Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOP Publishing
Résumé : Tropical forests of the Guiana Shield are the most affected by gold-mining in South America,experiencing an exponential increase in deforestation since the early 2000’s.Using yearly deforestation data encompassing Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and theBrazilian State of Amapá, we demonstrated a strong relationship between deforestation due togold-mining and gold-prices at the regional scale. In order to assess additional drivers ofdeforestation due to gold-mining, we focused on the national scale and highlighted theheterogeneity of the response to gold-prices under different political contexts. Deforestation dueto gold-mining over the Guiana Shield occurs mainly in Guyana and Suriname. On the contrary,past and current repressive policies in Amapá and French Guiana likely contribute to thedecorrelation of deforestation and gold prices. In this work, wefinally present a case studyfocusing on French Guiana and Suriname, two neighbouring countries with very different levelsof law enforcement against illegal gold-mining. We developed a modelling framework to estimatepotential deforestation leakages from French Guiana to Suriname in the border areas. Based onour assumptions, we estimated a decrease in deforestation due to gold-mining of approx. 4 300hectares in French Guiana and an increase of approx. 12 100 hectares in Suriname in response tothe active military repression of illegal gold-mining launched in French Guiana.Gold-mining in the Guiana Shield provides challenging questions regarding REDDþimplementation. These questions are discussed at the end of this study and are important topolicy makers who need to provide sustainable alternative employment to local populations inorder to ensure the effectiveness of environmental policies.
ISSN: 1748-9326

hal-01512075
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512075
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512075/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512075/file/document%20%2828%29_%7B81107B08-30D1-44D2-877D-32F6DFAEF28A%7D.pdf
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/aa6082

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Although adverse birth outcomes have been associated with neighbourhood deprivation in urban areas, few studies have addressed this issue in rural zones. This study examines whether associations between neighbourhood deprivation and adverse birth outcomes differ in urban and rural contexts, while taking individual characteristics and spatial accessibility of prenatal care (SAPC) into account. METHODS: Pregnant women from a French mother-child cohort were recruited from 2002 to 2006 in Brittany. Their residential addresses were geocoded into their census blocks (the finest geographical resolution available). Deprivation was assessed at the same neighbourhood level. Models to assess the associations of deprivation, stratified by urban/rural status, with preterm delivery (PTD), with small for gestational age birth weight (SGA) and with small for gestational age head circumference at birth (SHC), estimated odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for maternal socioeconomic characteristics and SAPC. RESULTS: This study considered 2929 liveborn singleton pregnancies from 780 census blocks. Neighbourhood deprivation was associated with increased risks of SGA and SHC (P trend  extless 0.01 and 0.03 respectively), only among mothers residing in rural areas. Neighbourhood deprivation had statistically significantly heterogeneous effects on SGA and SHC according to the urban/rural status of maternal residence. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that neighbourhood deprivation affects fetal growth differentially in urban and rural areas and that SAPC does not seem to be responsible for this difference. Comparison of these findings with the literature requires caution in the conceptualisation of urban and rural settings
ISSN: 0269-5022

hal-01187424
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187424
DOI : 10.1111/ppe.12208
PUBMED : 26186278

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Well-designed and effectively managed networks of marine reserves can be effective tools for both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. Connectivity, the demographic linking of local populations through the dispersal of individuals as larvae, juveniles or adults, is a key ecological factor to consider in marine reserve design, since it has important implications for the persistence of metapopulations and their recovery from disturbance. For marine reserves to protect biodiversity and enhance populations of species in fished areas, they must be able to sustain focal species (particularly fishery species) within their boundaries, and be spaced such that they can function as mutually replenishing networks whilst providing recruitment subsidies to fished areas. Thus the configuration (size, spacing and location) of individual reserves within a network should be informed by larval dispersal and movement patterns of the species for which protection is required. In the past, empirical data regarding larval dispersal and movement patterns of adults and juveniles of many tropical marine species have been unavailable or inaccessible to practitioners responsible for marine reserve design. Recent empirical studies using new technologies have also provided fresh insights into movement patterns of many species and redefined our understanding of connectivity among populations through larval dispersal. Our review of movement patterns of 34 families (210 species) of coral reef fishes demonstrates that movement patterns (home ranges, ontogenetic shifts and spawning migrations) vary among and within species, and are influenced by a range of factors (e.g. size, sex, behaviour, density, habitat characteristics, season, tide and time of day). Some species move <0.1–0.5 km (e.g. damselfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes), <0.5–3 km (e.g. most parrotfishes, goatfishes and surgeonfishes) or 3–10 km (e.g. large parrotfishes and wrasses), while others move tens to hundreds (e.g. some groupers, emperors, snappers and jacks) or thousands of kilometres (e.g. some sharks and tuna). Larval dispersal distances tend to be <5–15 km, and self-recruitment is common. Synthesising this information allows us, for the first time, to provide species, specific advice on the size, spacing and location of marine reserves in tropical marine ecosystems to maximise benefits for conservation and fisheries management for a range of taxa. We recommend that: (i) marine reserves should be more than twice the size of the home range of focal species (in all directions), thus marine reserves of various sizes will be required depending on which species require protection, how far they move, and if other effective protection is in place outside reserves; (ii) reserve spacing should be <15 km, with smaller reserves spaced more closely; and (iii) marine reserves should include habitats that are critical to the life history of focal species (e.g. home ranges, nursery grounds, migration corridors and spawning aggregations), and be located to accommodate movement patterns among these. We also provide practical advice for practitioners on how to use this information to design, evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of marine reserve networks within broader ecological, socioeconomic and management contexts.
ISSN: 1464-7931

