Éditeur(s) : The Royal Society
Résumé : One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines. Mega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences ( fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (0962-8436) (The Royal Society), 2009-07 , Vol. 364 , N. 1526 , P. 1985-1998

Droits : The Royal Society 2009
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6952.pdf
DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6952/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Modelling environmental problems leads to mathematical systems with missing data. For instance, weather problems have generally missing initial conditions. The paper is concerned with identifying pollution terms arising in the state equation of some dissipative system with incomplete initial condition. To this aim the so-called sentinel method is used. Here, the problem of determining a sentinel is equivalent to a null-controllability problem for which Carleman inequalities are revisited.
ISSN: 1270-900X

hal-00720818
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720818
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720818/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720818/file/esaimpr2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Diffuse contamination of surface water by veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) has been poorly studied in intensive breeding context. Recycling animal waste on soil is supported to fertilize crops and reduce utilization of mineral fertilizer but may have some environmental impact by recycling pollutants on soils and transferring pollutants from soils to rivers. Most of pharmaceuticals are consumed indifferently by human and animal, especially antibiotics. This study aims to quantify veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) in superficial water in two agricultural catchments. One is dedicated to the production of drinkable water. Agriculture but also waste water treatment plant may contribute to the contamination of water and it is difficult to distinguish animal versus human source of contamination
1ere conférence internationale sur l’évaluation des risques des résidus de médicament dans l’environnement
Paris, France

insu-01467591
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01467591

Résumé : The consciousness of a necessary international co-operation about the fight against marine pollution is relatively recent. In a first time, the concerned states have contracted, at the universal and regional level, some agreements in a punctual way, to organize this fight. From the 1970th, the United States are going to systematize and rationalize this conventional movement aimed to preserve the marine environnement by the working of a standardizing planning liable to be used in some threatened zones, it is the Activities Programm for the regional seas proceeding from the United States Programm for the Environment. For each regional sea reserved by the Programm ; corresponds a whole appliance contained in an Action Plan. Amid each Action Plan, a juridical appliance is foreseen which enables the riverside states to juridically, institutionally and financially organize their co-operation in touch with the International Organizations of the United States system. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
La prise de conscience d'une nécessaire coopération internationale en matière de lutte contre la pollution marine est relativement récente. Dans un premier temps, les Etats concernés ont contracté de manière ponctuelle des accords au niveau universel et régional pour organiser cette lutte. A partir des années 1970, les Nations Unies vont systématiser et rationaliser ce mouvement conventionnel destiné à préserver l'environnement marin par la mise en oeuvre d'une planification normative susceptible d'être employée dans un certain nombre de zones menacées, il s'agit du Programme d'activités pour les mers régionales découlant du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement. Pour chaque mer régionale retenue par le Programme correspond un dispositif d'ensemble contenu dans un Plan d'Action. Au sein de chaque Plan d'Action est prévu un dispositif juridique qui permet aux Etats riverains d'organiser juridiquement, institutionnellement et financièrement leur coopération en liaison avec les organisations Internationales du système des Nations Unies. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1981/rapport-4800.PDF
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4800/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Isotopes have been widely used for source identification since the early twentieth century. Recent advances in analytical techniques have increased the precision and the accuracy of isotope analysis. As a result, the use of isotopes has spread to several fields (e.g., ecology, food chemistry, archaeology, environmental health and pollution, and forensic sciences). This review examines the principal uses of stable-isotope analyses for tracing origins or sources, along with statistical methods employed for data interpretation, in recent papers (2007―09) dealing essentially with food authentication, ecology, environmental pollution and other applications, including geology, police forensics, hydrology and archaeometry. The main elements analyzed were H, C, N, O, S, Sr and Pb. For isotope-data interpretation, statistical methods appear to depend essentially on the field, the objectives of the study and the number of parameters. They were not often stated explicitly because the studies were exploratory and aimed primarily at assessing the relevance of the analytical techniques used to identify sources. We critically discuss the adequacy of these methods.
ISSN: 0165-9936

