Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Continental erosion and weathering destroy parts of the stratigraphic record. Analyses of the sedimentary filling of paleokarsts help completing the geological record of regions that have been submitted to post-depositional, long-term, continental evolution. Jurassic carbonate platform of Languedoc (South of France) has undergone several karstification phases from Cretaceous to Neogene. Later incision of canyons through the carbonate massifs allows to observe paleokarsts over 400m depth, within the massifs. Paleokarsts are partly filled with sediments. Some have yielded marine bioclasts (echinoderms, radiolars), foraminifera and nannofossils; others are composed of polygenic detrital sediments, including sources from the upstream Paleozoic basement (Cevennes). The age of the filling of successive paleokarsts can be constrained by structural relationships and by biostratigraphy. These findings suggests 1) the marine elements of the karstic filling relate to a Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene interval, while 2) the Paleozoic basement-sourced-sediments were trapped in the karst during Miocene to Present. Karstic sediment containing Early Paleocene foraminifera and nannofossils are found in paleokarsts cavities distributed across the entire thickness of the carbonate massif (≥350m). This requires base-level lowering and associated karstification, followed by base-level rise and karst filling of at least 350 m amplitude, respectively. The time interval corresponding to the occurrence of foraminifera and nannofossils in karsts covers 10 Myrs ; surprisingly, no equivalent marine sediments are preserved on the surface. In addition, analyses of the different forams species suggests several (up to 3) distinct karstification and marine filling cycles. Finally, sedimentological facies analysis of the karst filling reveals the following succession of processes: low energy settling of mudstone, high energy reworking, transport and deposition of silts and sandstones within the karst system. Integration of geological, paleontological and sedimentological data, leads to a polyphase scenario in response to repeated base-level variations, more than 350m amplitude. Such an amplitude excludes eustacy, and the improbable repeated sequence of uplift and subsidence rules out tectonics, as driving forces for base-level change, respectively. We propose that the high-amplitude base-level changes results from a succession of desiccation-flooding events of an endorheic, silled, basin during Early Paleogene. The later detrital assemblage sourced in the Cevennes occurs on perched paleosurfaces and in karst cavities across the whole 350m-deep canyon walls. When found on paleosurfaces, they correspond to the south-flowing Early Miocene fluvial drainage, and can be correlated downstream with the marine, well dated, Early Miocene, sediments. When found within the karst cavities, they correspond to successive base-level surfaces connected to the progressive incision of the canyon. This canyon incision is coeval with a Late Miocene uplift of the hinterland.
24th International Karstological School "Classical karst" : Paleokarst
Postojna, Slovenia

hal-01306683
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306683
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306683/document
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306683/file/Abstract_IKS.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé :  
Termites represent one of the most abundant belowground animal taxa in tropical rainforests, where their species richness is much higher than in any other ecosystem. This high diversity in soil ecosystems is however difficult to explain by classical Hutchinsonian niche theory, as there is little evidence for spatial or temporal separation between species. Using delta(13)C and delta(15)N isotopic ratios, we tested if resource partitioning along the humification gradient occurs; in neotropical soldierless termites of the Anoplotermes-group. Two distinct sites were investigated to check if interspecific differences are transposable between sites. Significant differences in delta(15)N were found between species of the Anoplotermes-group. Although some species displayed higher intersite delta(15)N variation than others, species-average delta(15)N values for both sites were highly correlated, showing that sympatric soldierless soil-feeding termites feed on distinct components of the soil. Our data also suggest that some species are more likely to shift along this gradient than others, in response to overall habitat conditions or to the presence of competitors. Feeding niche differentiation can therefore account for the high species richness and diversity of soldierless soil-feeding termites in neotropical rainforests.
ISSN: 0038-0717