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01334353
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353/file/Green_et_al-2015-Biological_Reviews.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/brv.12155

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The effects of some progestins on fish reproduction have been recently reported revealing the hazard of this class of steroidal pharmaceuticals. However, their effects at the central nervous system level have been poorly studied until now. Notwithstanding, progesterone, although still widely considered primarily a sex hormone, is an important agent affecting many central nervous system functions. Herein, we investigated the effects of a large set of synthetic ligands of the nuclear progesterone receptor on the glial-specific expression of the zebrafish brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) using zebrafish mechanism-based assays. Progesterone and 24 progestins were first screened on transgenic cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish embryos. We showed that progesterone, dydrogesterone, drospirenone and all the progesterone-derived progestins had no effect on GFP expression. Conversely, all progestins derived from 19-nortesterone induced GFP in a concentration-dependent manner with EC50 ranging from the low nM range to hundreds nM. The 19-nortestosterone derived progestins levonorgestrel (LNG) and norethindrone (NET) were further tested in a radial glial cell context using U251-MG cells co-transfected with zebrafish ER subtypes (zfER alpha, zfER beta 1 or zfER beta 2) and cyp19a1b promoter linked to luciferase. Progesterone had no effect on luciferase activity while NET and LNG induced luciferase activity that was blocked by ICI 182,780. Zebrafish-ERs competition assays showed that NET and LNG were unable to bind to ERs, suggesting that the effects of these compounds on cyp19a1b require metabolic activation prior to elicit estrogenic activity. Overall, we demonstrate that 19-nortestosterone derived progestins elicit estrogenic activity by inducing cyp19a1b expression in radial glial cells. Given the crucial role of radial glial cells and neuro-estrogens in early development of brain, the consequences of exposure of fish to these compounds require further investigation.
ISSN: 0041-008X

hal-01366373
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01366373
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01366373/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01366373/file/Several%20synthetic%20progestins%20disrupt%20the%20glial%20cell.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.019

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Inorganic arsenic is an environmental human carcinogen, but is also studied these days because of its potential effectiveness in curing chronic inflammatory disease. Indeed, this metalloid possesses immunosuppressive properties which can dysregulate physiological mechanisms involved in immune defense, or reduce inflammation associated with those inflammatory diseases. Inorganic arsenic is known mainly to alter functions of T cells and macrophages. However, it is unknown whether arsenic targets dendritic cells (DCs). Yet, this antigen presenting cells plays a major role in the immunosurveillance, and is involved in the physiopathology of chronic inflammatory diseases. So, the aim of my thesis work was to study the effects of inorganic arsenic on in vitro differenciation and maturation of dendritic cells from human monocytes. Our results mainly shows that concentrations corresponding to those measured in environmentally exposed people, inhibits DCs secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which plays a major role in activation and polarization of T cells. Particularly, arsenic strongly impairs expression and secretion of interleukine 12 (IL-12) by an underlying molecular mechanism involving Nrf2. Finally, this work shows that inorganic arsenic has immunosuppressive properties on the physiology in vitro of human dendritic cells. Immunotoxicity may then contribute to the metalloid toxicity in environmentally exposed people. This element could be taken into account when determining arsenic effects in curing some chronic inflammatory diseases.
L’arsenic inorganique est un contaminant environnemental, cancérogène pour l’homme, mais également un métalloïde étudié, aujourd’hui, dans le traitement de maladies inflammatoires chroniques. Il possède des propriétés immunosuppressives pouvant déréguler les mécanismes physiologiques de défense ou bloquer l’exacerbation de réponses inflammatoires chroniques. L’arsenic inorganique altère principalement les fonctions des lymphocytes T et des macrophages. En revanche, l’impact du métalloïde sur la physiologie des cellules dendritiques (DCs) est peu connu. Pourtant, ces cellules présentatrices d’antigène jouent un rôle fondamental dans les processus d’immunosurveillance et sont très impliquées dans la physiopathologie des maladies inflammatoires chroniques. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de mon travail de thèse étaient d’étudier les effets de l’arsenic inorganique sur la différenciation et la maturation in vitro de DCs générées à partir de monocytes humains. Nos résultats démontrent principalement que des concentrations de métalloïde, compatibles avec les taux plasmatiques d’arsenic mesurés chez les individus exposés, répriment la capacité des DCs à sécréter différentes cytokines pro-inflammatoires jouant un rôle essentiel dans l’activation et la polarisation des lymphocytes T. En particulier, l’arsenic inhibe l’expression et la sécrétion de l’interleukine-12 par un mécanisme moléculaire impliquant le facteur de transcription Nrf2. Au total, ces travaux de thèse démontrent que l’arsenic inorganique possède des propriétés immunosuppressives sur la physiologie in vitro des DCs humaines. Cette immunotoxicité pourrait contribuer à la toxicité du métalloïde chez l’homme exposé par voie environnementale, et être prise en compte pour déterminer les effets de l’arsenic dans le traitement de certaines maladies inflammatoires chroniques
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01135887

