Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé :  
1. Despite considerable interest in the application of plant functional traits to questions of community assembly and ecosystem structure and function, there is no consensus on the appropriateness of sampling designs to obtain plot-level estimates in diverse plant communities. 2. We measured 10 plant functional traits describing leaf and stem morphology and ecophysiology for all trees in nine 1-ha plots in terra firme lowland tropical rain forests of French Guiana (N = 4709). 3.We calculated, by simulation, the mean and variance in trait values for each plot and each trait expected under seven sampling methods and a range of sampling intensities. Simulated sampling methods included a variety of spatial designs, as well as the application of existing data base values to all individuals of a given species. 4. For each trait in each plot, we defined a performance index for each sampling design as the proportion of resampling events that resulted in observed means within 5% of the true plot mean, and observed variance within 20%of the true plot variance. 5. The relative performance of sampling designs was consistent for estimations of means and variances. Data base use had consistently poor performance for most traits across all plots, whereas sampling one individual per species per plot resulted in relatively high performance. We found few differences among different spatial sampling strategies; however, for a given strategy, increased intensity of sampling resulted in markedly improved accuracy in estimates of trait mean and variance. 6. We also calculated the financial cost of each sampling design based on data from our 'every individual per plot' strategy and estimated the sampling and botanical effort required. The relative performance of designs was strongly positively correlated with relative financial cost, suggesting that sampling investment returns are relatively constant. 7. Our results suggest that trait sampling for many objectives in species-rich plant communities may require the considerable effort of sampling at least one individual of each species in each plot, and that investment in complete sampling, though great, may be worthwhile for at least some traits.
Functional Ecology

hal-01032175
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032175
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01600.x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le secteur du tourisme et des services s’est imposé comme le véritable moteur des économies insulaires de la Caraïbe depuis la fin des années 1980, décennie. Dans ces territoires confrontés à la crise des traditionnelles économies de plantations, le tourisme a pris une importance considérable (19,2 milliards de dollars US pour une croissance moyenne annuelle de 7 % depuis 1990). Cependant les modalités du développement touristique actuelles ne sont pas sans poser certains problèmes d’ordre économique (faiblesses des retombées locales) et environnemental (concentration des flux). Les territoires de la Caraïbe insulaire développent de nouvelles stratégies touristiques autour de l’écotourisme
Tourism has become the driving force of the island economies of the Caribbean basin since the latter part of the 1980s. Within this island realm, the traditional plantation economies have gone through an economic crisis while tourism. On the other hand, has taken on considerable importance (19.2 billion dollars and a 7% annual growth rate since 1990. Nevertheless this growth has not been without its economic problems (a low level of local linkages) and environmental (concentration of tourist flows). Caribbean island tourism is now concentrating its efforts on developing new strategies based on ecotourism perspectives. Tourism, ecotourism and development strategies in the Caribbean.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3383
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3383