hal-00687383
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00687383

Résumé : In the French West Indies islands, the transfer of chlordecone (kepone) from treated grounds towards the marine environment has been proved since the beginning of 2000s. In 2008, a maximal residue limit (MRL) was set at 20 µg / kg wet weight in fish and seafood, and therefore intensified the concern about the risks of high human exposure to the pesticide due to the consumption of contaminated marine products. To answer this concern, several sampling cruises were carried by public authorities and by Ifremer in order to analyze the contamination of the fish fauna around the Guadeloupe island. The data collected within these surveys improved our knowledge on the characteristics of the contamination of fish fauna and allowed to assess the distribution of this contamination in relation with optional geographical plans of the marine area around the Guadeloupe island. Further, this study was completed by an assessment of the fishery activity in areas which are the more exposed to the chlordecone contamination, taking into account data from a fishery observatory which has been set up in the archipelago since 2007. The results allow to precise two main characteristics of distribution of the contamination: its spatial and specific dimensions. About the spatial aspect, contamination of the fish fauna is centred on marine areas which are closely downstream contaminated watersheds. Concerning the marine fauna, two species groups are particularly exposed: the very coastal ones, particularly those living at or close to the mouth of rivers, and crustaceans wherever they live. Among fishes, the most contaminated species belong to many various groups which are present in the very coastal belt, more or less regularly. Lastly, this study provided orders of magnitude on the relative part of the fishery activity around the archipelagos for which the contamination is of great concern.
Aux Antilles, l’existence d’un transfert de la molécule de chlordécone des sols traités vers le milieu marin est avérée depuis le début des années 2000. L’établissement d’une limite maximale de résidus à 20 µg/kg pf pour tous les produits marins en 2008 y a intensifié la préoccupation vis-à-vis des risques d’exposition des populations humaines par les produits de la pêche. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, depuis 2008, plusieurs campagnes d’échantillonnage ont été réalisées par les services de l’Etat (DAAF) et par l’Ifremer pour analyser la contamination de la faune halieutique autour de la Guadeloupe. Les données collectées de 2008 à 2011 par ces plans d’observation ont été utilisées pour actualiser les connaissances sur les caractéristiques de la contamination de la faune halieutique autour de la Guadeloupe, et analyser cette distribution en référence à différents schémas de segmentation du domaine marin. L’étude a été complétée par une analyse de l’activité halieutique dans les secteurs les plus sensibles à la contamination, à partir des données du système d’informations halieutiques déployé dans l’archipel depuis 2007. L’analyse a permis de préciser deux traits majeurs de cette distribution : sa dimension spatiale et son caractère spécifique. Sur le plan spatial, la contamination de la faune halieutique est centrée sur les espaces maritimes situées immédiatement en aval des bassins versants contenant des sols contaminés. Sur le plan faunistique, deux groupes apparaissent particulièrement sensibles, les espèces très côtières, en particulier celles fréquentant les embouchures des cours d’eau, et les crustacés, quelque soit leur milieu de vie. Chez les poissons, parmi les espèces contaminées, on trouve un large cortège d’espèces fréquentant plus ou moins régulièrement la bande littorale. Enfin, l’étude a permis de fournir des ordres de grandeur sur la part de l’activité halieutique de l’archipel directement concernée par cette pollution.

Droits : 2013 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24762/22840.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24762/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Most tumors undergo metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis, the so-called Warburg effect, to support growth and survival. Overexpression of IF1, the physiological inhibitor of the F0F1ATPase, has been related to this phenomenon and appears to be a relevant marker in cancer. Environmental contributions to cancer development are now widely accepted but little is known about the underlying intracellular mechanisms. Among the environmental pollutants humans are commonly exposed to, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), the prototype molecule of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is a well-known human carcinogen. Besides apoptotic signals, B[a]P can also induce survival signals in liver cells, both likely involved in cancer promotion. Our previous works showed that B[a]P elicited a Warburg-like effect, thus favoring cell survival. The present study aimed at further elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the B[a]P-induced metabolic reprogramming, by testing the possible involvement of IF1. We presently demonstrate, both in vitro and in vivo, that PAHs, especially B[a]P, strongly increase IF1 expression. Such an increase, which might rely on β2-adrenergic receptor activation, notably participates to the B[a]P-induced glycolytic shift and cell survival in liver cells. By identifying IF1 as a target of PAHs, this study provides new insights about how environmental factors may contribute to related carcinogenesis.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01518808
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01518808
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01518808/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01518808/file/Hardonni%C3%A8re%20et%20al%202017.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-017-00269-7