NNT : 2013REN1B013
tel-01135887
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01135887
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01135887/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01135887/file/pdf2star-1392896105-Th--se-M--linda-Macoch2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Climate change is one of the biggest public health threats in the 21th century. An increase in temperatures will lead to an increase in mortality attributable to temperature. In addition, some populations and territories are particularly vulnerable to the impact of increases in heat. It is thus necessary to identify these populations and territories as well as examine future heat-Related health impacts in order to recommend equity-Oriented policies today and in the future. The general objective of this thesis is to document current and future heat-Related vulnerability factors in the context of climate change. In order to address this general objective, the thesis involved four components: a) to conduct a systematic review and a meta-Analysis to assess the heterogeneity in the heat-Mortality associations with respect to individual and contextual population characteristics; b) to identify whether and how the magnitude of mean temperature effects on all-Cause mortality were modified by chronic air pollution exposure, social deprivation, and a combination of these two dimensions; c) to develop a method to quantify the climate change impacts on heat-Related mortality using climate modeling; d) to assess historical and future social disparities in years of life lost caused by ambient temperature in Montreal and Paris, and compare these estimates as well as the impact of climate change on social disparities between the two cities. This thesis highlights which populations are more vulnerable to heat and shows that several differences exist with regard to guidelines from international public health institutions for the identification of vulnerable populations. This thesis also identified chronic air pollution exposure as a new vulnerability factor in heat-Related mortality and that it has a double interaction with social deprivation. Furthermore, in this thesis a novel method to quantify future heat-Related mortality was developed which emphasized the strong evidence of an increase in heat-Related mortality under climate change. This method was then applied to estimate the increase in daily years of life lost social disparities in both Montreal and Paris under climate change which showed that this increase would be greater in Montreal compared to Paris in the future. Thus, this thesis which used a variety of epidemiologic methods has clarified which populations are particularly vulnerable to heat impacts and challenges guidelines for the identification of vulnerable populations from international public health institutions. It has also highlighted the climate change impacts on health inequalities and aims to reorient equity-Focused policies.
Les changements climatiques constituent l’un des enjeux les plus importants en santé publique du XXIème siècle. En effet, une hausse des températures provoquera une hausse de la mortalité attribuable à la chaleur. En outre, certaines populations et territoires sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets de la chaleur. Il est donc nécessaire de les identifier clairement ainsi que les impacts futurs pour orienter avec équité les politiques publiques aujourd’hui et à l’avenir. L’objectif de cette thèse est de documenter les facteurs de vulnérabilité à la chaleur dans le présent et les éléments permettant leur prise en compte pour l’avenir dans le contexte des changements climatiques. Quatre étapes ont été menées pour répondre à cet objectif : a) Mener une revue systématique et une méta-Analyse des facteurs de vulnérabilité face aux risques de mortalité en lien avec la chaleur ; b) Analyser si l’exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique modifie la relation entre la chaleur et la mortalité dans un contexte urbain (Paris) et explorer la double interaction avec la défaveur sociale ; c) Développer une méthode de quantification des impacts liés à la chaleur en lien avec les changements climatiques en intégrant une grande diversité de simulations climatiques ; d) Estimer les inégalités d’années de vies perdues attribuables à la chaleur et leurs projections futures dans deux contextes distincts (Montréal et Paris) et comparer ces inégalités. Cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence sur la base de la littérature épidémiologique les groupes de population qui sont les plus vulnérables face aux effets de la chaleur et de montrer qu’il y a plusieurs divergences par rapport aux recommandations émises par les institutions de santé publique vis-À-Vis de l’identification de populations vulnérables. Cette thèse a permis également d’identifier l’exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique comme nouveau facteur de vulnérabilité à la chaleur et que cette vulnérabilité était encore plus prononcée lorsqu’il s’agissait de populations défavorisées socialement. Puis, une méthode permettant de quantifier l’impact des changements climatiques sur les décès attribuables à la chaleur et ses sources d’incertitudes a été développée, et a permis de mettre en évidence que la probabilité que les changements climatiques conduisent à une augmentation de la mortalité en lien avec la chaleur est très forte. Cette méthode a ensuite été utilisée pour estimer que l’augmentation de la température conduira à une augmentation des inégalités sociales d’années de vie perdues à la fois à Montréal et à Paris, l’effet des changements climatiques sur l’accroissement de ces inégalités étant plus fort à Montréal qu’à Paris. Cette thèse, en se basant sur diverses méthodes épidémiologiques, a permis dans l’ensemble de clarifier quelles populations étaient particulièrement à risque face aux effets de la chaleur et de questionner les recommandations émises par les organismes tels que l’OMS. Elle a également permis de montrer l’effet des changements climatiques sur l’évolution de vulnérabilités face à la chaleur pour inciter dès aujourd’hui la mise en place de politiques publiques équitables et limiter l’impact des changements climatiques sur l’accroissement des inégalités de santé.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01456772