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The forests of French Guiana occupy a central part of the region’s potential resource base, but as yet remain almost completely unexploited. This stems from the forestry industry struggling to valorize wood stocks of a high diversity with an extremely heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, identifying essences for future propagation is an issue of both environmental and socio-economic importance for the region. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. go against conventional models, in that they display the life history characteristics of rapid growth and wood of high quality, and thus are species of high potential for future plantations. Firstly, our study of growth characteristics reveals a defined strategy half way between long-lived species and pioneer species. It is the variability of basic density of wood which is a key trait allowing for such a development, favoring rapid growth in initial years whilst allowing for tree longevity. Secondly, the analysis of a range of wood properties (shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, durability) in relation to tree growth confirms the technologic quality of the two species. It also enables the emergence of new results like the effect of extractives on wood stability, the control of growth as a result of basic density variation, the evolution of leaf traits throughout tree development or the improvement of trunk maintenance thanks to interlocked grain. The knowledge gained in relation to the developmental traits of these two species, and to the quality of their wood allows for the elaboration of plantation projects and what will be required for their success. The results of this study can orientate future studies on novel species for commercialization in French Guiana.
La ressource forestière en Guyane occupe une place maîtresse au sein de la région et est encore majoritairement préservée, mais la filière bois parvient difficilement à valoriser la biodiversité locale en raison de l’hétérogénéité de la ressource. Identifier les essences à planter demain représente aujourd’hui un enjeu à la fois environnemental, économique et social pour la Guyane. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. et Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. vont à l’encontre des modèles usuels en associant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois et sont identifiées comme prometteuses pour la plantation. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la dynamique de croissance des deux espèces révèle un modèle écologique singulier, à la fois pionnières et longévives. La variabilité de l’infradensité dans l’arbre est l’élément clé qui permet un tel développement, favorisant une croissance rapide dans les premières années tout en assurant la longévité de l’individu. Dans une seconde partie, l’analyse d’un large panel de propriétés du bois (retrait, module, durabilité) en lien avec le développement de l’arbre confirme les qualités technologiques des deux espèces et permet l’émergence de résultats novateurs tels que le rôle des extractibles sur le retrait, le contrôle de la croissance grâce aux variations d’infradensité, l’évolution des traits foliaires au cours de l’ontogénie ou encore la mise en place de contrefil dans l’arbre pour assurer son maintien. La connaissance acquise vis-à-vis du mode de développement de ces deux espèces et des facteurs influençant la qualité de leur bois permet aujourd’hui de définir avec plus de précision le cadre d’un projet de plantation et les conditions de son succès. Les résultats de cette étude permettent finalement d’orienter la recherche de nouvelles espèces d’avenir pour la plantation en Guyane.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2015YANE0002
tel-01430243
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243/file/julie-bossu.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Background : This study examines the radial trend in wood stiffness of tropical rainforest trees. The objective was to determine if the type of growing environment (exposed plantation or dense primary forest) would have an effect on this radial trend. Methods : The axial elastic modulus of wood samples, representing a pith to bark cross-section, of six trees from several French Guianese species (two of Eperua falcata, one of Eperua grandiflora, two of Carapa procera and one of Symphonia gloubulifera) was measured using a dynamic "forced vibration" method. Results : Primary forest trees were observed to have a decrease in wood stiffness from pith to bark, whereas plantation trees, from the same genus or species, displayed a corresponding increase in wood stiffness. Juvenile wood stiffness appears to vary depending on the environment in which the tree had grown. Conclusion : We suggest that the growth strategy of primary forest trees is to produce wood resistant to selfbuckling so that the height of the canopy may be obtained with the maximum of efficiency. In contrast, the growth strategy of the trees growing in an exposed plantation is to produce low-stiffness wood, important to provide flexibility in wind. Further experiments to study the behaviour of more species, with more individuals per species, growing across a range of physical environments, are required.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-00644335
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644335
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644335/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644335/file/McLean_al.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-011-0085-z

Éditeur(s) : CRILLASH : Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines
Extrait de : "Ecrire la domination" : journée d'étude, le 14 mai 2013. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : Dans ses Souvenirs de la Martinique et du Mexique pendant l'intervention française (1890), Charles Mismer brosse l'arrivée d'un convoi de Congos à la Martinique. Cette description d'engagés africains (introduits entre 1857 et 1862 pour conforter une économie de plantation ébranlée par les revendications voire les défections des Nouveaux libres) est d'un racisme extrême. Elle animalise les Congos et leur attribue une ignominie. Qui était Charles Mismer ? Et en présentant ces Africains comme « un ramassis d'êtres abjects, d'apparence simienne », à quels discours faisait-il écho ? Cette communication tentera d'analyser le cadre anthropo-historique et les stratégies de domination dans lesquels s'enchâsse ce texte de Charles Mismer.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V13188
V13188

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Gravitropism is necessary for plants to control the orientation of their axes while they grow in height. In woody plants, stem re-orientations are costly because they are achieved through diameter growth. The functional diversity of gravitropism was studied to check if the mechanisms involved and their efficiency may contribute to the differentiation of height growth strategies between forest tree species at the seedling stage. Seedlings of eight tropical species were grown tilted in a greenhouse, and their up-righting movement and diameter growth were measured during three months. Morphological, anatomical and biomechanical traits were measured at the end of the survey. Curvature analysis was used to analyse the up-righting response along the stems. Variations in stem curvature depend on diameter growth, size effects, the increase in self-weight, and the efficiency of the gravitropic reaction. A biomechanical model was used to separate these contributions. Results showed that (1) gravitropic movements were based on a common mechanism associated to similar dynamic patterns, (2) clear differences in efficiency (defined as the change in curvature achieved during an elementary diameter increment for a given stem diameter) existed between species, (3) the equilibrium angle of the stem and the anatomical characters associated to the efficiency of the reaction also differed between species, (4) the differences in gravitropic reaction were related to the light requirements: heliophilic species, compared to more shade-tolerant species, had a larger efficiency and an equilibrium angle closer to vertical. This suggests that traits determining the gravitropic reaction are related to the strategy of light interception and may contribute to the differentiation of ecological strategies promoting the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical rain forests.
ISSN: 0022-0957

hal-00797023
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00797023
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00797023/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00797023/file/Functional_diversity_gravitropic_Almeras_al.pdf