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Laboratoire Arago
Résumé : International audience
As it is unlikely that successful settlement is solely a matter of chance (i.e. tofind a suitable habitat), one of the greatest challenges facing the fish larvae is how to locate therelatively rare patches of coral reef habitat on which they settle and ultimately reside as adults.The answer must lie partly in the sensory modalities of fishes at settlement. Habitat selection isonly possible if fish larvae could detect some environmental cues to select a suitable reef habitatat settlement. The present review aims at providing the latest works dealing with informationperception in coral reef fish larvae at settlement. Two decades ago, it was generally assumedthat larval behaviors and sensory abilities at settlement were considered too feeble to significantlyaffect dispersal outcomes. Several recent studies showed that recognition of suitable reefhabitats by fish larvae at settlement is based on a combination of visual, chemical and acousticcues. The first part of our review shows the main advances in the knowledge of visual, chemicaland acoustic cues used by fish larvae to detect an island, a reef, a micro-habitat, a conspecific orsome predators. The second part of our review deals with the effect of imprinting and/or innatecapabilities. The third part focuses on the different cues used at different scales and underlinessome contradictory results about the distance of transmission and detection of chemical andacoustic cues in coral reefs. Finally, as global and regional environmental changes have stressedcoral reefs to such an extent that they are either destroyed or in decline, the fourth part presentsthe effects of both anthropogenic and environmental stressors on information perception andresponse capacities in coral reef fish larvae. If polluted seawater disrupts the larval abilities tofind a suitable reef habitat, fish larvae may spend more time in the planktonic environment,resulting in increased energetic costs and predation risk, and consequently a lower larval settlement.We hypothesise that as the stability of fish communities is dependent, in part, on the stabilityof social interactions, the disruption of “larvae-habitat relationships” can have major consequencesfor larval settlement into adult population with further repercussions for the ecosystemas a whole. Overall, larval settlement of coral reef fish is an excellent example of the complexityof interactions between an organism and its environment as without perceiving environmentalcues, fish larva would have very little chance of selecting a suitable reef habitat. Moreover,understanding the relationship between reef state and settlement potential will allow managementplanning for the maintenance of coral reefs that are increasingly degraded.
ISSN: 0240-8759

hal-01191776
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191776

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The INTERREG Caribbean IV program recommends the valorization and protection of the region's environmental core, through collaborative and sustainable management of resources. It uses Martinique as the test case. The French territories of Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, and the member states of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States are part of a geographic continuum that can easily be identified through its similar landscapes, climates, and natural resources and also through the environmental degradation the states have to face, caused by human activity (pollution and deterioration of ecosystems and habitats), natural hazards, and climate change including sea level rise. Therefore the islands of the Lesser Antilles are faced with an important developmental and environmental challenge, which could be easily summarized as a struggle for balance.
Meteorological Technology International

ird-00742661
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00742661
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00742661/document
IRD : fdi:010057442