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2015PA11T003
tel-01456772
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01456772
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01456772/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01456772/file/VA_BENMARHNIA_TARIK_05022015.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Inter-research
Résumé : We propose a statistical approach based on multivariate analysis and general linear models to test the consequences of removal of reserve status from the Abore Reef fish assemblage of the Abore Reef reserve, New Caledonia. Consequences on fish density were examined at the level of fish assemblage, accounting for habitat. Fish counts and habitat-related information were collected before and after the removal of reserve status, both inside and outside the reserve. Species groups were constructed on the basis of additional information on behavioural characteristics and taxonomy. The impact of the removal of reserve status was assessed by using 2 habitat proxies corresponding to 2 spatial scales and by considering several criteria for grouping species. Habitat appeared to be a determining factor in explaining density variations. Significant positive effects were found for several species groups such as macrocarnivores, piscivores, herbivores, Lethrinidae and Siganidae. A counterintuitive negative effect was observed for Acanthuridae. No significant differences between the area which remained closed to fishing and the area open to fishing were found for the other species groups. The approach allows for a synoptic diagnosis of the impact of changes in reserve status at the fish assemblage level. It could be used to develop and select potential indicators for monitoring such impacts on fish assemblages in coral reef ecosystems and in other contexts.
Marine Ecology Progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-research), 2005 , Vol. 292 , P. 271-286

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/10970/7574.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/10970/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Lateral variations along the Himalayan arc are suggested by an increasing number of studies and carry important information about the orogen’s segmentation. Here we compile the hitherto most complete land gravity dataset in the region which enables the currently highest resolution plausible analysis. To study lateral variations in collisional structure we compute arc-parallel gravity anomalies (APaGA) by subtracting the average arc-perpendicular profile from our dataset; we compute likewise for topography (APaTA). We find no direct correlation between APaGA, APaTA and background seismicity, as suggested in oceanic subduction context. In the Himalayas APaTA mainly reflect relief and erosional effects, whereas APaGA reflect the deep structure of the orogen with clear lateral boundaries. Four segments are outlined and have disparate flexural geometry: NE India, Bhutan, Nepal & India until Dehradun, and NW India. The segment boundaries in the India plate are related to inherited structures, and the boundaries of the Shillong block are highlighted by seismic activity. We find that large earthquakes of the past millennium do not propagate across the segment boundaries defined by APaGA, therefore these seem to set limits for potential rupture of megathrust earthquakes.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01420404
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420404
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420404/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420404/file/hetenyi2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/srep33866

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Much research is being carried out into indoor exposure to harmful agents. This review focused on the impact on children's health, taking a broad approach to the indoor environment and including chemical, microbial, physical and social aspects. Papers published from 2006 onwards were reviewed, with regards to scientific context. Most of publications dealt with chemical exposure. Apart from the ongoing issue of combustion by-products, most of these papers concerned semi volatile organic compounds (such as phthalates). These may be associated with neurotoxic, reprotoxic or respiratory effects and may, therefore, be of particular interest so far as children are concerned. In a lesser extent, volatile organic compounds (such as aldehydes) that have mainly respiratory effects are still studied. Assessing exposure to metals is still of concern, with increasing interest in bioaccessibility. Most of the papers on microbial exposure focused on respiratory tract infections, especially asthma linked to allergens and bio-aerosols. Physical exposure includes noise and electromagnetic fields, and articles dealt with the auditory and non auditory effects of noise. Articles on radiofrequency electromagnetic fields mainly concerned questions about non-thermal effects and papers on extremely low-frequency magnetic fields focused on the characterization of exposure. The impact of the indoor environment on children's health cannot be assessed merely by considering the effect of these different types of exposure: this review highlights new findings and also discusses the interactions between agents in indoor environments and also with social aspects.
ISSN: 1438-4639

hal-00687403
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00687403
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.008
PUBMED : 21889403

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Sci Ltd
Résumé : Environmental management decisions based upon indicators are the end point of a process involving stakeholders and scientists. These steps should be explicit and follow a chronology. This paper presents a general framework for the design and use of management-oriented indicators, integrating management questions and performance criteria. We first examined the desirable characteristics of indicators aimed at providing decision-support for marine environmental management. Ideally, one should select the indicator that guarantees a safe and unambiguous decision leading to the appropriate measures in terms of regulation, remediation or control. In the present study, indicators are assessed according to two criteria: relevance and effectiveness. Relevance encompasses sensitivity and the existence of quantitative reference values, thereby allowing the selection of potential indicators. Effectiveness is the ability of the indicator to reach its predefined targets based on optimal (or at least improved) data collection protocols. The framework is illustrated by applying it to the European Water Framework Directive and to the Marine Protected Area management contexts. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ocean & Coastal Management (0964-5691) (Elsevier Sci Ltd), 2011-01 , Vol. 54 , N. 1 , P. 84-92

Droits : 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14331/11638.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.037
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14331/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : International audience
*Context: Tree orientation is controlled by asymmetric mechanical stresses set during wood maturation. The magnitude of maturation stress differs between longitudinal and tangential directions, and between normal and tension woods. * Aims: We aimed at evaluating patterns of maturation stress on eucalypt plantation trees and their relation with growth, with a focus on tangential stress evaluation. * Methods: Released maturation strains along longitudinal and tangential directions were measured around the circumference of 29 Eucalyptus nitens trees, including both straight and leaning trees. * Results: Most trees produced asymmetric patterns of longitudinal maturation strain but more than half of the maturation strain variability occurred between trees. Many trees produced high longitudinal tensile stress all around their circumference. High longitudinal tensile stress was not systematically associated with the presence of gelatinous layer. The average magnitude of released longitudinal maturation strain was found negatively correlated to the growth rate. A methodology is proposed to ensure reliable evaluation of released maturation strain in both longitudinal and tangential directions. Tangential strain evaluated with this method was lower than previously reported. * Conclusion: The stress was always tensile along longitudinal direction and compressive along tangential direction, and their respective magnitude was positively correlated. This correlation does not result from a Poisson effect but may be related to the mechanism of maturation stress generation.
Annals of Forest Science

hal-00913611
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913611
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913611/document
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-013-0318-4