Résumé : Dans le cadre de la promotion de systèmes de culture alternatifs à moindres intrants chimiques, des études sur l'introduction de plantes de service ayant vocation à réduire l'usage des pesticides et engrais azotés mobilisent un effort de recherche considérable. Dans le cadre de la production bananière pour laquelle la nuisibilité causée par les nématodes phytoparasites constitue l'une des principales contraintes, une des principales alternatives à l'utilisation de nématicides chimiques repose sur l'usage raisonné en rotation ou en association culturale de plantes de service à propriétés nématorégulatrices. Parmi les espèces candidates, celles du genre Crota/aria spp. ont largement été étudiées en raison de leur aptitude à contrôler les nématodes phytoparasites. Une méta-analyse révèle cependant que même si de nombreux auteurs s'accordent à reconnaître les propriétés allélopathiques des plantes de cette espèce, ils sont également enclins à reconnaître la forte variabilité d'expression de ces propriétés vis-à-vis du contrôle des nématodes selon les situations expérimentées. L'objectif de ce travail repose sur la compréhension du déterminisme biochimique des exsudats. La stratégie expérimentale mise en oeuvre a consisté à tester en conditions contrôlées le comportement biochimique des exsudats racinaires de deux espèces de crotalaires (C retusa, C spectabilis) et d'une espèce sensible, le bananier dessert (Musa spp.) en fonction i) de conditions biotiques variées -i.e. présence ou non de nématodes (Radopholus similis et Meloidogyne arenariaï, et présence ou non de mycorhizes-, ii) de conditions abiotiques contrastées -i.e. utilisation d'un sol naturel vs. substrat neutre, ajout ou non d'engrais chimique. La méthodologie innovante des «plantes à traire » (Brevet INRA) a été requise pour pouvoir travailler sur les exsudats racinaires des plantes conditionnées plutôt que sur des Iixiviats, comme réalisé dans des expérimentations antérieures.Les résultats obtenus en spectrophométrie visible montrent que la modification des conditions abiotiques affecte de manière importante les profils biochimiques des plantes étudiées. En présence du nématode 1..·1. arenaria les profils biochimiques des deux crotalaires sont également modifiés. Des biotests réalisés à l'aide des exsudats racinaires conditionnés au préalable par les modifications biotiques ont permis de démontrer l'effet nématostatique des crotalaires. Des analyses biochimiques en Ge-MS mettent en évidence de manière plus précise des molécules actives mises en jeu sous différentes modalités biotiques et abiotiques. Ces recherches, de portée générique, permettront de mieux comprendre les conditions de l'environnement qui régulent les profils biochimiques des exsudats racinaires des crotalaires et par extension, seront applicables aux recherches menées sur d'autres plantes de service candidates. Ceci aidera, à terme, à définir les conditions environnementales à réunir, pour orienter de manière optimale les effets allélopathiques dans une perspective de nématorégulation naturelle
As part of the promotion of alternative cropping systems at lower chemical inputs, studies on the introduction of cover crops designed to reduce the use of pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers mobilize a considerable research effort. Under banana production for which the hannfu1ness caused by plant-parasitic-nematodes is one ofthe main constraints, one of the main alternatives to the use ofchemical nematicides is based on the rational use in rotation or intercropping of cover rI crops to proteet crops from plant-parasitic-nematodes, Among the candidate species, the species from the genus of Crota/aria spp. have been widely studied because of their ability to control plant parasitic-nematodes. A meta-analysis reveals that although many authors agree allelopathic properties of these species, they are also likely to recognize the high variability of expression of these properties vis-àvis the control of nematodes according to the situations experieaced.. The objective of this woIk is focnsed on the onderstanding of the biochemical determinism of mot exudates onder environment biotic and abiotic variations. The experimental strategy was 10 test onder controlled conditions the biochemical behavior of mot exudates of two species of crotalarias (C retusa, C. spectabilis) and a susceptible species, the dessert banana crop (Musa spp.) with i) modification ofbiotic conditions -ie presence or absence of nematodes iMeloidogyne arenaria and Radopho/us similis), and presence or absence of mycorrhiza-ii) contrasting abiotic conditions -ie using a natural soil vs. neutral substrate, whether to add fertilizer. The innovative methodology of "milking plants" (patent INRA) was required in order to work on the root exudates of plants packed rather thanleachate, as done in previous experiments. The results obtained show that 'visible spectrophotometry changing abiotic conditions affect significantly the biochemical profiles of the studied plants. In the presence of nematode M. arenaria biochemical profiles of both crotalarias are also changed. Bioassays conducted using mot exudates conditioned in advance by biotic changes have demonstrated the effect of nématostatique crotalarias. Biochemical Ge-MS demonstrate more clearly active molecules that are involved in varions biotic and abiotic conditions. This research, generic scope, to better understand the environmental conditions that regulate biochemical profiles of mot exudates crotalarias and by extension, will apply to research on other plants service candidates. This will ultimately define the environmental conditions to meet, to guide optimal allelopathic effects from the perspective ofnatural nématorégulation

