools (genome and transcriptome sequencing) can shed light on the mechanisms of cellulase production and help identify genes linked to performance. Previously, our group published comparative genome sequencing of the lower and higher producer strains NG 14 and RUT C30. In this follow-up work, we examine how these mutations affect phenotype as regards the transcriptome and cultivation behaviour. Results: We performed kinetic transcriptome analysis of the NG 14 and RUT C30 strains of early enzyme production induced by lactose using bioreactor cultivations close to an industrial cultivation regime. RUT C30 exhibited both earlier onset of protein production (3 h) and higher steady-state productivity. A rather small number of genes compared to previous studies were regulated (568), most of them being specific to the NG 14 strain (319). Clustering analysis highlighted similar behaviour for some functional categories and allowed us to distinguish between induction-related genes and productivity-related genes. Cross-comparison of our transcriptome data with previously identified mutations revealed that most genes from our dataset have not been mutated. Interestingly, the few mutated genes belong to the same clusters, suggesting that these clusters contain genes playing a role in strain performance. Conclusions: This is the first kinetic analysis of a transcriptomic study carried out under conditions approaching industrial ones with two related strains of T. reesei showing distinctive cultivation behaviour. Our study sheds some light on some of the events occurring in these strains following induction by lactose. The fact that few regulated genes have been affected by mutagenesis suggests that the induction mechanism is essentially intact compared to that for the wild-type isolate QM6a and might be engineered for further improvement of T. reesei. Genes from two specific clusters might be potential targets for such genetic engineering.
ISSN: 1754-6834

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01112360
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01112360
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01112360/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01112360/file/Poggi-Parodi_2014_Kinetic.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s13068-014-0173-z

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le tourisme est souvent présenté comme l’un des instruments d’un développement durable, même s’il connaît une expansion difficilement maîtrisable, au détriment du patrimoine environnemental, insulaire et littoral en particulier, comme dans les DOM-TOM.Le tourisme a des impacts, culturels et sociaux notamment, sur l’environnement. Les ressources du patrimoine alimentent de leur côté la demande et l’offre touristiques. Un tourisme assis sur une gestion ad hoc des ressources du patrimoine constitue un facteur puissant de durabilité du développement local. La soumission de l’activité touristique aux exigences de protection, de conservation et de gestion reproductible de la biodiversité et du patrimoine naturel, dans les aires protégées de la Caraïbe française en particulier, génère des approches, des stratégies et des comportements nouveaux. La démarche écotouristique appelle une gestion participative et intégrée des ressources et des espaces, et constitue un défi pour les opérateurs du tourisme comme pour les acteurs de l’environnement, et une opportunité de « réappropriation » de leur milieu de vie par les populations locales. Il faut alors en clarifier le concept et les implications ; puis en analyser les objectifs et les enjeux dans une perspective de développement durable.
Tourism often appears as one a tool for a sustainable development, even if it is not easy to control, in the détriment of island and costal environment heritage, as in French overseas regions. Besides the cultural and social impacts of tourism upon environment, the heritage resources nuture the touristic request and offer. If based on an appropriate management of those resources, it may be a strong incentive for local sustainable development. The respect of protection, conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity and natural resources by tourism, especially in the overseas regions of French West Indies, produces new approaches, strategies and behaviours. The ecotourism approach, calling for a joint and integrated management of resources and areas, is a challenge for tour operators as for environment actors, and brings local population an opportunity to reappropriate their life environment. Its concept and implications must then be clarified, before analysing its aims and stakes regarding sustainable development
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3560
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3560

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
In mutualisms, each interacting species obtains resources from its partner that it would obtain less efficiently if alone, and so derives a net fitness benefit. In exchange for shelter (domatia) and food, mutualistic plant-ants protect their host myrmecophytes from herbivores, encroaching vines and fungal pathogens. Although selective filters enable myrmecophytes to host those ant species most favorable to their fitness, some insects can by-pass these filters, exploiting the rewards supplied whilst providing nothing in return. This is the case in French Guiana for Cecropia obtusa (Cecropiaceae) as Pseudocabima guianalis caterpillars (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) can colonize saplings before the installation of their mutualistic Azteca ants. The caterpillars shelter in the domatia and feed on food bodies (FBs) whose production increases as a result. They delay colonization by ants by weaving a silk shield above the youngest trichilium, where the FBs are produced, blocking access to them. This probable temporal priority effect also allows female moths to lay new eggs on trees that already shelter caterpillars, and so to occupy the niche longer and exploit Cecropia resources before colonization by ants. However, once incipient ant colonies are able to develop, they prevent further colonization by the caterpillars. Although no higher herbivory rates were noted, these caterpillars are ineffective in protecting their host trees from a pathogenic fungus, Fusarium moniliforme (Deuteromycetes), that develops on the trichilium in the absence of mutualistic ants. Therefore, the Cecropia treelets can be parasitized by two often overlooked species: the caterpillars that shelter in the domatia and feed on FBs, delaying colonization by mutualistic ants, and the fungal pathogen that develops on old trichilia. The cost of greater FB production plus the presence of the pathogenic fungus likely affect tree growth.
PLoS ONE

hal-00912399
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00912399
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00912399/document
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0020538
OATAO : 10156