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Comme dans d’autres régions du monde, la croissance démographique et l’accentuation des activités côtières au Canada entraînent une dégradation continue des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité. L’aménagement côtier contribue essentiellement à la vulnérabilité et à la détérioration des littoraux. Ce constat concerne le littoral acadien du Nouveau-Brunswick. Au-delà de ces pressions démographiques et de l’urbanisation sur les zones littorales, l'élévation du niveau marin et l'augmentation des températures (effets du changement et des variations climatiques) provoquent des impacts vérifiables : l’intensité des ondes de tempêtes, la dégradation des sols par l’érosion, etc. Ainsi, l’adaptation au changement climatique constitue un enjeu de taille pour la province du Nouveau-Brunswick. C’est pourquoi cet article propose d’étudier les impacts de ces changements auprès de deux régions côtières du littoral acadien et d’apprendre des expériences de chacun pour renforcer leur résilience. La recherche souhaite s’inscrire dans une nouvelle forme d’engagement communautaire qui prend en compte des aspects de la « gouvernance », de l’« aménagement du territoire » et de la « cohésion sociale ». L’article tente d’avoir une meilleure compréhension de l’enchâssement des aspects économiques et sociétaux dans les enjeux environnementaux.
As in other parts of the world, demographic growth and an increased use of coastal zones in Canada lead to a degradation of coastal ecosystems and a loss of biodiversity. Coastal development contributes in large part to the vulnerability and deterioration of coastal zones. This is very clearly seen in the case of the Acadian coast of New Brunswick. In addition to stresses from demographic growth and urbanization, the coastal zone is affected by sea level rise, temperature increases and other impacts of climate change such as increased climate variability, which lead to measurable effects such as an increase in storm intensity or increased coastal erosion. Thus, adaptation to climate change constitutes a major challenge for the province of New Brunswick. It is in this context that we propose to analyze the impacts of climate change in two sites on the Acadian coast and to profit from both experiences in order to increase the resilience of the communities through mutual learning. The research undertaken here aims at contributing to a new form of community engagement that takes “governance”, “land use planning” and “social cohesion” into account. The article aims at a better understanding of the interplay of social and economic aspects in this environmental problem.
Canada
Nouveau-Brunswick

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6970
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6970

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therapeutic treatment against the virus has been recently improved by a tritherapy including pegylated interferon, ribavirin and antiviral protease. Nevertheless, the importance of side effects and the emergence of resistant mutants require the development of new antivirals. In this context, our team has recently discovered that Type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4KIIIα and PI4KIIIβ) are essential for the propagation of the virus in a human hepatic cell line at the entry and replication steps. To further characterize these potential therapeutic targets, we investigate the implication of these kinases during the HCV entry, using primary human hepatocytes, a model closer to the in vivo conditions. Two lines of research were developed: Verification of the importance of the kinase activity of PI4KIIIs during HCV entry in primary human hepatocytes, through a chemical approach; Validation of the involvement of these kinases and their enzymatic activity during viral entry through a genetic approach based on RNA interference and phenotype rescue. In parallel, we studied the expression of PI4KIIIα in liver diseases. Our results suggest the involvement of PI4KIIIα in HCV entry; the involvement of PI4KIIIIβ needs to be confirmed. The analysis of PI4KIIIα expression in hepatocellular carcinoma led us to propose this kinase as a new molecular marker, which could improve the already established prognosis models and could lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) est l’un des principaux facteurs étiologiques du carcinome hépatocellulaire. Le traitement des hépatites virales C a été récemment amélioré grâce à une trithérapie (interféron, ribavirine et anti-protéase virale). Néanmoins l’importance des effets secondaires et l’émergence de mutants résistants nécessitent de découvrir de nouveaux antiviraux. Dans ce contexte, notre équipe a récemment découvert que les phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases de type III (PI4KIIIα et PI4KIIIβ) étaient indispensables à la propagation du virus dans une lignée hépatique humaine, et ce, à 2 étapes de son cycle biologique : l’entrée et la réplication. L’objectif du présent travail était de poursuivre la validation de ces nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles, en approfondissant nos connaissances sur la dépendance du virus à l’égard de ces kinases au cours de son entrée. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé le modèle des hépatocytes humains primaires, système in vitro plus proche du contexte physiologique que les modèles utilisés jusqu’à présent et qui étaient basés sur l’exploitation de lignées. Deux axes ont été développés : Vérification de l’importance de l’activité kinase des PI4KIIIs au cours de l’entrée du VHC dans les hépatocytes humains primaires, à travers une approche chimique ; Validation de l’implication de ces kinases et de leur activité enzymatique au cours de l’entrée virale grâce à une approche génétique basée sur l’ARN interférence et la restauration de phénotype. En parallèle, nous avons étudié l’expression de PI4KIIIα au cours de pathologies hépatiques. Nos résultats suggèrent une implication de PI4KIIIα au cours de l’entrée du VHC dans les hépatocytes humains primaires, mais restent à confirmer quant à l’implication de PI4KIIIβ. Par ailleurs, l’analyse de l’expression de PI4KIIIα dans le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) conduit à proposer cette kinase comme un nouveau marqueur moléculaire, qui pourrait améliorer les modèles de pronostic déjà établis et pourrait conduire au développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques pour les patients atteints d’un CHC, quelque soit l’étiologie.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950335

