Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The problems caused by venomous fish in the waters of the Lesser Antilles were studied in two notes published by the state-run Technical Assistance and Social Credit Company (SATEC) and in older works by Poey (1866), Arcisz (1950) and Randal (1958). The first SATEC note gives the brief description and classification of venomous coastal fishes of St. Barthelemy; the other SATEC note explores the hypotheses on the origin of venomousity of tropical fish based on a vast literature review (Morice, 1961, 1962). It also gives in the appendix a complete list of "fearful" species (this is how venoumous fish are designated in the local language and the "ciguatera" is called a "hurt fish") in St. Barthelemy waters and reports the cases of poisoning studied on the island since September 1960.In October 1963, we carried out a short expedition to St. Martin, during which we established equivalences between local names used by the inhabitants of St. Barthelemy and St. Martin to designate dangerous species. Moreover, thanks to kind help by a doctor at the Marigot hospital, we were able to note details on the symptoms from a series of serious poisonings that occurred at Marigot and surrounding areas in July-August 1963. The species incriminated by the victims of this poisoning had been caught in the south-west of the "Ile des Chiens" situated in the north-west of St. Martin and were all part of the list previously established for St. Barthelemy.
Les problèmes posés par la vénénosité de certains poissons des eaux des Petites Antilles ont fait l'objet, en de:hors de travaux anciens de POEY, 1866 à ARCISZ, 1950 et RANDALL, 1958) de deux notes ronéotypées par les services de la S.A.T.E.C. L'une concerne la description rapide et la classification des poissons côtiers vénéneux de l'île de St-Barthélémy; l'autre étudie les théories émises à propos de l'origine de la vénénosité des poissons tropicaux, ceci après compilation de la vaste littérature parue à ce sujet (MORICE, 1961 : 1962) ; elle donne également en annexe la liste complétée des espèces « redouteuses » des eaux de St-Barthélémy avec notification des cas d'empoisonnement étudiés dans l'île depuis septembre 1960 (c'est en effet par ce qualificatif que les poissons vénéneux sent désignés dans le patois de St-Barthélémy, et la « ciguatera)) est appelée « mal poisson ))). En octobre 1963, nous avons effectué une courte mission d'étude à St-Martin, séjour au cours duquel nous avons pu établir l'équivalence des noms vernaculaires utilisés par les habitants de St-Barthélémy et de St-Martin pour désigner les espèces dangereuses; de plus, grâce au concours aimable du médecin de l'hôpital de Marigot, nous avons pu noter les détails symptomatologiques d'une série d'intoxications graves survenues à Marigot et clans ses environs en juillet-août 1963. Les espèces incriminées par les victimes de cette intoxication avaient été capturées dans le sud-ouest de l'îlot des Chiens, dans le nord-ouest de St-Martin et faisaient toutes partie de la liste établie précédemment pour St-Barthélémy. (OCR non contrôlé)
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1965-09 , Vol. 28 , N. 3 , P. 231-236

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1965/publication-4040.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4040/

Éditeur(s) : Oxford university press
Résumé : There is increasing evidence from previous studies, and from fishers' observations, that coastal dolphins use fishing nets as an easily accessible feeding source, damaging or depredating fish caught in the nets. This study investigates the impact of dolphin depredation on artisanal trammelnets by analysing the catch composition of 614 artisanal fishing operations in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (France). Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) attacked, on average, 12.4% of the nets and damaged 8.3% of the catch. However, attacked nets were characterized by statistically significantly higher catch per unit effort than unattacked ones. Catch composition also differed significantly after dolphin attacks; bentho-pelagic fish were more represented and reef-associated fish less represented. Our results suggest that (i) dolphins are attracted by high fish densities in the fishing area and/or nets, and (ii) their attacks induce specific fish-avoidance behaviour, according to the fish position in the water column. Although dolphins depredate a small part of the catch, damage to nets, not yet assessed in this area, could weaken the benefits that reserves can provide to artisanal fisheries.
ICES Journal of Marine Science (1054-3139) (Oxford university press), 2009-05 , Vol. 66 , N. 4 , P. 699-707

Droits : 2009 ICES/CIEM. Oxford Journals
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6808.pdf
DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsp036
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6808/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The behaviour of the four Ra isotopes (measured by gamma spectrometry) and 222Rn (measured with an AlphaGUARD ionisation chamber) has been investigated in NaCl-rich thermal waters of Balaruc-les-Bains on the Mediterranean coast (South of France). This study allows identification of the deep thermal water signature and reveals the influence of seawater or karst water inflows on Ra isotopes and 222Rn. The deep thermal water has 226Ra and 222Rn activities of 840 and 1900 mBq/l, respectively, a (228Ra/226Ra) activity ratio of 0.59, and low (224Ra/228Ra) and (223Ra/226Ra) ratios of 0.67 and 0.025, respectively. Several arguments suggest a dominant role of radioactive decay for short-lived Ra isotopes and Rn during the relatively rapid ascent of thermal water through wide open fractures and drains. The low (223Ra/226Ra) ratio constrains the maximum ascent velocity of thermal water to 8-10 m/h. Seawater inflow into the hydrothermal system results in an enrichment in short-lived Ra isotopes and 222Rn. The high (223Ra/226Ra) ratio (0.23) suggests that 223Ra, 224Ra and 222Rn produced by alpha-recoil in the upper-Jurassic limestone are entrained by seawater percolation through the coastal basement, due to active pumping in one of the near shore production well. This process would be enhanced by a low water/rock ratio (i.e. in a low-porosity, micro-fractured limestone). Mixing of this enriched seawater with thermal water induces barite precipitation with co-precipitation of a large fraction of Ra. Short-lived Ra isotopes may thus be useful tracers of seawater flux towards the continent. Conversely, the inflow and mixing of karst groundwater result in a general dilution of all dissolved elements, only a small enrichment in 224Ra and 223Ra, but a large enrichment in 222Rn (up to 26 Bq/l). The combination of Ra isotopes and 222Rn data provides a good way to trace the dynamics of different water masses along coastal areas.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-00795512
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795512
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.010