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) refer to a broad spectrum of molecules from different chemical families that have numerous properties. They can be used as pesticides, plasticizers, flame retardants, surfactants, lubricants, etc. Consequently, they are introduced in numerous applications in buildings or used daily by the entire population. Once emitted through evaporation or abrasion in the indoor environment or introduced from the outdoors, their chemical or biological degradation is limited, and they persist indoors. This persistence also explains why some SVOCs that were banned a few years ago are still detected in the air and dust inside buildings. In indoor environments, SVOCs are divided between the gas phase, airborne particles, and dust settled on floors and surfaces. SVOCs are of concern due to their established or suspected health effects and their widespread exposure through different environmental media and pathways. The objective of the thesis was to study the concentrations of 66 SVOCs on airborne particles (PM10) and 48 SVOCs in settled dust in two samples of dwellings randomly selected across France. PM10 were sampled during the nationwide housing survey carried out by the French Observatory of indoor air quality in 2003-2005. The dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags during a nationwide survey carried out in French dwellings where at least one child aged 6 months to 6 years lived (2008-2009). The SVOCs to be analyzed had prior been selected using a ranking method based on their toxicity and indoor concentrations. The data analysis focused in particular on the identification of French specificities in terms of detected molecules and measured concentrations. It highlighted some determinants of exposure, e.g., influence of particle size, type of dust collected, dust bioaccessibility, which are not always considered and limit the comparability of results. The measured concentrations were also used to assess the health ranking implemented prior to this work and to confirm its relevance. The concentrations measured both in the air and in settled dust were compared to study the similarities in terms of concentrations and SVOC mixtures. Finally, the exposure doses to SVOCs were calculated for both a child and an adult to assess the respective contributions of inhalation and ingestion to these compounds in particulate phase in dwellings.
Les composés organiques semi-volatils (COSV) font l’objet d’une attention croissante depuis une dizaine d’années. Utilisés dans de nombreux produits et matériaux du quotidien, ils sont émis dans les bâtiments par dispersion lors de l’usage, par évaporation ou abrasion. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques, ces composés se répartissent à la fois dans l’air, en phases gazeuse et particulaire, et dans les poussières déposées au sol, sur le mobilier et les objets. Compte tenu du temps passé par la population dans les bâtiments, en particulier par les populations sensibles comme les enfants, les femmes enceintes et les personnes âgées, l’exposition à ces substances mérite d’être documentée, tenant compte des voies d’exposition en jeu : inhalation, ingestion et contact cutané. La thèse a porté sur les COSV présents en phase particulaire dans les logements. L’objectif de la thèse visait à exploiter les mesures de 66 COSV dans les particules en suspension de diamètre inférieur à 10 µm (PM10) et de 48 COSV dans les poussières au sol de taille inférieure à 100 µm considérées comme étant celles adhérant à la peau. Ces mesures ont été réalisées dans le cadre de deux campagnes nationales : la campagne « Logements » de l’Observatoire de la qualité de l’air intérieur conduite en 2003-2005 et l’enquête Plomb-Habitat dont les prélèvements ont eu lieu en 2008-2009. Une hiérarchisation des molécules jugées prioritaires au regard de leur impact sanitaire potentiel avait permis au préalable d’établir la liste des COSV à mesurer. L’exploitation de ces données de contamination a notamment porté sur l’identification d’éventuelles spécificités françaises au regard des molécules en présence et/ou des concentrations mesurées. Elle a permis de mettre en lumière un ensemble de facteurs déterminants de l’exposition (influence de la taille des particules, du type de poussières collectées, de leur bioaccessibilité), qui ne sont pas toujours considérés et qui limitent par ailleurs la comparabilité des résultats. Les concentrations mesurées ont aussi permis d’évaluer rétrospectivement la hiérarchisation sanitaire et d’en confirmer la pertinence. Les concentrations des COSV quantifiés à la fois dans l’air et au sol ont été mises en perspective afin d’examiner dans quelle mesure les particules en suspension et les poussières déposées sont similaires en termes de concentrations et de mélanges de COSV en présence. Enfin, l‘estimation des doses d’exposition aux COSV à partir d’équations simples, de variables humaines d’exposition et des données de contamination a permis une première évaluation des contributions respectives de l’inhalation et de l’ingestion aux expositions domestiques des enfants et adultes à ces composés en phase particulaire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524

NNT : 2015REN1B033
tel-01308524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524/file/MANDINCorinne.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Abstract View references (38)This work presents a facile, scalable method for the fabrication of graphene oxide-iron oxide (GO-Fe3O4) nanocomposites produced by co-precipitation of iron ions onto the GO surfaces in basic aqueous media. FTIR and XRD characterisation suggests that Fe3O4 was chemically anchored to the GO sheets, possibly via the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Small GO loadings of 0.5 and 1 wt% were not sufficient to alter the Fe3O4 structures. However, increasing the GO loading to 5 and 10 wt% resulted in significant loss in pore volume, thus suggesting the lamellar GO sheets decorated with Fe3O4 were assembling into GO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite stacks. It was found that the GO-Fe3O4 nanocomposites had an enhanced catalytic activity in the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) compared to pure GO flat sheets and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Interestingly, the GO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite with 5 wt% loading ratio exhibited the best catalytic activity with 76% degradation of AO7 dye observed within 90 min of reaction. This was attributed to the synergistic effect of GO by enriching the adsorbed AO7 molecules onto the nanocomposite to be further oxidised in the vicinities of active sites. This finding suggests the promising employment of GO-Fe3O4 nanocomposites in removing organic dyes from polluted water by heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction. © 2014 by American Scientific Publishers.
SCIENCE OF ADVANCED MATERIALS

hal-01683207
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683207
DOI : 10.1166/sam.2014.1812