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2013REN1B006
tel-00950335
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950335
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950335/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950335/file/ILBOUDOAdeodat.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : A new programme concerning the experimentation of about thirty Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) is to start in the Cape Verde Islands at the end of 1999. In this context, this communication is intended: - to evaluate the halieutic, economic and social conditions of the artisanal fishery in this archipelago, notably in terms of assets and constraints. Although these conditions are very heterogeneous depending on islands, the fads seem to be able to help the stabilization and the development of the fishing activities, disadvantaged by a low productivity, limited operating ranges of boats, and very irregular outings at sea. But the narrowness of the domestic market is likely to cause drops in the fish prices if the production increases, while the absence of institutional framework may be a handicap at the level of the management (of the programme itself, and/or of some possible conflicts of uses); - to carry out an assessment of the former experiments. It emphasized the insufficiency of the follow-up and the maintenance of the structures, of which the lifespan varied at the most between four and six months, as well as the positive effects of the concentration, and the interest of the fishermen already sensitized with these structures.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15317/12644.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15317/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD MDPI
Résumé : International audience
Drug transporters are now recognized as major actors in pharmacokinetics, involved notably in drug-drug interactions and drug adverse effects. Factors that govern their activity, localization and expression are therefore important to consider. In the present review, the implications of protein kinases C (PKCs) in transporter regulations are summarized and discussed. Both solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters can be regulated by PKCs-related signaling pathways. PKCs thus target activity, membrane localization and/or expression level of major influx and efflux drug transporters, in various normal and pathological types of cells and tissues, often in a PKC isoform-specific manner. PKCs are notably implicated in membrane insertion of bile acid transporters in liver and, in this way, are thought to contribute to cholestatic or choleretic effects of endogenous compounds or drugs. The exact clinical relevance of PKCs-related regulation of drug transporters in terms of drug resistance, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions and drug toxicity remains however to be precisely determined. This issue is likely important to consider in the context of the development of new drugs targeting PKCs-mediated signaling pathways, for treating notably cancers, diabetes or psychiatric disorders.
ISSN: 1422-0067

hal-01516024
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01516024
DOI : 10.3390/ijms18040764
PUBMED : 28375174

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The main results are processed and analysed at two levels: macro and micro. For the macro, it is a comparative analysis of systems of school education and the organization of the PE in Haiti and Martinique based on different elements: the organization of schooling, the major educational reforms, the educational profile of teachers of the first two cycles of the fundamental school and elementary school, PE programs and physical, sports and artistic activities proposed. For the micro, it is a comparative analysis based on the curriculum said (before and after interviews) and the real curriculum (filmed lessons). The distinction between macro-level and micro-level focuses on the contextual component of our study Thus, the macro is interested in the effects of the context and the microphone to the effects of context.
AIESEP 2017 International Conference Cultures, Disciplines, Intercations: Contextualizing Diversity in Physical education
Gosier, France

hal-01649919
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01649919

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Large-scale conical and saucer-shaped sand injectites have been identified in the Upper Miocene sediments of the Lower Congo Basin. These structures are evidenced on the 3D high-resolution seismic data at about 600 ms TWT (two-way traveltime) beneath the seabed. The conical and saucer-shaped anomalies range from 20 to 80 m in height, 50 to 300 m in diameter, and 10 to 20 ms TWT in thickness. They are located within a sedimentary interval of about 100 m in thickness and are aligned over 20 km in dip direction (NE-SW), above the NW margin of an underlying Upper Miocene submarine fan. We have interpreted the conical and saucer-shaped anomalies as upward-emplaced sand injectites sourced from the Upper Miocene fan because of their discordant character, the postsedimentary uplifting of the sediments overlying the cones and saucer-shaped bodies, the alignment with the lateral fringe of the Upper Miocene submarine fan, and the geological context. Sand injection dates from the Miocene-Pliocene transition (approximately 5.3 Ma). The prerequisite overpressure to the sand injection process may be due to the buoyancy effect of hydrocarbons accumulated in the margins of the fan. Additionally, overpressure could have been enhanced by the lateral transfer of fluids operating in the inclined margins of the lobe. The short duration of sand injection and the presence of many sandstone intrusions suggested that the process of injection was triggered by an event, likely due to a nearby fault displacement related to diapiric movements. This is the first time that sand injectites of seismic scale have been described from the Lower Congo Basin. The localized nature of these injectites has led to a change in the migration path of fluids through the sedimentary cover. Consequently, the sand intrusions are both evidence and vectors of fluid migration within the basin fill.
ISSN: 1468-8115

hal-00963594
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00963594
DOI : 10.1111/gfl.12057