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
With the health of the world’s oceans threatened as never before, it is becoming increasingly apparent that Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) play a vitally important role in protecting marine and coastal habitats. Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective draws on the results of a major EU-sponsored research project related to the establishment of networks of MPAs in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that transpired from February 2011 to January 2016. Featuring contributions by leading university- and national research institute-based scientists, chapters utilize the latest research data and developments in marine conservation policy to explore issues related to ways in which networks of MPAs may amplify the effectiveness and conservation benefits of individual areas within them. Topics addressed include the broader socio-economic impacts of MPAs in the Mediterranean and Black Seas; the use of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) to resolve conflicts between marine resource use and protection; special protection measures under the EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD); ecological value assessments in the Black Sea; the Ecosystem Approach (EA) for managing marine ecosystems; MPAs along Turkey’s Black Sea coast; MPAs and offshore wind farms; and managing and monitoring MPA networks within and between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.Timely and important, Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective offers invaluable insights into the role of MPAs in preserving the welfare and long-term viability of our world’s oceans.
Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective

ISBN : 978-1-119-07577-6
hal-01562040
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01562040

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : International audience
Understanding the formation processes of maritime archaeological sites and the maritime landscape in the French West Indies is a new challenge in underwater archaeology. This chapter presents an analysis of formation and conservation processes of maritime archaeological sites in Guadeloupe using evidence from both historical and archaeological research. Formation parameters include contemporary events associated with maritime loss and the in situ geophysical regime. Questions considered include: what natural and/or anthropogenic parameters best classify maritime sites in the context of the French West Indies landscape? And: how do these parameters vary by site location? Field-tested case studies are used to assess the archaeological potential for submerged shipwreck sites for three locational typologies within the landscape: submerged, coastal, and micro-island. Geomorphic parameters, including erosion, sea level evolution, and tectonic activity, are evaluated with regard to the formation of coastal Amerindian and colonial sites. The location of shipwrecks are primarily determined by historic patterns in commercial trade and by topographical constraints associated with accessibility, risk, and the presence of natural harbors, parameters important in the Caribbean. A unique feature of Guadeloupe is the high variability of the structure of the coastline through time. The recent discovery of numerous underwater prehistoric artifacts confirms that several islands, coastal areas, and their archaeological sites have been completely submerged or eroded since their formation. The characterization of these formation processes provides both academically interesting and practical information valuable in assessing the impact of development and urbanization in Guadeloupe’s maritime landscape.
Formation Processes of Maritime Archaeological Landscapes

hal-01448703
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01448703

Éditeur(s) : Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls
Résumé : Coastal uses have deeply evolved these last decades and high anthropogenic pressures on coastal ecosystems have affected the sustainability of these areas with respect to the services and the resources they may provide. Traditional fisheries management has failed to avoid overexploitation of most coastal marine resources. Management measures based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) are thus required. Spatial management covers various ranges of properties that may enhance usual regulatory means. If spatial considerations are explicitly integrated in fisheries management, the latter may contribute to zoning design in order to balance the economic, social and biological values of natural marine resources. While traditional fisheries management approaches protect resource based on population numbers, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) protect ecosystem in space. Besides their ecological effects on fish assemblages within its boundaries, MPAs can enhance adjacent artisanal fisheries. MPAs can thus ensure the sustainability of fisheries and at the same time maintain non-fisheries benefits of marine ecosystems to society.
Vie et Milieu (0240-8759) (Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls), 2006-12 , Vol. 56 , N. 4 , P. 301-305

Droits : 2007 Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-2598.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2598/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The multi-component aspect of species diversity of groundfish assemblages was examined on the basis of a set of experimental trawl surveys conducted on the east coast of Corsica. We analysed and compared the structuration of diversity within three different bathymetric strata: the continental shelf (60-120 m depth), the upper slope (250-400 m) and the lower slope (450-570 m). For each of these three bathymetric strata, we simultaneously analysed 12 indices that are theoretically complementary and relate to 4 diversity components: (1) the number of species, (2) rarity, (3) evenness and (4) taxonomic diversity. Principal component analysis based on Spearman's correlation coefficients was carried out to investigate empirical relationships between the selected indices. Our results showed not only that a single diversity index cannot provide a complete view of the groundfish diversity along the east coast of Corsica, but also that-in some cases-one index cannot even encapsulate a complete description of a specific diversity component. We also found that the nature and the number of independent diversity components slightly varied from one bathymetric stratum to another. The main differences-which mainly occurred in the deepest bathymetric stratum-might be associated with lower density of individuals and lower dominance of some species at deeper depths. Finally, this study is the first dealing with groundfish diversity in this area, which is currently characterized by one of the lowest fishing intensity rates in the northern Mediterranean Sea. It might be considered as a first '' reference state '' with a view to monitoring the spatio-temporal changes in species diversity patterns along the east coast of Corsica in the future. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier), 2007-12 , Vol. 88 , N. 1-3 , P. 120-132