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0561/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :   Diplôme : DEA
il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATION
En forêt tropicale humide les espèces arborées ont des stratégies différentes d'acquisition de l'azote : les espèces fixatrices utilisent l'azote atmosphérique N2 de l'air. Il existe des espèces à préférence à ammonium (NH+) ou à nitrate (NO3-), mais aussi des espèces ubiquistes se nourrissant des deux sources d'azote du sol. L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer si ces stratégies différentes étaient intrinsèques à l'espèce ou si elles étaient conditionnées par le milieu du fait des compétitions intra et/ou interspécifiques. Nous avons étudié la nutrition azotée d'une vingtaine d'espèces d'arbres juvéniles élevés en pot sur sol de forêt en conditions semi-contrôlées (20% d'éclairement). Deux méthodes ont été utilisées : la mesure de l'activité nitrate réductase in vivo après induction par pulvérisation de nitrate sur les feuilles et la signature isotopique naturelle δ15N. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la majorité des plantes en serre sembleraient capable d'utiliser l'une ou l'autre des deux sources avec une forte plasticité vis-à-vis de l'azote. Quelques espèces cependant n'utiliseraient que l'ammonium comme source d'azote malgré le milieu limitant, bien qu'ayant une activité nitrate reductase potentielle, traduisant une capacité non exploitée à assimiler le nitrate, les plantes fixatrices, elles, sembleraient avoir accès aux deux sources d'azote du sol. En utilisant des traits d'héliophile peu de liens ont été observés avec le tempérament des espèces vis-à-vis de la lumière. Des mesures complémentaires sous différents éclairements (5, 10 et 30%) seraient nécessaires pour conclure sur ce sujet. Les différences de nutrition observées dans le milieu naturel seraient dues aux conditions du milieu même si indirectement il se pourrait que la plante ait le pouvoir d'influencer le choix de la source en inhibant la nitrification au niveau rhizosphérique par le biais d'exsudats racinaires.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189235

hal-01189235
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189235
PRODINRA : 17890

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Semantic web standards, tools, ontologies and related technologies have considerably matured in the recent years. Nowadays, accessing a wide catalogue of biological, social, environmental, and ecological data sources helps stakeholders working on biodiversity to answer their complex questions. Will the real time access to web resources effectively support the definition of strategies to conserve and manage biodiversity? How might semantic web technologies help us to handle the complex and heterogeneous big data related to biodiversity? The workshop aims to identify the key challenges faced by the bioinformatics community, discuss potential solutions and identify the opportunities emerging from the trans-disciplinary interactions between Plant Science and Informatics experts. Therefore, we expect the bioinformatics experts to explain how they apply semantic web standards and tools to their scientific topic, from biology, agriculture, agro-ecology, genomics, environmental studies, to social sciences, citizen sciences. Research papers presenting various aspects of semantic web technologies applied to biodiversity data, ranging from position papers to implemented systems descriptions and their evaluation, will be selected. We are particularly interested in the use of the semantic technologies to design and develop systems that supports research on agricultural and wild biodiversity conservation and management for food security. Examples may include strategies for resilience to climate change pressures, sustainability of productive ecosystems, ecosystems services monitoring or territories management, rather than systems supporting only research on climate patterns or soil erosion.
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757

lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé :  
Distinct ecosystem level carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) stoichiometries in forest foliage have been suggested to reflect ecosystem-scale selection for physiological strategies in plant nutrient use. Here, this hypothesis was explored in a nutrient-poor lowland rainforest in French Guiana. * Variation in C, N and P concentrations was evaluated in leaf litter and foliage from neighbour trees of 45 different species, and the litter concentrations of major C fractions were also measured. * Litter C ranged from 45.3 to 52.4%, litter N varied threefold (0.68-2.01%), and litter P varied seven-fold (0.009-0.062%) among species. Compared with foliage, mean litter N and P concentrations decreased by 30% and 65%, respectively. Accordingly, the range in mass-based N : P shifted from 14 to 55 in foliage to 26 to 105 in litter. Resorption proficiencies indicated maximum P withdrawal in most species, but with a substantial increase in variation in litter P compared with foliage. * These data suggest that constrained ecosystem-level C : N : P ratios do not preclude the evolution of highly diversified strategies of nutrient use and conservation among tropical rainforest tree species. The resulting large variation in litter quality will influence stoichiometric constraints within the decomposer food web, with potentially far-ranging consequences on nutrient dynamics and plant-soil feedbacks.
ISSN: 0028-646X