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : El turismo náutico se concibe como un segmento estratégico para el desarrollo turístico de España y sus destinos costeros. En Canarias existe una apuesta pública por la especialización del Archipiélago y su reposicionamiento como destino líder europeo de escala en el Atlántico, por las múltiples cualidades naturales que posee la región para el deporte náutico, y su posición geográfica estratégica en el cruce desde Europa hacia el Caribe. Así, se viene planteando una renovación y desarrollo del sector de la náutica de recreo y el turismo de yates, con estrategias enfocadas a la diversificación y el crecimiento. Los altos costes sociales y medioambientales asociados a este tipo de desarrollo justifican la necesidad de una mayor atención académica, que permita comprender las particularidades y complejidades de la actividad y este mercado turístico. En la misma medida en que esta actividad es vista como un factor de riesgo para el medioambiente, la comunidad local y la franja litoral, también son crecientes las preocupaciones y sensibilidad por parte de los turistas hacia estos fenómenos. Dada la carencia de investigaciones en el área, este estudio se propone identificar los determinantes de la satisfacción de los navegantes europeos con los puertos de escala de Canarias. Como resultado de encuestar a 185 navegantes europeos durante su escala en seis puertos deportivos del archipiélago en 2014 y 2015, y la validación de un sistema de ecuaciones estructurales, se ha podido demostrar, entre otros aspectos, que existe una predilección en el mercado de navegantes europeos por presenciar esfuerzos y políticas de gestión ambiental sostenible en las marinas, siendo éste un factor determinante de su satisfacción. Los hallazgos permiten elaborar una serie de recomendaciones a gestores y operadores turísticos del sector, en aras de contribuir al diseño de estrategias que garanticen un desarrollo más sostenible y razonable de la actividad, basados en el efecto positivo que producen estas estrategias en la demanda, y el potencial valor de diferenciación turística que otorga, en el entorno competitivo del sector.
The nautical activiity has great potential for the socio-economic development of tourism. In Spain, the sector is a priority concern, especially for the Canary Islands, which show a clear commitment to specialise and reposition the destination as a top quality nautical destination on a European level. These aspects, together with the prior experience and tradition these islands have as a stopover destination for vessels in the Atlantic, when crossing Europe towards the Caribbean, represent strengths that have not yet been taken advantage of in the archipelago’s attempt to move away from its image as a traditional sun and beach destination. The Governmental Authorities in the Canary Islands have clear strategies in place to promote the yachting tourism growth. However, renewing the sector is believed to be a difficult process because of the large number of factors that interact within the same. This is a phenomenon of sufficient social and environmental significance to justify academic attention. This research analyses therefore the determinants of the European yachtsmen´s satisfaction with the ports of call of the Canary Islands. Data results of questioning 185 European yachtsmen crossing the Atlantic during 2014 and 2015 reveal that, among other aspects, proper environmental management of marinas leads to an increasing yachtsmen´s satisfaction. The findings provide the opportunity for developing recommendations for tourism managers and practitioners, in the attempt to contribute to a more sustainable and reasoned development and growth in the sector. Based on the current preferences of the European market of yachtsmen, it is possible to assure that environmental and social responsibility policies are a key differentiation factor for the competitiveness of the sector.
Canaries

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10584
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10584

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
During the treatment process of drinking water, disinfectants (chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide) react on water containing organic matter and bromide to produce disinfection by-products at trace levels. Among them, five of the nine existing halo-acetic acids (HAAs) are commonly found in drinking water (monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)), including four classified in the 2B IARC group of potential carcinogens (BCAA, DBAA, DCAA, TCAA). With respect to drinking water quality, guidelines are proposed by WHO (2006) and water quality standards are imposed in many countries such as less than 100 μg/L for the sum of the five HAAs by US EPA (1998) and Canadian Health Department (2008). For this purpose, two analytical methods are commonly used, GC/MS with derivatization and LC/MS, UV or conductivity. A new method, based on two-dimensional ion chromatography (IC 2D) with suppressed conductivity is proposed. This method presents the main advantage of offering a quick implementation compared to GC or LC methods: direct injection, slight maintenance, lower cost of investment, by leading to good performances (specificity and sensitivity). The use of two different selectivity columns, and the fractionation on the first dimension canceling interferences, improves the specificity. The sensitivity is enabled by interfacing a preconcentration column between the two different internal diameter columns. The analytical conditions are optimized for the analysis of nine HAAs. The performances of the method are evaluated. The optimized method applied to natural water samples demonstrates its ability to quantify HAAs at trace levels in drinking water.
Microchemical Journal

hal-00877151
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877151
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877151/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.microc.2013.07.012