Droits : 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3512.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.08.003
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3512/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Finding records of past catastrophic storm events is essential to evaluate the long term climatic evolution in a given coastal area. This question has been addressed by the study of sediment cores sampled in a small coastal lagoon of the French Mediterranean coast (Pierre Blanche lagoon). Two cores were studied in detail and revealed the presence of three main storm events. The sedimentation rates calculated using the CFCS Pb-210 model, in agreement with Cs-137 data, are 3 +/- 0.4 and 4.2 +/- 0.7 mm y(-1) near the border and in the center of the lagoon respectively. This suggests that the 0.6 m deep lagoon could be filled with sediments over the next 150 yr. Our study shows that storm events can be characterized in sedimentary sequences identified by facies, grain size and faunal assemblages (lagoonal and marine species). Comparison of Pb-210, C-14 chronology and historical accounts suggest that the three identified storm events took place in 1742, 1839 and 1893 A.D. (i.e. about one catastrophic event per century).
ISSN: 0025-3227

hal-00411189
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411189
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.03.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société nationale de protection de la nature
Résumé : International audience
The island of Moorea in French Polynesia is representative of a relatively well preserved small tropical oceanic island but both its terrestrial and marine ecosystems are currently under strong anthropogenic pressures. The terrestrial ecosystems are facing an increasing urbanization, and the destruction and modification of their natural habitats by cultivation and forestry plantations, accidental or intentional fires, and particularly by the invasion of alien plant and animal species. Coastal areas and reef ecosystems are threatened by shoreline artificialization, sedimentation due to soil erosion, increasing uses of marine and lagoon resources and frequency of coral bleaching events. A significant erosion of terrestrial and marine biodiversity is observed on the island since the last decades. In the context of the Land Management Plan (PGA) and Marine Area Management Plan (PGEM) recently set up in the island by local authorities, scientific surveys and inventories were made in 2006 in order to assess the status of terrestrial biodiversity (vascular plants) and marine biodiversity (reef fishes) and compare areas with different anthropogenic pressures. Studies conducted on the flora and the vegetation at low and middle elevation along altitudinal transects show that the plant invasion process is related to climatic and topographic factors, and species autoecology. The marine study aims to compare the protected areas with control areas in order to test the effectiveness of protection measures and to propose a streamlined monitoring protocol. A methodological study in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems was conducted in order to propose biodiversity indicators which are crucial for decision making in conservation and sustainable development of island biodiversity. We used Geographic Information System (GIS) as a fast and intuitive tool for mapping indicators and their variability. This methodological approach developed on the island of Moorea could be used as a model for other tropical islands
Moorea est une petite île océanique tropicale de la Polynésie française relativement bien préservée, mais dont les écosystèmes terrestres et marins sont actuellement soumis à de fortes pressions anthropiques. Le milieu terrestre est confronté à une urbanisation croissante, à la destruction ou à la modification des habitats naturels pour l’extension des cultures ou des plantations forestières, aux incendies volontaires ou accidentels, et particulièrement à l’invasion d’espèces végétales et animales introduites. Les zones côtières et les récifs coralliens sont menacés par de multiples perturbations telles que l’artificialisation des lignes de rivage, l’apport de sédiments dus à l’érosion des sols, l’augmentation des usages des ressources marines et lagonaires et de la fréquence des phénomènes de blanchissement du corail. Une érosion sensible de la biodiversité terrestre et marine de l’île est observée depuis les dernières décennies. Dans le cadre du Plan Général d’Aménagement (PGA) et du Plan de Gestion de l’Espace Maritime (PGEM) mis en place par les autorités locales, des inventaires scientifiques ont été réalisés en 2006 dans le but d’évaluer l’état de la biodiversité terrestre (plantes vasculaires) et marine (poissons récifaux) et de comparer des zones soumises à différentes perturbations. Les études réalisées sur la flore et la végétation de basse et moyenne altitude le long de transects altitudinaux montrent des processus d’invasion végétale différents en relation avec les facteurs climatiques, topographiques et autoécologiques des espèces. Les études en milieu marin visent à comparer des aires protégées à des aires témoins afin de suivre l’efficacité des mesures de gestion. La réflexion méthodologique menée parallèlement sur les deux écosystèmes a pour but d’illustrer différents indices de biodiversité nécessaires à la prise de décision en matière de conservation ou de développement durable de la biodiversité insulaire et de réaliser un état de référence pour établir un diagnostic sur l’état de la biodiversité. La représentation cartographique des indices à l’aide d’un SIG, illustrée dans cette étude avec la richesse spécifique terrestre et marine, permet une lecture intuitive et rapide de la variabilité de cet indice dont la restitution est basée sur une standardisation du nombre d’espèces. Cette approche méthodologique développée sur l’île de Moorea pourrait servir de modèle pour d’autres îles tropicales
EISSN: 2429-6422