hal-01032108
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032108
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02438.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 1- We examined among- and within-species effects of seed mass for seedling establishment from seed to 5 years of age in a field experiment at Paracou, French Guiana. 2- Six seeds of each of eight species were weighed and planted into each of 120 plots (1 m2) throughout closed-canopy forest along 12 100-m transects in 1998. 3- We described the microhabitat of each planting site using principal components derived from measurements of light availability, soil moisture, carbon and nitrogen content, and soil phosphorus availability. Although both survival and relative growth rate (RGR) increased with increasing light availability, no other microhabitat variable significantly affected seedling performance. Nor did the magnitude of microhabitat effects on survival or RGR differ among species. 4- Larger-seeded species were more likely to survive from germination to 1 year as well as from 1 to 5 years of age. RGR for seedling height during the first year post-germination was not related to seed mass, but smaller-seeded species did grow slightly faster thereafter. Path analyses revealed that correlations between seed mass and performance were explained in part because larger seeds produced larger initial seedlings, which tended to survive better but grow more slowly. 5- We also analysed within-species effects of seed mass for the larger-seeded Eperua grandiflora and Vouacapoua americana (both Caesalpiniaceae). Larger seeds produced larger seedlings in both species, but larger seeds survived better only for Eperua. Larger seedlings grew more slowly in both species, but did not offset the early (Eperua) and later (Vouacapoua) positive direct effects of seed mass on RGR that may represent contrasting strategies for reserve deployment. 6- Our results demonstrate that seed size influences performance within and among species in part because of indirect effects of initial seedling size. However, we suggest that traits tightly correlated with seed mass at the species level, such as specific leaf area, leaf longevity and photosynthetic capacity, may also contribute to interspecific performance differences.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01031089
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01031089
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01041.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : One critical challenge for plants is to maintain an adequate nutrient supply under fluctuating environmental conditions. This is particularly true for epiphytic species that have limited or no access to the pedosphere and often live in harsh climates. Bromeliads have evolved key innovations such as epiphytism, water-absorbing leaf trichomes, tank habit and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis that enable them to survive under various environmental conditions. Bromeliads encompass diverse ecological types that live on different substrates (they can be terrestrial, epilithic or epiphytic) and vary in their ability to retain water (they can be tank-forming or tankless) and photosynthetic pathway (i.e. C3 or CAM). In this review, we outline the nutritional modes and specializations that enable bromeliads to thrive in a wide range of nutrient-poor (mostly nitrogen-depleted) environments.Important FindingsBromeliads have evolved a great diversity of morphologies and functional adaptations leading to the existence of numerous nutritional modes. Focusing on species that have absorptive foliar trichomes, we review evidence that bromeliads have evolved multi-faceted nutritional strategies to respond to fluctuations in the supply of natural nitrogen (N). These plants have developed mutualistic associations with many different and functionally diverse terrestrial and aquatic microorganisms and metazoans that contribute substantially to their mineral nutrition and, thus, their fitness and survival. Bacterial and fungal microbiota-assisted N provisioning, protocarnivory, digestive mutualisms and myrmecotrophic pathways are the main strategies used by bromeliads to acquire nitrogen. The combination of different nutritional pathways in bromeliads represents an important adaptation enabling them to exploit nutrient-poor habitats. Nonetheless, as has been shown for several other vascular plants, multiple partners are involved in nutrient acquisition indicating that there have been convergent adaptations to nutrient scarcity. Finally, we point out some gaps in the current knowledge of bromeliad nutrition that offer fascinating research opportunities.
ISSN: 1752-9921

hal-01532637
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532637
DOI : 10.1093/jpe/rtv052
PRODINRA : 384521