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
Expositions environnementales et santé : évaluations, attentes et incertitudes. Applications à la présence des pesticides dans l’environnement et à la pollution de l’air urbain
Lyon, France

hal-01283641
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01283641

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : There is substantial social unrest underlying the prevailing neocolonial political and societal structure in Martinique. It is burdened with chronic high rate of unemployment rate and continuing rising cost of imported food and other basic necessities of life. Banana is the foremost plantation crop grown in Martinique. There is also an ecological disaster arising from the widespread use of carcinogenic chlordecone for controlling banana pests for more than 3 decades. Although this practice had stopped in 2003, the recalcitrant pesticide remained largely in the soil. The challenge to create meaningful new jobs under these social-economic and environmental constraints is thus formidable.
C’est sous le prisme de la structure politique et sociale néocoloniale qu’il convient d’appréhender l'importante agitation sociale de la Martinique. L’île est marquée par un taux élevé et dépend d’importations alimentaires et autres dont les prix ne cessent d’augmenter. La banane, culture de plantation qui a structuré les logiques économiques de la Martinique, est à l’origine d’une catastrophe écologique en raison de l'utilisation généralisée de chlordécone cancérogène pour lutter contre les parasites pendant plus de trois décennies. Bien que cette pratique ait cessé en 2003, le pesticide récalcitrant est resté en grande partie dans le sol. Le défi est de créer de nouveaux emplois, intéressants, dans ce contexte marqué par de lourdes contraintes socio-économiques et environnementaux.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6073
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6073

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Several studies have documented that more deprived populations tend to live in areas characterized by higher levels of environmental pollution. Yet, time trends and geographic patterns of this disproportionate distribution of environmental burden remain poorly assessed, especially in Europe. We investigated the spatial and temporal relationship between ambient air nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations and socioeconomic and demographic data in four French metropolitan areas (Lille in the North, Lyon in the center, Marseille in the South, and Paris) during two different time periods. The geographical unit used was the census block. The dependent variable was the NO2 annual average concentration (μg/m(3)) per census block, and the explanatory variables were a neighborhood deprivation index and socioeconomic and demographic data derived from the national census. Generalized additive models were used to account for spatial autocorrelation. We found that the strength and direction of the association between deprivation and NO2 estimates varied between cities. In Paris, census blocks with the higher social categories are exposed to higher mean concentrations of NO2. However, in Lille and Marseille, the most deprived census blocks are the most exposed to NO2. In Lyon, the census blocks in the middle social categories were more likely to have higher concentrations than in the lower social categories. Despite a general reduction in NO2 concentrations over the study period in the four metropolitan areas, we found contrasting results in the temporal trend of environmental inequalities. There is clear evidence of city-specific spatial and temporal environmental inequalities that relate to the historical socioeconomic make-up of the cities and its evolution. Hence, general statements about environmental and social inequalities can be made.
ISSN: 0013-9351

hal-01063900
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063900
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.017
PUBMED : 25199972

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Risk assessment related to the exposure of humans to chemicals released into the environment is a major concern of our modern societies. In this context, toxicology plays a crucial role to characterize the effects of this exposure on health and identify the targets of these molecules. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is an enabling technology for biodistribution studies of chemicals. Although the majority of published studies are presented in a pharmacological context, the concepts discussed in this review can be applied to the toxicological evaluation of chemicals released into the environment. The major asset of IMS is the simultaneous localization and identification of a parent molecule and its metabolites without labeling and without any prior knowledge. Quantification methods developed in IMS are presented with application to an environmental pollutant. IMS is effective in the localization of chemicals and endogenous species. This opens unique perspectives for the discovery of molecular alterations in metabolites and protein biomarkers that could help for a better understanding of toxicity mechanisms. Distribution studies of agrochemicals in plants by IMS can contribute to a better understanding of their mode of action and to a more effective use of these chemicals, avoiding the current concern of environmental damage.
ISSN: 1874-3919

hal-01367141
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367141
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367141/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367141/file/Potential%20of%20MALDI%20imaging.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.008