hal-01306285
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306285

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : The Mediterranean small-scale fleet is highly adaptive, showing a dynamic fishing intensity and strategy, and exploiting seasonal abundant resources. In this area, the aggregatory behaviour under floats of juvenile fish has been used since ancient times to exploit oceanic migratory species such as dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), using Fish Aggregating anchored Devices (fads). A total of 2 300 boats are engaged in this fishery from August to December, the main fishing areas being those around Malta, Tunisia, Sicily and Majorca. The fads ( arrow right m2) are made of different cheap floating materials, and are moored in fixed places, ranging from shore waters to areas 60 miles off the coast (1 500 m depth). Each boat deploys an average of 20 to 100 fads. The gears used are special surrounding nets without purse line, and traditional purse seine nets. The fishery exploits young-of-the-year dolphinfish (<6 months old), originated by a pre-spawning migration of adults from Atlantic waters. Their catches show high annual and monthly variability, depending on the recruitment and the accessibility of recruits to the fishery. Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) and greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) are also exploited in this fishery as by-catch. A total of about 1 000 metric tons of dolphinfish are yearly caught mainly in September-October. The fads are historically laid in August. Recently, the fads fishing period has increased in Sicily, and the fads are laid in July, so as to catch pilotfish and greater amberjak juveniles. In recent years, the interest for this fishing method and the study of these fisheries has increased in the Mediterranean. Though the market and its seasonality limit this exploitation, this fishery is economically profitable with good revenue.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15286/12672.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15286/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : El Caribe colombiano ha experimentado un acelerado proceso de urbanización y desarrollo turístico en los últimos 50 años. Solo en una ciudad como Cartagena de Indias (la ciudad turística por excelencia de Colombia), datos referidos al periodo noviembre 2009 – enero 2015, mostraron un incremento en la llegada de turistas cercano al 20%. Después de un gran número de encuestas realizadas alrededor del mundo, se encontró que los parámetros en que se basan los turistas a la hora de preferir una playa son: i) la seguridad, ii) el paisaje, iii) calidad del agua, iv) basuras, v) instalaciones. El paisaje es uno de los recursos costeros y por lo tanto su evaluación es una herramienta importante para los gestores y planificadores del litoral a la hora de la realización de planes de conservación, protección, desarrollo y manejo. Este trabajo se basa en la evaluación del valor paisajístico de las playas que constituyen la base de la economía de muchas ciudades costeras en el mundo y en especial de la zona central de litoral Caribe colombiano. Un problema importante en la evaluación del paisaje es la incapacidad de algunas metodologías de reflejar correctamente las percepciones de la gente, debido al alto peso que tienen algunos aspectos subjetivos (p. ej. altura de una geoforma).En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación del paisaje realizada para la zona central de Caribe colombiano (37 playas de los departamentos de Sucre, Bolívar y Atlántico) utilizando la lógica matemática y matrices ponderadas (fuzzy logic mathematics - parameter weighting matrices) las cuales permiten disminuir la subjetividad y cuantificar con exactitud la incertidumbre. Para la evaluación se utilizó una lista de chequeo que está conformada por 26 parámetros, 18 físicos (acantilados, playas, plataformas rocosas, dunas, características de los valles, forma del relieve, mareas, paisaje costero, color del agua y restos de vegetación), y 8 antropogénicos (ruido, basura, descarga de aguas residuales, grado de modificación y de construcción del medio, tipos de acceso, línea del horizonte y estructuras antrópicas). Los parámetros fueron calificados en una escala de 1 a 5 (presencia/ausencia o poca/alta calidad) y, con el fin de cuantificar la incertidumbre y excesos derivados de la subjetividad que pudo haber tenido la evaluación de los parámetros, se utilizó la lógica difusa (fuzzy logic). A la par, un sistema de matrices, se empleó para asignar valores de peso de acuerdo a las preferencias y prioridades de los usuarios. Como resultado de estos análisis lógico-estadísticos se obtuvo un valor (D) el cual resume la evaluación del paisaje en 5 clases que van desde la CLASE 1 (zona litoral sumamente atractiva) hasta la CLASE 5 (playas urbanas muy poco atractivas). De los 37 sectores estudiados, ninguno puede ser considerado como una zona litoral sumamente atractiva, mientras que 15 corresponden a zonas litorales urbanas poco atractivas, el resto de las playas (22) se ubicó entre las clases 2, 3 y 4. Los resultados obtenidos son útiles para los gestores costeros en la medida que, aunque no es posible mejorar los aspectos naturales de la clasificación, si es posible mejorar muchos de los parámetros antropogenicos y, de esta forma, hacer que una playa mejore su clasificación y sea paisajísticamente más atractiva.
In the past few years, the Colombian Caribbean coast has experienced rapid tourism development which has not been accompanied with a similar increase in urbanization facilities. For example, the city of Cartagena de Indias (the most famous tourist destination of Colombia), data related to November 2009 – January 2015 period, showed an increase of 20% in tourist arrivals. A large number of surveys developed in Europe found that the most critical parameters for tourists, when they choose a beach, are: i) security, ii) scenery, iii) water quality, iv) litter, v) facilities. Scenery is one of the most significant coastal resources. Therefore, its evaluation is a valuable tool for coastal managers when developing conservation and protection plans. This proposal provides coastal scenery assessment of 37 beaches along the North Colombian Caribbean littoral by analysing 26 physical and human factors. Results were weighted (not all parameters have equal weight) and subjected to fuzzy logic mathematics in order to reduce recorder judgment subjectivity. The sites were categorised into five classes; Class 1 locations had top grade scenery; Class 5 poor scenery. Of the 37 sectors studied, currently none can be considered as an extremely attractive coastal area (class1), while 15 were unattractive urban coastal areas (class 5), the rest of the beaches (22) placed in classes 2, 3 and 4. Classification of analysed sites depends on the geological setting and degree of human occupation. The technique opens new perspectives for analysis of the potential for coastal tourism development in natural areas and scenic quality improvement of current tourist developed areas. Concerning coastal management issues, emphasis should be given to the upgrading of human parameters eliminating litter and sewage evidence, vegetation debris and enhancing beach nourishment works. This proposal can help in moving some locations from their present status to a higher one.
Caraïbes
Colombie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.9326
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/9326