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Tourism has been an important component of Caribbean island economy for more than three decades. The business model is based largely on the deployment of low-wage workers in destination surroundings which mimic the past colonial plantation era. Moreover, mass tourism has resulted in stretching the carrying capacity of some smaller island states to the limiting end. Large trans-national tourism corporations operating cruise ships and/or hotels are coercing sovereign governments to offer ever more fiscal concessions as incentives for business continuation. Additionally as the competition for tourism revenue is heightened by destinations outside the Caribbean, regional states are struggling to find new means to maintain and expand the tourism trade. Alternative tourism venues such as sex, gambling, tax evasion, medical, sports, culture and ecology are being implemented. Some of these offerings are indeed degrading to the people and their cultural tradition. And they do not improve the economic well-being of the people satisfactorily. A new strategy to replace classical as well as alternative tourism is urgently needed.
Le tourisme est une activité essentielle dans l'économie des îles de la Caraïbe depuis plus de trois décennies. Le modèle économique repose en grande partie sur la présence d'une main-d'œuvre insulaire peu coûteuse qui s'inscrit dans le prolongement des économies coloniales construites sur les plantations. Le tourisme de masse rencontre des limites en matière de capacité de charge sur les plus petits Etats insulaires. Les grandes sociétés transnationales de tourisme qui contrôlent les bateaux de croisières ou les hôtels contraignent les gouvernements souverains à faire toujours plus de concessions fiscales. La concurrence entre les destinations de la Caraïbe est exacerbée par la concurrence internationale autour des revenus du tourisme. Les Etats de la région peinent à trouver de nouvelles ressources pour maintenir et développer le secteur du tourisme. Les offres alternatives, entre le sexe, le jeu, l'évasion fiscale, le médical, le sport, la culture et l'écologie sont mises en œuvre. Certaines de ces offres sont, en effet, dégradantes pour les personnes et leur tradition culturelle et n'améliorent pas le bien-être économique de la population de manière satisfaisante. Une nouvelle stratégie pour remplacer le tourisme balnéaire classique ainsi que le tourisme alternative du moment s'impose d'urgence.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7524
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7524

Résumé : L’ingénierie agroécologique vise à produire des savoirs actionnables, pour concevoir des systèmes de cultures économiquement et écologiquement performants, par la valorisation de régulations naturelles. Notre problématique est centrée sur la santé des cultures, et plus particulièrement sur la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum, agent du flétrissement bactérien alors qu’une souche extrêmement agressive menace la production de tomates en plein champ en Martinique. La nécessité d’explorer et de développer des alternatives aux méthodes conventionnelles de protection des plantes (variétés résistantes, pesticides), actuellement inefficaces, invite à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de conception innovante. Nos travaux montrent que la mobilisation d’une barrière rhizosphérique est une stratégie de régulation biologique alternative. Différents processus y contribuent, telle que la mycorhization, symbiose entre racines et champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules, présents dans la plupart des sols. Nous montrons que la mobilisation de réseaux de mycorhizes indigènes à partir d’un sol agricole permet une mycorhization précoce de la tomate. De plus, l’association de plantes aux propriétés mycorhizotrophes et assainissantes en conditions contrôlées montre des effets bioprotecteurs partiels et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de combinaisons entre processus. Ces combinaisons sont mobilisables par des leviers d’actions multi-scalaires. Nous avons produit une grille d’analyse générique de ces leviers d’action pour la conception, par des trajectoires d’innovation multidirectionnelles, de « systèmes de culture bioprotégés ». Dans le contexte agricole martiniquais, une démarche d’apprentissage permet en effet l’émergence d’une dynamique de co-conception de systèmes de cultures recourant aux plantes mycorhizotrophes. Nos travaux proposent des outils pour une exploration collective de nouvelles stratégies de gestion durable de la santé des cultures.
Agroecological engineering aims to produce actionable knowledge to design economically and environmentally efficient cropping systems, based on the exploitation of natural regulation mechanisms. Our issue is centered on crop health, especially on the plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt agent), of which an extremely aggressive strain threatens field tomato production in Martinique. The need to explore and develop alternatives to conventional methods of plant protection (resistant varieties, pesticides), ineffective in our case, calls for the implementation of an innovative design approach. Our work shows that the protection of the roots via the formation of a self-sustaining rhizospheric barrier may be an alternative biological control strategy. Different processes contribute, such as mycorrhizal symbiosis between roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are present in most soils. We show that the mobilization of indigenous mycorrhizal networks from an agricultural soil allows early mycorrhization of tomatoes. In addition, the association of plants with mycorrhizal and sanitizing properties in controlled conditions showed partial bioprotective effects and opens up new prospects for combinations between processes. These combinations may be exploited in various ways. We produced a generic analysis grid of key levers to design "healthy cropping systems " through multi-directional innovation trajectories. In Martinique's agricultural context, a learning process allows the emergence of a dynamic co-design of cropping systems using mycorrhizal plants. Our work thus provides tools for collective exploration of new sustainable management strategies for crop health.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0828/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Gravitropism is a major process in vertical growth as it allows the positioning of plant in the gravity field and thus, for trees, it takes part in the light foraging strategies. Without any gravitropism, trees would adopt a weeping habit or fall on the ground due to the increasing with growth supported weight, especially at the advance regeneration stage (sapling stage) in the understorey, where tree are very slender and poorly stiff. Most of the gravitropic studies are made by physiologists in order to understand the process and thus are associated to complex laboratory methods (genetic engineering, anatomical studies, accurate 2D ou 3D measurements of form changes with time). In order to study the ecological relevance and the specific diversity of gravitropic performances in natural forests, we developed a framework that uses different kinds of datas. Synchronical analysis has been done i) at the population level in large sample of trees and ii) at the tree level from destructive measurement of the dissymmetry maturation strains known to be the main motor of the posture control reaction of trees. In both cases, biomechanical models allows to estimate some aspects of the dynamic gravitropic process. Diachronical analysis has been done in natural conditions on permanent plots, or in a more traditional way, by observing in greenhouse experiments the righting movements of plants artificially tilted. In the first case, the problem is the high variability of natural disturbances and the slowness of growth and movements in the dark understorey. The second choice allows a measurement of a capacity (i.e. the ability of the species to react in quite extreme conditions of verticality disturbance but good for growth light and nutrient conditions) that is more easy to analyse, but is maybe not so relevant for estimating the ecological strategy (some species could have developed a high efficience of gravitropic reaction in natural conditions by avoiding the mechanical disturbance or adapting the reaction to slow growth and changing environments in natural conditions). All approaches use the same basic biomechanical modelling, i) to analyse simultaneously the reaction and the disturbance (due to the weight increase) during growth, or ii) to combine different parameters (geometry, growth, weight, maturation strains) involved in shape changes and posture control. They give a classification of the species according to their gravitropic performances. Results on 15 species are discussed, with relation to shade-tolerance or avoidance.
6th Plant Biomechanics Conference
Cayenne, France