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae), plant species popularly known in Brazil as “sangra-d’água”, is commonly found in Mato Grosso do Sul State (midwestern Brazil), where its latex is popularly used to treat several types of cancer. Despite the ethnopharmacological significance of the species, no phytochemical or cytotoxic studies of its latex have been published. In this context, the aim of the present study was to assess the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts, fractions and isolated compound from the latex of C. urucurana and to investigate the effects of crourorb A1 on the viability, apoptosis, cell cycle and cell migration of human hepatocarcinoma cell lines (Huh-7). Also, we have evaluated the viability of Huh-7 cells treated with crourorb A1 in 3D collagen gels. The cytotoxicity was detected using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay against six human cancer cells lines and one nontumor NIH/3T3 cell line (murine fibroblast). Studies on the mechanism of cell death of crourorb A1 were conducted in different test systems in vitro. The bioactive ethyl acetate phase obtained from the latex of C. urucurana afforded a novel cyclic peptide, [1−9-NαC]-crourorb A1, that proved active against NCIADR/ RES (ovary, multidrug-resistance phenotype) cells with the same potency as doxorubicin (positive control) and inactive up to the highest concentration tested against nontumor NIH/3T3 cells (GI50 = > 250 μg/mL). Crourorb A1 treatment decreases the cell viability of Huh-7 at dose and time dependent manner associated with induction of apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activation and increasing expression of pro-apoptotic proteins: Bak, Bid, Bax, Puma, Bim, and Bad and clived-caspase3 protein. The JNK/MAP pathway is involved in this induced cell death. Crourorb A1 effect is also associated with G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. In parallel, we observed that crourorb A1 treatment resulted in an increase of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1), cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 expressions. A significant reduction of Huh-7 cells migration by crourorb A1 can be assessed and we also show that cells grown on 3D collagen gels exhibited increased resistance to crourorb A1 when compared to 2D cell culture.
Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae), est une plante très connue et utilisée en médecine traditionnelle au Brésil, la «sangra-d’água» retrouvée dans l'État du Mato Grosso do Sul (région Centre-Ouest du Brésil). Son latex est abondamment utilisé en médecine traditionnelle dans le traitement de plusieurs types de cancer. En dépit de son importance ethnopharmacologique, on ne trouve aucune étude sur sa composition chimique ou sur sa potentielle activité anti-cancéreuse. L’objectif de ce travail a été d'évaluer l'activité cytotoxique des extraits totaux, fractions d’extraits et de molécules purifiées, isolées du latex de C. urucurana. Nous avons étudié plus particulièrement les effets du crourorb A1 sur la viabilité, l'apoptose, le cycle cellulaire et la migration de cellules issues de carcinome hépatocellulaire humaine (Huh-7). Nous avons également évalué l’effet du crourorb A1sur la viabilité des cellules Huh-7 cultivées dans les gels de collagène en 3D. L' activité cytotoxique ont été réalisées par le test à la sulforhodamine B sur six lignées cellulaire cancéreuses et sur une lignée cellulaire non cancéreuse de fibroblastes murins, les cellules NIH/3T3. L'étude phytochimique de la fraction ‘acétate d'éthyle’ du latex de C. urucurana bioguidé a permis d’obtenir un nouveau cyclopeptide que nous avons nommé [1-9-NαC]-crourorb A1. Le crourorb présente une cytotoxicité puissante sur la lignée cellulaire cancéreuse NCI-ADR/RES (ovaire, le phénotype de multirésistance) à un niveau équivalent à celle de la doxorubicine (témoin positif). Ce composé est de plus pratiquement inactif (GI50 = >250 μg/mL) sur la lignée non cancéreuse NIH/3T3. L'évaluation de la cytotoxicité in vitro du crourorb A1 (test wst1) sur les cellules Huh-7 a démontré que la viabilité des cellules est inhibée de manière dose et temps-dépendant. Nous avons mesuré une forte activation des caspases 3 et 7 et une nette augmentation de l’expression des protéines pro-apoptotiques (Bak, Bid, Bax, Puma, Bim et Bad) ainsi que de la caspase 3 clivée par le crourorb A1. Nous avons également déterminé que la voie de signalisation JNK-MAPkinase semble nécessaire à l’induction de la mort cellulaire des cellules Huh-7 traitées au crourorb A1. Le crourob A1 induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire en phase G2/M. En parallèle, les expressions de la cycline-dépendante kinase CDK1, des cyclines B1 et D1 sont augmentées après traitement au crourorb A1. De plus, le crourorb A1 a un effet inhibiteur significatif de la migration des cellules Huh-7, en présence ou absence de mitomycine C. Nous avons également confirmé, l’effet inhibiteur du crourob A1 sur la viabilité des cellules Huh7 cultivées en 3D dans les gels de collagène 1 et démontré que les cellules cultivées en 3D semblent plus résistantes au crourorb A1 par rapport aux cultures en monocouche 2D.
Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae) é uma espécie arbórea conhecida popularmente no Brasil como “sangra d´água”, comumente encontrada no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, onde seu látex tem sido utilizado na medicina popular no tratamento de vários tipos de câncer. Apesar de sua importância etnofarmacológica, não há relatos de estudos relacionados à sua composição química ou atividades anticâncer na literatura. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade citotóxica de extratos, fases, frações e da substância isolada do látex de C. ururucurana e investigar os mecanismos celulares e moleculares in vitro responsáveis pela citotoxicidade da substância isolada considerando seu potencial apoptótico e influência sobre a progressão do ciclo celular em uma linhagem de hepatocarcinoma celular humano (Huh-7), bem como, os efeitos desta substância sobre a migração e viabilidade de células Huh-7 cultivadas em geis de colágeno em 3D. O ensaio de citotoxicidade in vitro foi realizado com o corante sulforrodamina B (SRB) em seis linhagens de células neoplásicas humanas e uma linhagem de células não neoplásicas NIH/3T3 (fibloblasto murinho). Os estudos de mecanismos de ação com crourorb A1 foram conduzidos em diferentes sistemas-teste in vitro. O estudo fitoquímico biomonitorado da fase bioativa acetato de etila do látex de C. urucurana resultou no isolamento de um novo ciclopeptídeo denominado [19-NαC]-crourorb A1, que apresentou potente atividade citotóxica frente à linhagem de células neoplásicas NCI-ADR/RES (ovário com fenótipo de resistência a múltiplos fármacos), com a mesma potência que a doxorrubicina (controle positivo), e foi inativa até a maior concentração testada (GI50 = >250 μg/mL) frente à linhagem de células não neoplásicas 3T3. A exposição de células Huh-7 ao crourorb A1 resultou em uma diminuição da viabilidade celular de maneira dose e tempo-dependentes. Nós observamos um aumento da atividade de caspases 3 e 7 e um aumento da expressão de proteínas próapoptóticas (Bak, Bid, Bax, Puma, Bim e Bad) e caspase 3 clivada após tratamento com crourorb A1. Além disso, observamos que a via de sinalização celular MAP/JNK foi necessária para induzir a morte celular em células Huh-7 tratadas com crourorb A1. Os efeitos de crourorb A1 foram também associados com o acúmulo de células na fase G2/M do ciclo celular. Em paralelo, as expressões da cinase dependente da ciclina (CDK1), ciclina B1 e ciclina D1 foram aumentadas após tratamento com crourorb A1. Foi demonstrado também o envolvimento de crourorb A1 na redução da migração de células Huh-7 cultivadas na presença e ausência de mitomicina C. A avaliação da viabilidade de células Huh-7 cultivadas em geis de colágeno em 3D apontou uma maior resistência destas células ao crourorb A1 quando comparadas com a cultura de células em 2D.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01478286