Résumé : La forêt tropicale humide guyanaise est située dans le grand ensemble Amazonien, qui est un point chaud des enjeux sur la biodiversité et la conservation des forêts tropicales. Une connaissance de l’âge et des taux d’accroissement des arbres est primordiale pour comprendre la dynamique de ces écosystèmes Cependant, l’absence de conditions hivernales sous les tropiques rend difficile la lecture de l’histoire dans les bois de ces forêts. En se plaçant dans le champ de l’anatomie fonctionnelle, cette thèse à caractère exploratoire avait pour but, à travers différentes approches, i) de suivre l’activité cambiale de quatre espèces ligneuses durant deux ans par prélèvements de micro-carottes, ii) de faire une étude dendrochronologique sur une espèce guyanaise, iii) d’utiliser la variation de la signature isotopique comme marqueur de croissance (ou d’histoire) et iv) de tester la pollution aérienne consécutive aux lancements de la fusée Ariane comme marqueurs de la croissance. L’examen bi-mensuel de l’activité cambiale a montré que tous les arbres présentent des alternances de quasi repos et de forte activité du cambium durant les deux années. Ces périodes de ralentissement ont été plus marquées chez Parkia nitida (décidue), Parkia velutina (décidue) et Schefflera morototoni (sempervirente). On observe donc des périodes de ralentissement de l’activité du cambium aussi bien chez deux espèces décidues que chez une espèce sempervirente. Il n’y a pas de patron universel de liaisons deux à deux entre pluviométrie intra-annuelle, phénologie de la feuillaison et activité cambiale même si des analogies fortes existent au cas par cas entre deux espèces pour une relation donnée. L’étude dendrochronologique chez Parkia nitida a mis en évidence la présence de cernes de croissance bien distincts et annuels. La limite de cerne se caractérise par une fine bande de parenchyme marginal renfermant de nombreux cristaux d’oxalate de calcium. A l’échelle de l’arbre, la croissance secondaire est homogène et elle est relativement synchrone au sein d’individus de cette espèce dans le même lieu. Cependant, l’influence des paramètres climatiques testés, comme la température et les précipitations, sur la croissance radiale annuelle est faible sur la période considérée. Ces deux premières études montrent que, dans le contexte de la Guyane française, la saisonnalité annuelle très marquée de la pluviométrie ne se traduit pas par un signal suffisamment fort pour synchroniser l’ensemble du fonctionnement des arbres. Néanmoins, elle influence clairement, au cas par cas soit la feuillaison, soit la floraison, soit la croissance cambiale. Les autres méthodes de marquage de la croissance (i.e. isotopie et chimie) entreprises demandent à être approfondies. Les bois des espèces de forêt tropicale humide se caractérisant en moyenne par un pourcentage élevé du plan ligneux occupé par les parenchymes axiaux, il serait important d’entreprendre une étude approfondie de leur rôle en tant qu’accumulateurs de substances potentiellement utiles pour la défense du bois dans l’arbre contre les xylophages. L’évolution dans le temps (périodicité, vieillissement chimique) des solutions de défense mises en place dans le bois est une piste intéressante pour la dendrochronologie
The rainforest of French Guiana is located in the Amazonian region, which is a hotspot of biodiversity, thus leading to several issues about conservation in tropical forests. Knowledge of the age and growth rate of trees is essential to understand the dynamics of these ecosystems. However, due to the lack of winter conditions it is difficult to read the story in the wood of these tropical forests. In the topic of functional anatomy, this thesis intends through different approaches i) to monitor the cambial activity of four tree species during two years sampling micro-cores, ii) to make a dendrochronological study on a Guyanese species iii) to use the variation of the isotopic signature as a marker of growth (or history) and iv) to test air pollution following launches of the Ariane rocket as markers of growth. The bi-monthly review of cambial activity showed that all trees have almost alternating rest and high activity of cambium in both years. These downturns have been more pronounced in Parkia nitida (deciduous), Parkia velutina (deciduous) and Schefflera morototoni (evergreen). We observe periods of cambial activity downturn in two deciduous species as well as in an evergreen species. There is no universal pattern of connections in pairs between rainfall intra-annual phenology of leafing and cambial activity although strong similarities exist in each case between two species for a given association. The dendrochronological study in Parkia nitida highlights the presence of distinct annual growth rings. The limit is characterized by a thin band of marginal parenchyma containing numerous crystals of calcium oxalate. At tree scale, secondary growth is homogeneous and relatively synchronous within individuals of this species in the same location. However, the influence of tested climatic parameters, such as temperature and precipitation on the annual radial growth, is low over the considered period. The first two studies showed that, in the environment of French Guiana, marked annual seasonality of rainfall does not affect in a strong way the behavior of the trees. Nevertheless, those rainfalls have an influence either on leafing, flowering or cambial growth. Other methods of marking growth (i.e. isotopic and chemical) intended require further investigations. Axial parenchyma represents a high average percentage in the wood of rainforest species: it could be important to investigate more precisely its role as accumulators of potentially useful substances involved in wood defense against borers. The evolution throughout time (periodicity, chemical aging) of defense mechanisms in woods is an interesting way for dendrochronology.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0605/document