hal-00565956
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565956

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 1. Functional traits provide insight into a variety of ecological questions, yet the optimal sampling method to estimate the community-level distribution of plant functional trait values remains a subject of debate, especially in species-rich forests. 2. We present a simulation analysis of the trait distribution of a set of nine completely sampled permanent plots in the lowland rain forests of French Guiana. 3. Increased sampling intensity consistently improved accuracy in estimating community-weighted means and variances of functional trait values, whereas there was substantial variation among functional traits and minor differences among sampling strategies. 4. Thus, investment in intensified sampling yields a greater improvement in the accuracy of estimation than does an equivalent investment in sampling design complication. 5. Notably, 'taxon-free' strategies frequently had greater accuracy than did abundance-based strategies, which had the additional cost of requiring botanical surveys. 6. We conclude that there is no substitute for extensive field sampling to accurately characterize the distribution of functional trait values in species-rich forests.
ISSN: 0269-8463

hal-01536541
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01536541
PRODINRA : 343202
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2435.12433

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Frontiers Media
Résumé : "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" (Lso) has emerged as a serious threat world-wide. Five Lso haplotypes have been identified so far. Haplotypes A and B are present in the Americas and/or New Zealand, where they are vectored to solanaceous plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). The fastidious nature of these pathogens has hindered the study of the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts (vector and plant). To understand the strategies used by these pathogens to infect their vector, the effects of each Lso haplotype (A or B) on psyllid fitness was investigated, and genome-wide transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses were performed to evaluate Lso gene expression in association with its vector. Results showed that psyllids infected with haplotype B had significantly lower percentage of nymphal survival compared to psyllids infected with haplotype A. Although overall gene expression across Lso genome was similar between the two Lso haplotypes, differences in the expression of key candidate genes were found. Among the 16 putative type IV effector genes tested, four of them were differentially expressed between Lso haplotypes, while no differences in gene expression were measured by qPCR or transcriptomic analysis for the rest of the genes. This study provides new information regarding the pathogenesis of Lso haplotypes in their insect vector.
ISSN: 2235-2988

hal-01512244
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512244
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512244/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512244/file/Yao%202016%20Frontiers%20in%20Cellular%20and%20Infection%20Microbiology_%7BD6ACF6EB-9794-4F27-AB84-9EF4099B6D78%7D.pdf
DOI : 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00062