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En este trabajo se pretende hacer una aproximación a las posibilidades que tiene el espacio público de las ciudades costeras y de las islas como elemento de integración social. Para ello veremos que el diseño de estos espacios desde el punto de vista de la diversidad humana es muy importante, ya que si a la hora de diseñar tenemos en cuenta todas las posibilidades, podremos generar espacios que ayuden a las personas a sociabilizarse. En las zonas costeras contamos con cuestiones específicas y en el caso concreto de las islas y playas en el que existe espacio limitado, es importante definir este rol del espacio público.La humanización del espacio público va de la mano de la accesibilidad, es por este motivo que aplicar criterios de Diseño para Todos y Accesibilidad Universal en el diseño del espacio público nos permite la democratización del mismo, de tal modo que puede ser disfrutado por todos los ciudadanos en igualdad de condiciones. En las islas y las zonas costeras, la exclusión social de grupos poblacionales por falta de accesibilidad puede resultar preocupante ya que la limitación física del espacio reduce mucho las posibilidades de crecimiento de las personas.
Cette étude propose une approche sur les possibilités de faire de l’espace public des villes côtières et des îles un élément d’intégration sociale. Pour cela il est important que la conceptualisation de ces espaces intègre les dimensions de la diversité humaine. Si lors de la conception toutes les possibilités sont prises en compte, il est possible de construire des espaces qui participent à la sociabilisation des personnes. Dans les zones côtières se posent des questions spécifiques et concrètes autour de l’accessibilité aux plages et aux îles dans lesquelles l’espace est limité. Il est important de définir le rôle de l’espace public.L’humanisation de l’espace public va de pair avec la question de l’accessibilité, d’où l’importance d’intégrer les dimensions de l’accessibilité pour tous dans l’aménagement de ces espaces. C’est une question de démocratie, tous les citoyens doivent pouvoir en profiter quelle que soit leur condition. Dans les espaces côtiers, l’exclusion sociale de certaines catégories de populations en raison du manque d’accessibilité est d’autant plus préoccupante que le milieu physique est plus contraignant.
This paper intends to approximate the possibilities that the public space of coastal cities and islands have as an element of social integration. For this we will see that the design of these spaces from the point of view of diversity is very important, since when designing we take into account all the possibilities of generating spaces that help people to become socialized. In coastal areas we have specific things and in the specific case of islands and beaches where there is limited space, it is important to define this role of public space.The humanization of public space goes hand in hand with accessibility, it is for this reason that it applies criteria of Design for All and Universal Accessibility in the design of the public space allows us the democratization of it, in such a way that can be enjoyed by all Citizens in equal conditions In the islands and coastal areas, social exclusion of population groups due to lack of accessibility can be of concern and that physical limitation of space reduces the chances of growth of people.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10752
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10752