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : The environment is impacted by natural and anthropogenic disturbances that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, and that lead to major changes and even disequilibria when exceeding the resiliency capacities of the ecosystem. With an annual mean flow of 1700 m(3) s(-1), the Rhone River is the largest of the western Mediterranean basin. Its annual solid discharges vary between 2 and 20 Mt, with flood events responsible for more than 70% of these amounts. In the marine coastal area, close to the mouth, both flocculation and aggregation lead to the formation of fine-grained deposits, i.e. the prodelta. This area is characterized by sediment accumulation rates up to 20-50 cm yr(-1) and high accumulations of particle reactive contaminants such as various man-made radionuclides released into the river by nuclear facilities or arising form prior atmospheric nuclear tests (1954-1980) and the Chernobyl accident (April 1986). This prodelta, however, cannot be considered as a permanent repository for particle reactive pollutants since it is subjected to reworking processes. Sediment dynamics had to be linked to the influences of hydrodynamic and atmospheric events such as high flow rates or storms close to the Rhone River mouth. An experiment was carried out during the winter 2006 based on the deployment of two ADCPs and six altimeters at the Grand Rhone mouth for several months. This type of installation has never been used before in this area because of the hard meteorological conditions and the strong fishing activities. However, results showed pluricentimetric rises of the sedimentary level just after river flood events and decreases during storms, generated by southeast winds. Radiotracers and grain size depth profiles helped to characterise the studied events and to establish inventories of sediments and radionuclides. A cruise (CARMEX) was carried out during this same period to collect water samples, suspended particles and sediment cores. The results enabled us to link both river flow and wind characteristics to events recorded on the sea floor, i.e. resuspension, accumulation, consolidation, etc. Deposits of 11 cm of sediments were estimated during flood periods and bottom shear stresses up to 5 N m(-2) were calculated during sediment erosion phases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Continental Shelf Research (0278-4343) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2010-05 , Vol. 30 , N. 9 , P. 1095-1107

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00006/11695/8479.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2010.02.015
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00006/11695/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Recently it has become clear that exposure to xenobiotics may result in various forms of cell death; not only passive cell deaths like necrosis, or programmed cell deaths such as apoptosis, but also regulated necrosis, autophagy, senescence, or mitotic catastrophe. Complex cell signaling networks influence the processing of cell death. Furthermore, recent research has revealed early complex molecular interactions between organelles prior to the final triggering of cell death. The plasma membrane may play an important role in the early cell death signaling events. Regarding this latter aspect, drugs and environmental pollutants have been reported to affect plasma membrane characteristics which may further affect cell fate. Changes in membrane fluidity or in composition and function of specialized membrane microdomains (plasma membrane remodeling) have been proven to be involved in the regulation of many important physiological signaling pathways, including cell death. Furthermore, it has been suggested that a crosstalk between chemical-induced cellular membrane effects and other organelles may be of vital importance to explain the final outcome of chemical exposure. Here, we review the effects of plasma membrane remodeling on cell survival and cell death; we describe how the cell signaling pathways activated by changes in plasma membrane characteristics may influence cell fate. Since plasma membrane function plays an important role in the regulation of a number of cellular responses, it has been implicated in the development or progress of several diseases. A better knowledge of the effects of various chemicals on plasma membrane remodeling may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of major diseases, and may assist in developing new therapeutic strategies.
ISSN: 0300-483X

inserm-00818916
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00818916
DOI : 10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.014
PUBMED : 23287390