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with a high incidence in French Guiana, mainly in the middle and upper Oyapock basin, where Amerindian and some Brazilian people live. The main goals of this work were (i) to assess the knowledge about leishmaniasis in the different populations of the middle and upper Oyapock basin, (ii) to study the therapeutic strategies adopted by people affected by leishmaniasis and (iii) to document the use of phytotherapeutic remedies for leishmaniasis. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (K.A.P.) related to this disease and its treatments have been studied according to cultural group and geographical settlement. Within the Wayãpi group, the evolution of the knowledge of phytoremedies over the last 20 years has been characterised by literature-based comparisons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 144 questionnaires were administered in all the villages of the upper Oyapock and Camopi basins. Correspondence analyses were used for multivariate analysis. Plant species were identified at the Cayenne Herbarium (CAY). RESULTS: The biomedical concept of leishmaniasis correlates well with the Teko and Wayãpi concepts of kalasapa and kalasapau. Although the vector of this disease was not correctly identified, the most commonly cited aetiology (74.5%) was vector-borne, and related epidemiological schemes correlate well with the one encountered in French Guiana. Theoretically and practically, health centres were the most commonly used resource for diagnostic in instances of leishmaniasis infection (65.9%), independently of the patient's cultural group, along with the use of pharmaceutical drugs (85.3%). Pharmaceuticals were commonly utilised despite the frequent (51.5%) use of phytotherapeutic remedies, alone or in combination with drugs. The most cited medicinal plant species for the treatment of leishmaniasis included Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. (Iridaceae, cited 14 times), Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Arecaceae, 9), Cecropia obtusa Trecul (Cecropiaceae, 8), Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae, 7), Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae, 6) and Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae, 6). Multiple correspondence analyses demonstrated that the species used in leishmaniasis remedies are more prone to vary by the user's place of residence than by their cultural origin, which indicates that exchange of knowledge about leishmaniasis remedies has occurred across different cultural groups. Literature-based comparisons between the remedies for leishmaniasis used by the Wayãpi during the 1980s showed a striking evolution, both in terms of diversity of species and number of plants used. The large number of species shared with other Guianese groups argues for intercultural exchange and may explain the majority (57.1%) of the newly used species highlighted in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Leishmaniasis is a well-known disease in the studied area. Phytotherapeutic treatments are still in use, although they are not the main source of remedies, and should undergo pharmacological studies to evaluate their potential therapeutic value.
ISSN: 0378-8741

pasteur-00634597
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00634597
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.044
PUBMED : 21816216

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Botanical Society of America
Résumé :  
To investigate the existence of coordinated sets of seedling traits adapted to contrasting establishment conditions, we examined evolutionary convergence in seedling traits for 299 French Guianan woody plant species and the stress response in a shadehouse of species representing seed size gradients within five major cotyledon morphology types. The French Guianan woody plant community has larger seeds than other tropical forest communities and the largest proportion of hypogeal cotyledon type (59.2%) reported for tropical forests. Yet the community includes many species with intermediate size seeds that produce seedlings with different cotyledonal morphologies. A split-plot factorial design with two light levels (0.8% and 16.1% PAR) and four damage treatments (control, seed damage, leaf damage, stem damage) was used in the shadehouse experiment. Although larger-seeded species had higher survival and slower growth, these patterns were better explained by cotyledon type than by seed mass. Even larger-seeded species with foliar cotyledons grew faster than species with reserve-type cotyledons, and survival after stem grazing was five times higher in seedlings with hypogeal cotyledons than with epigeal cotyledons. Thus, to predict seedling performance using seed size, seedling morphology must also be considered.
ISSN: 0002-9122

hal-01032177
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032177
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.94.6.901

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Botanical Society of America
Résumé :  
Tree buckling risk (actual height/critical buckling height) is an important biomechanical trait of plant growth strategies, and one that contributes to species coexistence. To estimate the diversity of this trait among wide samples, a method that minimizes damage to the plants is necessary. On the basis of the rarely used, complete version of Greenhill's model (1881, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4(2): 65-73), we precisely measured all the necessary parameters on a sample of 236 saplings of 16 species. Then, using sensitivity (variance) analysis, regressions between successive models for risk factors and species ranks and the use of these models on samples of self- and nonself-supporting saplings, we tested different degrees of simplification up to the most simple and widely used formula that assumes that the tree is a cylindrical homogeneous pole. The size factor had the greatest effect on buckling risk, followed by the form factor and the modulus of elasticity of the wood. Therefore, estimates of buckling risk must consider not only the wood properties but especially the form factor. Finally, we proposed a simple but accurate method of assessing tree buckling risk that is applicable to a wide range of samples and that requires mostly nondestructive measurements.
ISSN: 0002-9122

hal-01032059
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032059