Résumé : Les forêts côtières inondables (FCI) des régions tropicales et subtropicales remplissent des fonctions écologiques nécessaires aux écosystèmes marins côtiers situés en aval et aux populations humaines vivant à proximité Aux Antilles, les mangroves et les forêts marécageuses à Pterocarpus officinalis sont structurés par des espèces ligneuses qui ont développé des adaptations particulières à la salinité, à l’inondation et aux substrats meubles sur lesquels elles reposent. Dans des contextes climatiques à forte saisonnalité, les saisons sèches prolongées entraînent de fortes variations de la salinité et du niveau de la nappe, que le changement climatique devrait amplifier. Les modèles climatiques de la région Caraïbe prévoient des saisons sèches plus sèches liées à une baisse des précipitations de 20 à 50 %. Or, la question des capacités de résistance et d’acclimatation des espèces ligneuses des FCI à des variations saisonnières marquées de leur environnement édaphique a été peu traitée dans la littérature scientifique.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été double. Il s’est agi, d'une part, de caractériser la structure et la croissance de faciès de végétation représentatifs des FCI antillaises et de mettre en évidence leurs déterminants. A cet effet, des individus adultes, des espèces ligneuses dominantes des FCI, (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), dans cinq faciès de végétation sur le gradient terre-mer, ont été suivis sur l'île de Grande-Terre (Guadeloupe). D’autre part, les effets de variations salines extrêmes sur la croissance et l’écophysiologie de ces quatre espèces ont été évalués au stade plantule par une expérience en conditions contrôlées.A travers cette étude, il a été montré que les différences de salinité et de fertilité entre les stationspermettent d’expliquer la composition et la structure des peuplements de FCI. Cette étude a égalementmontré que P. officinalis peut se maintenir dans une gamme de salinité plus large que ne l'indiquait lalittérature.Dans le contexte des Antilles où les marnages sont faibles, la saisonnalité du climat entraine des variations saisonnières importantes d’un ensemble de descripteurs édaphiques tels que le niveau de la nappe, la salinité du sol, le pH et le potentiel RedOx. L’inondation et la salinité des sols sont fortement corrélées aux variations mensuelles des précipitations. Les périodes sèches sont accompagnées de salinités élevées et d’une baisse du niveau de la nappe allant jusqu’à l’exondation des sols dans toutes les stations suivies. Les stress environnementaux liés à la saisonnalité entrainent une baisse de la production primaire. L’accroissement cambial mensuel des individus est fortement corrélé avec les précipitations et l’intensité du vent. Dans les stations de mangrove, la sècheresse édaphique régule la production primaire des palétuviers. En forêt marécageuse, la part de la sècheresse atmosphérique semble plus importante pour expliquer la production de P. officinalis. Aussi, les sècheresses édaphique et atmosphérique doivent être prises en compte toutes deux pour modéliser efficacement la croissance des peuplements des FCI.Lors de la saison sèche, le stress le plus important est le stress hydrique, lié à la diminution de la teneur en eau du sol et à l’augmentation de la salinité, qui entraine des contraintes physiologiques sur les palétuviers (ajustements stomatiques, pertes de surface foliaire et de conductivité hydraulique). Le stress ionique, lié à la toxicité des ions Na+ et Cl-, permet aussi d’expliquer une partie de la contrainte sur l’assimilation en carbone. En saison sèche, l’aération des sols ne se traduit pas par une amélioration des performances de croissance chez toutes les espèces. Aussi, la croissance cambiale maximale de toutes les espèces de FCI est réalisée en saison des pluies lorsque la salinité est faible et les niveaux d’inondation élevés.
In tropical and subtropical regions, flooded coastal forests provide essentials goods and services to local communities. In the Antilles, mangrove forests and the Pterocarpus officinalis swamp forest host tree species that are adapted to salinity, flooding and loose substrates. In areas were climatic seasonality is strong, dry seasons lead to strong fluctuations of soil salinity and water table level ; that climate change is likely to make stronger again. Climate model for the Caribbean project drier dry seasons with a decease of 20 to 50 % in annual rainfall amounts. However, resistance and acclimation ability of flooded coastal forest’s species to strong environmental fluctuations still remain poorly studied.This thesis aims two objectives. On the one hand, it aims to characterize the forest structure and monthly growth of vegetation structures representative of the Antillean flooded coastal forests and to highlight their determinants. In this respect, adult trees of the four dominant species of local flooded coastal forest (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), in five stations along a sea – land gradient were monitored on the Grande-Terre island (Guadeloupe). On the other hand, the effects of salinity variation patterns and salinity levels on growth performances and physiology of seedlings from the four same species were investigated through a greenhouse experiment.This study shows that differences among average salinity and soil fertility explain the vegetation structure of flooded coastal forest. It also extents, in the literature, the range of salinity in which P. officinalis can stand at the tree stage.In the Antilles were tidal range is small, climate seasonality lead to strong edaphic seasonal variations in water table level, soil salinity, pH and RedOx potential. Flooding and soil salinity are strongly correlated to monthly rainfall amounts: dry periods lead to high salinity and to a decrease in water table level under the soil surface. Seasonal environmental stresses lead to a decrease of primary production. Cambial growth was strongly correlated to monthly precipitation and average wind speed. In mangrove stations, edaphic drought determines primary production of mangrove trees, when, in swamp forest stations, atmospheric drought determines an important part of P. officinalis’ primary production.During the dry season, water stress is the more important environmental stress, both by the decrease in soil humidity and the increase in soil salinity, and leads to physiological strains (stomatal adjustment, loss of leaf area and hydraulic conductivity) for mangrove trees. Ionic toxicity of ions Na+ and Cl- also explains a part of the strain on carbon assimilation. During the dry season, re oxygenation of soils via low water table level does not lead to an increase of physiological traits. Thus, maximum cambial growth of all species is observed during the rainy season, when salinity is low and water table level is high.Flooded coastal forest’s species do not have the same ability to recover after a dry episode. In all the studied stations, A. germinans’ cambial growth rises back as soon as the rainy season starts, when, for one station, cambial growth of L. racemosa and R. mangle stay null during the three first month of the rainy season. This low ability to recover after a dry episode is correlated to a stronger impact of the dry season on the physiological traits of these two species.The greenhouse experiment shows that salinity variation patterns are to be taken into consideration for explaining seedlings’ growth and salinity tolerance. A stronger salinity increase impacts the growth of all the studied species; a punctual drop of salinity highlights that flooded coastal forest’s species differ in ability to take advantage of a low salinity episode. These results are coherent with field observations as cambial growth was fairly explained by monthly precipitation.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0674/document

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les grands domaines naturels, rattachés aux diverses stations de villégiature, étaient dépositaires des meilleurs lacs à truites, d’immenses territoires de sauvagine, de cerf de Virginie et d’un grand nombre de rivières à saumon. Si le littoral et la montagne ont agi comme attracteurs dans le cas de la villégiature, il en a été autrement pour les clubs de chasse et de pêche, qui sont apparus au milieu du XIXe siècle et se sont multipliés à compter de 1885. En l’occurrence, la mécanique à l’œuvre semble avoir posé la « grande nature » comme visée territoriale et le « coureur des bois » comme figure emblématique du héros romantique. L’argument développé dans cet article va s’employer à montrer que le tourisme et la villégiature ont constitué au Québec des procédures de valorisation positionnelle de nature géoanthropologique. Le « clubage » des Laurentides, au sens large du terme, aura constitué en ce sens le présupposé de leur colonisation intérieure. Qu’il s’agisse du lac Saint-Jean, de la Mauricie ou des Laurentides en général, on retrouve l’efficacité du parcours structural de l’établissement humain développé en géographie structurale : l’occupation utilitaire d’un territoire disponible présuppose non pas d’abord une transformation de la nature, mais une valorisation des positions abstraites par le tourisme et la villégiature. 
The large natural areas, linked to the various resorts, were custodians of the best trout lakes, huge areas of waterfowl, deer of Virginia and a large number of salmon rivers. If the coast and the mountains acted as attractors in the case of the holiday, it was different for the club hunting and fishing, which have emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and have increased from 1885. In this case, the mechanics at work seems to have raised the "great outdoors" as a territorial and "rider of the woods" as emblematic figure of the romantic hero. In this case, the mechanics at work seems to have raised the "great outdoors" as a territorial and "rider of the woods" as emblematic figure of the romantic hero. The argument developed in this article will seek to show that tourism and vacationing were in Quebec recovery procedures such as positional geo-anthropological. The “clubage” Laurentian, in the broadest sense, will be formed in this sense the assumption of internal colonization. Whether Lake Saint-Jean, Mauricie and Laurentides in general, we find the effectiveness of the structural pathways of human settlement geography developed structural: the occupation of territory utility presupposes not available not primarily a transformation of nature but a recovery of vague ... by the tourism and the holiday resort.
Québec