Résumé : La gestion du foncier martiniquais est un sujet complexe, sensible et à forte densité politique. La superficie de la Martinique est de 1 100km2, soit l’une des plus petites régions françaises, avec la plus forte densité de population, soumise à de multirisques (cyclonique, sismique, volcanique, technologique, inondation, pollution de l’air, des sols et de l’eau, tsunami…).La triangulation urbanistique composée d’une multiplicité d’acteurs, de textes et de réglementations et d’un millefeuille institutionnel (6 niveaux d’administration : commune, intercommunalité, département, région, Etat, Europe) annihile toute responsabilité et obère un développement endogène de ce micro territoire.Un juste équilibre entre développement économique, social, culturel et environnemental doit être trouvé en conciliant les objectifs économiques et sociaux liés au développement insulaire.La remarquable biodiversité de la Martinique constitue un atout touristique indéniable, menacé par de fortes pressions anthropiques foncières.Cette recherche démontre la pertinence de la réglementation applicable au foncier à la Martinique et l’influence du développement durable sur cette réglementation. La thèse propose des solutions pérennes à mettre en œuvre pour pallier les incohérences juridiques révélées par l’étude.
Management of land in Martinique is a complex, sensitive and highly political topic.The total area of the island is 1 100 km2 (square meters), e.g, one of the smallest French areas, with the highest concentration of population, submitted to multirisk desasters (cyclonic, seismic, volcanic, technological, flood, air, ground and water pollutions, tsunami…).The urban triangulation made up of a multiplicity of actors, texts and regulations, as well as a multi-level institutional cream cake (6 levels of administration: the city, the intercity, the Department, the Regional Council, the State and Europe), destroys all kind of responsibility and obstruct an endogenous development of this micro territory.A fair balance between economic, social, cultural and environmental development is necessary, by reconciling with the economic and social goals related to the insular development.The astonishing biodiversity of the island of Martinique represents an obvious tourist asset, threatened by strong land anthropic pressures.This research study highlights the relevance of the regulation applicable to the land in Martinique as well as the influence of sustainable development on this regulation. This thesis suggests perennial solutions to implement, in order to mitigate the legal inconsistencies pointed out by the study.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0503/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
1. The use of targets to provide measurable objectives and benchmarks for management, conservation, andrestoration of ecosystems is commonplace. In the marine and coastal realms, targets have been successful insetting sustainable limits to fisheries harvests, thresholds for pollutants, and recommended amounts ofrepresentative habitat included in marine protected area (MPA) networks. Quantifiable targets can dissuadegovernments from making dubious claims about investments in ocean protection that sound impressive butcannot be verified. Examples are presented where protection targets have been used successfully for marinemanagement, and instances where measurable and meaningful benchmarks serve to allow tracking of true progress.2. However, the setting of targets can also be a double-edged sword. In some cases, targets have proven useful,but in many instances, interventions made to fulfil targets not only give a false illusion of progress or even success,they present opportunity costs that impede further conservation.3. Some of these issues were raised in the 2003 article ‘Dangerous Targets?: Unresolved issues and ideologicalclashes around marine protected areas’ that appeared in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and FreshwaterEcosystems. Since its publication, the article’s warnings about how targets can sometimes be dangerous andcounter-productive have led to intense debate among scientists and policy-makers alike, and the paper has beencited in more than 500 publications. Yet today, more than a dozen years after the first ‘Dangerous Targets’publication, new targets are driving more MPA designations and conservation strategies than ever before, andthe ‘dangerous’ aspects of target setting have been largely ignored.4. This paper discusses old ‘dangers’ in the context of new developments in marine conservation, including thelingering problem of having simplistic metrics drive marine policies, and the unintended result that can often occurwhen outputs (percentage of area under MPA designation) do not align with true outcomes of effectivemanagement and conservation. Newly emerging ‘dangers’ in letting areal targets (percentage of area underMPA designation) drive MPA designations are also discussed, including how the rush to fulfil obligations toprotect a certain proportion of area is taking place in planning, separate from broader level, and potentiallymore holistic, marine spatial planning (MSP).5. The paper suggests five recommendations that would allow policy-makers to use targets more effectively,including: (1) increase transparency in planning, especially around specific goals and objectives of MPAestablishment; (2) use time-based areal targets when representativity is a goal of the protected area strategy; (3)
ISSN: 1052-7613

hal-01380963
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01380963
DOI : 10.1002/aqc.2675