NNT : 2016REN1B010
tel-01478286
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01478286
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01478286/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01478286/file/DE-MATOS-CANDIDO-BACANI-Priscila.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : À Madagascar, depuis quelques années, la sauvegarde de la biodiversité est devenue une priorité pour le gouvernement. Avec l’aide des partenaires étrangers, le pays étend actuellement de manière spectaculaire son réseau d’espaces protégés. Malgré l’intégration de la gouvernance participative sur le terrain, ce mouvement s’accompagne d’une très forte déstabilisation des communautés locales. Parallèlement, le pays qui affronte des crises multiples (crise économique latente et crises politiques à répétition) est le théâtre d’un formidable « boum » des activités informelles en général et de l’artisanat minier en particulier. Dans bien des cas, lorsque la gestion des milieux sensible est retirée aux communautés locales au profit d’acteurs institutionnels, on assiste au développement de ces activités destructrices. Pour lutter contre cet effet pervers de l’institutionnalisation de la protection environnementale, il devient urgent de disposer d’un plus large panel de systèmes de gouvernance. Ceux-ci doivent être conçus pour s’adapter aussi bien que possible à la multitude de contextes rencontrés, en prenant en compte l’ensemble des acteurs, qu’ils soient formels, issus de la société traditionnelle, ou informels.
In Madagascar, during the last few years, conservation of biodiversity has become a major priority for the government. Indeed, with the help of the foreign countries, Madagascar is currently expanding its network of protected areas. But despite the integration of participant governance on the ground, this movement contributes to the destabilization of local communities. Meanwhile, multiple crises (economic crisis, latent and recurrent political crises) take place in Madagascar. Besides, the country is the scene of a tremendous “boom” of informal activities in general, and small-scale mining in particular. In many cases, when the protection of sensitive environments is taken from local communities for the benefit of institutional actors, the development of these destructive activities in protected areas increases. To fight against this pernicious effect of the institutionalization of environmental protection, it is urgent to extend the modes of governance. These modes must be as flexible as possible, according to local contexts, and have to take into account traditional, formal or informal actors.
Madagascar

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3622
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3622

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Mass tourism is a historically significant phenomenon. For decades, it has been a source for stereotypes within academic research and in public discussions. This study addresses stereotypes of mass tourism by giving voice to travel agents and tourist guides working for mass package tour operators. They were asked to comment and reflect on the statements about phenomenon in which they are working. The Finnish socio-cultural context is discussed as well as the positionality and contextuality of the interviewees. In total, 20 interviews were conducted. The results show that there is no one way to understand these stereotypes: Both professional groups contextualized and scaled the universalist statements in multiple ways. In tourism research, more attention should be directed at how the categorization of mass tourism is done as a discursive practice and what kinds of effects it has to the theory and practice.
Le tourisme de masse est un phénomène historiquement significatif. Pendant des décennies, il a été une source de stéréotypes dans la recherche universitaire et dans les débats publics. Cette étude porte sur les stéréotypes du tourisme de masse et donne la parole à des agents et des guides touristiques travaillant pour les tour-opérateurs qui vendent des produits de masse. Ils ont été invités à commenter et réfléchir sur les déclarations sur le tourisme de masse. Le contexte socio-culturel finlandais est discuté ainsi que le positionnement et la contextualité des personnes interrogées. Au total, 20 interviews ont été menées. Les résultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas une façon de comprendre ces stéréotypes: les professionnels contextualisent et appréhendent le phénomène de plusieurs manières. Les recherches sur le tourisme mériteraient d’accorder plus d’attention sur les processus de catégorisation du tourisme de masse, la construction de la pratique discursive et leurs effets sur les théories et les pratiques.
Finlande
Crète

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7609
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7609