Éditeur(s) : 3e Rencontres Scientifiques Internationales du contrat de baie de la rade de Brest. Brest 14-16 mars 1995
Résumé : Aquaculture production of scallop has been identified by a series of technical operations during the past ten years programme under a partnership involving the fishermen organizations with regional and national grants. 3 million juveniles have been produced annually, giving a potential recapture by fishing of 100 to 120 tonnes 3 years later. Results in terms of technical and economical approach have pointed out the principal unknown factors responsable for high costs. 7he pilot programme aims to increase the production to reach a level of 5 million juveniles to support the fishery of the rade de Brest and induce new management of the resources. Two priorities were selected, control of the reproduction in the hatchery to obtain reliable larval and postlarval rearing during a larger period of the year, mainly during summer, and improvement of survival rate of the juveniles by minimizing stress when manipulating the animals. But biological and ecological mechanisms are still poorly understoodfor scallop and generally bibvalves and the last two years have shown unchanged results. The technical pathways shows interactions between the different steps of the production of juveniles where different teams operate separately. Management of the livestock has to be developed to increase the survival rate by better breeding but also to reduce the loss by adapted and coordinated practices. Recapture results indicate that fishery strategies depend also on the production of juvenile, and could orientate the management of the hatchery.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00044/15494/12860.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00044/15494/

Éditeur(s) : Communication at the IIFET Conference Tromso 1998
Résumé : (not controled OCR) like most other caribbean islands, martinique suffers a reduction in fisheries resources and is now a net importer of seafood products since no major expansion of aquaculture production has been done. nevertheless, this island has numerous assets for marine aquaculture development : tropical clean waters, developed infrastructures and market channels, financial support for research, training and extension due to its tight political and economic connection with france. red drum is a subtropical fish introduced in martinique in 1985 from the south of usa for aquaculture purposes. from 1987 to 1993, ifremer worked on rearing techniques in martiniquan conditions. once the farming techniques were perfected, questions raised about red drum marketing potential and of economic viability of red drum farms in order to attract investments and entrepreneurs. that is the reason why a market analysis and a financial analysis have been carried out. the results of these studies indicate that martiniquan fish farming could be profitable, due to the rapid build-up of the facilities and to the sho rt production cycles. the good quality of infrastructures in martinique, the high purchase power of the population in comparison with most caribbean islands and the frequent air links with europe are important comparative advantages. the market analysis has revealed a good potential on the domestic market thanks to the development of the supermarkets, but has underlined the price constraint. for the french market too, production costs have to be lowered in order to compete on a market dominated by salmon.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1998/acte-2546.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2546/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Association for the Advancement of Science
Résumé : The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone-US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation-is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.
ISSN: 0036-8075

hal-01607784
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01607784
DOI : 10.1126/science.aaf8957
PRODINRA : 389856

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La mer des Caraïbes est un espace emblématique de la croisière. Au-delà de la réputation mondiale de ses destinations, des cartes postales qui vantent les charmes de la région, l’analyse de l’industrie de la croisière permet de souligner certaines limites et contradictions des modalités de développement actuelles. Le produit « croisière » a considérablement évolué : désormais c’est le paquebot en lui-même (temple de la consommation et enclave flottante) qui est devenu la destination du croisiériste. Ouverture au tourisme de masse, gigantisme des bateaux, rationalisation et optimisation des coûts dans le cadre d’un marché de plus en plus globalisé et capitalistique sont autant de données qui doivent être analysées pour comprendre l’évolution récente de la croisière et les défis renouvelés pour les territoires d’accueil.
The Caribbean Sea is emblematic of the cruise, it is known for its international routes, scenic postcards touting the charms of the region. The analysis of the cruise industry will highlight some limits and contradictions of current development patterns. The product "cruise" has evolved considerably. It’s now the cruise ship itself (temple of consumption and enclave floating) that became the object of the Cruise, the “Destination” of the cruise line.The cruise is part of mass tourism. It’s characterized by its huge boats, rationalization and cost optimization in the context of a market increasingly globalized capital. All data that must be analyzed to understand recent developments in the cruise and repeated challenges to the host territories.
El Mar Caribe es un emblema de la travesía. Esta conocido por sus rutas internacionales, postales escénicas explicando en detalle los encantos de la región. El análisis de la industria de los cruceros pondrán de relieve algunos límites y contradicciones de los patrones actuales de desarrollo. El producto "crucero" ha evolucionado considerablemente. Ahora es el crucero en sí (el templo del consumo y el enclave flotante) que se convirtió en el objeto del Crucero, el Destino "de la línea de cruceros. El crucero es parte del turismo de masas. Se caracteriza por sus grandes barcos, la racionalización y optimización de costes en el contexto de un mercado de capitales cada vez más globalizado. Todos los datos que se deben analizar para comprender la evolución reciente en el crucero y constantes desafíos a los territorios de acogida.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3843
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3843