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3609
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3609

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The Rif Chain (Northern Morocco) belongs, with the Betic Cordillera(Southern Spain), to the western termination of the Alpine belt. Deepestunits of the Rif Internal Zones (i.e. Lower Sebtides) outcrop in three areas, from North to South : Ceuta, Cabo Negro and Beni Bousera.The quick exhumation of these units during the Late Oligocene-EarlyMiocene is related with a crustal thinning and the Alboran Sea rifting.Despite Beni Bousera massif has been well investigated, no data areavailable in Ceuta and Cabo Negro areas. This study aims to constrainthe last steps of cooling and exhumation in the Lower Sebtides usingmedium- and low-temperature thermochronological data. Combinationof Ar-Ar on micas, fission tracks and (U-Th)/He on apatites (respectivelyAFT and AHe) from high-grade rocks allows understanding thermalhistory between 450-350°C and surface temperatures. These datasuggest a similar cooling evolution of the Ceuta and Cabo Negro units.Ages obtained with all these methods are comprised in the same interval,between 22 and 18 Ma. These data record an almost instantaneouscooling (between 50 and 200°C/Ma) associated to final exhumation afterthe Oligo-Miocene thermal event affecting these units at shallowdepths (10 km). Low-temperature data suggest that Ceuta and CaboNegro units cooled at surface temperatures before Beni Bousera ones.Since the end of Burdigalian, the Rif internal zones vertical movementsdid not exceed 1km, even during the Messinian Salinity. AFT and AHeages in the whole Sebtides are also slightly older than these obtainedin their Spanish equivalent (Alpujarrides). The Gibraltar arc is dividedinto several independent crustal blocks separated by major fault zonesperpendicular to the coast that could have induced independent verticalmovements during the entire Neogene
24 ème Réunion des sciences de la Terre 2014
Pau, France

insu-01080768
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01080768

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : The WFD monitoring requirements for surface waters were adapted to the coastal area with the selection of the relevant parameters to qualify the maritime ecosystems, with appropriate strategies of sampling. Ifremer and Cemagref for the fish indicator in the estuarine waters, are in charge of the elaboration of the monitoring programme in coastal waters (surveillance monitoring and operational monitoring). Ifremer has elaborated technical recommendations for the monitoring of the biological (benthic and phytoplanctonic) and chemical elements, according to many years of observations by the french monitoring networks (RNO, Rephy, Rinbio, RSL, Rebent). These recommendations were established within experts groups They clarify the parameters, the analytical methods, and the strategies of sampling for the classification of the water bodies in five ecological classes and two chemical classes. The work on the relevant indicators of the ecological status still goes on, in relation with the 2006 european intercalibration exercise. Available data and future data will be used in order to set the borders between the classes of high, good, and moderate status, before the monitoring programme starts. Data sets have to be completed to set the borders and to assess the ecological status of water bodies.
Houille Blanche - Revue internationale de l'eau (0018-6368) (EDP Sciences), 2006-07 , N. 4 , P. 68-74

Droits : © Société Hydrotechnique de France 2006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-3530.pdf
DOI:10.1051/lhb:200604011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3530/

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : Samples of recent sediments and marine organisms from seven coastal lagoons along the Mexican coast of the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed by gas chromatography and GC-MS coupled system to determine the present levels of fossil hydrocarbons. Results show that the highest concentrations of fossil hydrocarbons are present in organisms and sediments located near petrochemical plants and oil refineries, indicating that petroleum hydrocarbons are being released into the coastal lagoons. Stable carbon isotope ratios (12C/13C) of sedimentary organic carbon in sediment and organism samples were also determined. For most of the lagoons, the delta 13C ratios for sediments ranged from -19.0 to -23.9%, anomalous ratios ranging from -26.8 to -29.3% were shown for sediments and organisms (oysters) of two of the studied areas, probably because of the presence of organic carbon from anthropogenic terrestrial sources.
Oceanologica Acta, Special issue (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1982

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35713/34222.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35713/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Underwater video techniques are increasingly used in marine ecology studies. Technological progress regarding video cameras, sensors (such as sounders), battery life and information storage make these techniques now accessible to a majority of users. However, diver-based underwater visual censuses, and catch and effort data, remain the most commonly used for observing coastal biodiversity and species. In this paper, we review the underwater video techniques that have been developed since the 1950s to investigate and/or monitor coastal biodiversity. Techniques such as remote underwater video, whether baited or not, diver-operated video and towed video are described, along with corresponding applications in the field. We then analyse the complementary of techniques, first from studies comparing video techniques with other observation techniques, whether video-based or not, and second by documenting their respective cost efficiencies. These findings are discussed with respect to current challenges in monitoring and investigating coastal biodiversity. Video should be more often considered and used, either in addition to or as an alternative to diver-based, fishing and acoustic techniques, as it may be particularly suited for monitoring coastal biodiversity in a variety of areas and on larger scales than hitherto and within an ecosystem-based approach to management and conservation.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-06 , Vol. 154 , P. 44-62

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00181/29274/27901.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.01.019
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00181/29274/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article s’intéresse aux nouveaux usages et usagers du littoral de la Petite Côte sénégalaise. Il vise à mettre en évidence la dynamique territoriale actuelle de la station balnéaire de Saly Portudal et à analyser les mutations socioéconomiques et environnementales qu’elle entraîne. Les limites des politiques actuelles en matière de gestion du littoral imposent des prises de décisions urgentes et plus complexes, sur la base d’un partenariat élargi en vue d’inscrire les effets de ces politiques dans la durée.L’étude s’appuie sur une enquête réalisée au niveau de trois communes littorales, à savoir Saly Portudal, Somone et Nianing. À partir d’une quinzaine d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de différents acteurs et usagers de cette portion du littoral, un questionnaire a été construit autour des caractéristiques sociodémographiques de ces derniers, de leurs pratiques et de leurs perceptions des risques côtiers. Il en ressort que les différents usages de l’espace littoral sont liés aux différentes expériences des populations concernées. Dès lors, la question centrale réside dans l’évaluation des conséquences de l’expansion de la station de Saly Portudal au détriment des quartiers traditionnels environnants, et dans la compréhension des multiples dimensions des conflits d’usage qui en découlent.
This article focuses on new uses and users of the coast of Senegal’s Petite Côte. It aims to show the current dynamics of the resort of Saly and analyse the socio-economic changes and environmental all-out occupation of the coastal space guided by new principles of seaside tourism development.The study is based on a survey conducted in three coastal towns like Saly Portudal, Somone and Nianing. From fifteen semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders and users of the coast, a questionnaire was built around the socio-demographic characteristics of users, practices and perceptions of coastal risks. It shows that the different coastal areas of the uses are related to the different experiences of the populations concerned. Therefore, the question arises as to assess the consequences of the expansion of Saly on the surrounding traditional neighbourhoods to understand the multiple dimensions of conflicts of use resulting therefrom in order to resolve them.
Petite-Côte

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10778
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10778

Résumé : In the French West Indies islands, the transfer of chlordecone (kepone) from treated grounds towards the marine environment has been proved since the beginning of 2000s. In 2008, a maximal residue limit (MRL) was set at 20 µg / kg wet weight in fish and seafood, and therefore intensified the concern about the risks of high human exposure to the pesticide due to the consumption of contaminated marine products. To answer this concern, several sampling cruises were carried by public authorities and by Ifremer in order to analyze the contamination of the fish fauna around the Guadeloupe island. The data collected within these surveys improved our knowledge on the characteristics of the contamination of fish fauna and allowed to assess the distribution of this contamination in relation with optional geographical plans of the marine area around the Guadeloupe island. Further, this study was completed by an assessment of the fishery activity in areas which are the more exposed to the chlordecone contamination, taking into account data from a fishery observatory which has been set up in the archipelago since 2007. The results allow to precise two main characteristics of distribution of the contamination: its spatial and specific dimensions. About the spatial aspect, contamination of the fish fauna is centred on marine areas which are closely downstream contaminated watersheds. Concerning the marine fauna, two species groups are particularly exposed: the very coastal ones, particularly those living at or close to the mouth of rivers, and crustaceans wherever they live. Among fishes, the most contaminated species belong to many various groups which are present in the very coastal belt, more or less regularly. Lastly, this study provided orders of magnitude on the relative part of the fishery activity around the archipelagos for which the contamination is of great concern.
Aux Antilles, l’existence d’un transfert de la molécule de chlordécone des sols traités vers le milieu marin est avérée depuis le début des années 2000. L’établissement d’une limite maximale de résidus à 20 µg/kg pf pour tous les produits marins en 2008 y a intensifié la préoccupation vis-à-vis des risques d’exposition des populations humaines par les produits de la pêche. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, depuis 2008, plusieurs campagnes d’échantillonnage ont été réalisées par les services de l’Etat (DAAF) et par l’Ifremer pour analyser la contamination de la faune halieutique autour de la Guadeloupe. Les données collectées de 2008 à 2011 par ces plans d’observation ont été utilisées pour actualiser les connaissances sur les caractéristiques de la contamination de la faune halieutique autour de la Guadeloupe, et analyser cette distribution en référence à différents schémas de segmentation du domaine marin. L’étude a été complétée par une analyse de l’activité halieutique dans les secteurs les plus sensibles à la contamination, à partir des données du système d’informations halieutiques déployé dans l’archipel depuis 2007. L’analyse a permis de préciser deux traits majeurs de cette distribution : sa dimension spatiale et son caractère spécifique. Sur le plan spatial, la contamination de la faune halieutique est centrée sur les espaces maritimes situées immédiatement en aval des bassins versants contenant des sols contaminés. Sur le plan faunistique, deux groupes apparaissent particulièrement sensibles, les espèces très côtières, en particulier celles fréquentant les embouchures des cours d’eau, et les crustacés, quelque soit leur milieu de vie. Chez les poissons, parmi les espèces contaminées, on trouve un large cortège d’espèces fréquentant plus ou moins régulièrement la bande littorale. Enfin, l’étude a permis de fournir des ordres de grandeur sur la part de l’activité halieutique de l’archipel directement concernée par cette pollution.

Droits : 2013 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24762/22840.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24762/