hal-01032157
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032157
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.07.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This work aims at studying the sedimentary record of the Gulf of Lion margin during the post-rift evolution. Methodology is based on the exploitation of a disparate database (the BRGM Banque du Sous-Sol, industrial seismic reflection, exploration boreholes, onshore outcrops), which -through high-resolution onshore-ofshore correlations- leads to interpretations of the post-rift evolution of distinct segments of the margin. The part played by the Messinian salinity crisis in the margin evolution is underlined. The processes of the subsequent restoration of the margin during the Plio-Quaternary are analysed. The distinct evolutions observed on different segments o the margin are related to local forçings (structural heritage and /or variable sediment flux). The results are used to improve the knowledge of littoral aquifers reservoirs.
L'objectif de ce travail est l'étude de l'enregistrement sédimentaire de la marge du Golfe du Lion pendant son évolution post-rift. On met au point une méthodologie basée sur l'exploitation et de données disparates (Banque du Sous-Sol du BRGM, sismique réflexion industrielle, forages pétroliers profonds, affleurements de terrain), conduisant à des corrélations terre-mer haute-résolution et aboutissant à des interprétations de l'évolution post-rift de plusieurs segments de la marge. On met en évidence le rôle de la crise de salinité messinienne dans l'évolution de la marge et les modalités de la reconstruction de celle-ci, pendant le Plio-Quaternaire. Les évolutions variables selon les segments sont analysées, et mises en relation avec les contrôles locaux (héritages et /ou flux sédimentaires différents). Ces résultats sont appliqués à des problématiques de réservoirs aquifères littoraux.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146

tel-00438146
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146/file/theseduvail.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Pb, Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes of basaltic lavas from the two Reunion Island volcanoes are reported in order to examine the origin of the sources feeding these volcanoes and to detect possible changes through time. Samples, chosen to cover the whole lifetime of the two volcanoes (from 2 Ma to present), yield a chemically restricted (compared to 0113 lavas) but complex distribution. Reunion plume isotopic characteristics have been defined on the basis of the composition of uncontaminated shield-building lavas from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. The average epsilon(Nd), epsilon(Hf), Sr-87/Sr-86 and Pb-206/Pb-204, Pb-207/Pb-204, and Pb-208/Pb-204 isotope ratios calculated for this component are +4.4, +9.1, 0.70411, 18.97, 15.59 and 39.03, respectively. In Pb-Pb isotope space, each volcano defines a distinct linear trend but slight variation are also detected within the various volcanic sequences. The Piton des Neiges volcano yields a distinct and significantly more scattered isotopic distribution than Piton de la Fournaise for both Pb, Hf and Nd isotope tracers. A principal component analysis of the Pb isotope data from Piton de la Fournaise reveals a major contribution of the C and EM-1 components (with a clear Dupal flavor) as main components for the modem Reunion plume. The same components have been identified for Piton des Neiges but with a stronger participation of a depleted mantle component and a weaker EM-1 contribution. The compositional change of the lavas erupted by the Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes is attributed to the impingement of two small-scale blobs of plume material at the base of the Reunion lithosphere. Compared to other hot-spots worldwide, in particular Hawaii and Kerguelen, magmas beneath Reunion are generated from a considerably more homogeneous, compositionally more primitive plume higher in Pb-206. Although shallow-level contamination processes have been locally detected they did not alter significantly the composition of the plume magmas. This is tentatively attributed to mantle dynamics producing small, high-velocity blobs that ascend rapidly through the lithosphere, and to the lack of a well-developed magma chamber at depth in the lithosphere.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00412196
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412196
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.018

Résumé : Aquafarming in Guyana (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii) finds itself confronted today with a serious economic problem linked to a concurrence of factors of differing origins. - The absence of markets (an apparently cyclical phenomenon) has hindered many operations and calls into question the producing sector in its current form (See table 5: stock SICA 1987). But behind this difficulty, other deeper and longer-lasting ones call for questions to be asked. During analysis of the sector, structural blockages appear from the first years of operations, which, combined with the prolonged absence of revenue, accelerates a process of decline (see the spiral of recession in the text). These other factors are: - 1) An environment that hinders the creation of new farms (difficulties and delay of basin construction sites, wavering about the chosen farming techniques, changes while engaged in operations...) - 2) A complete unawareness of the true capabilities of markets and competitors. - 3) An overestimation of possible yields in the first years. - 4) Underestimating cash flow needs and the consequences of taking out a large loan (see appendix 5, corporate earnings). - 5) Difficulty with implementing a solid and sustainable business structure. - 6) A serious and rapid deterioration of relations among the people involved in this production sector caused by a great deal of confusion about the role, attributions and sphere of expertise of each one of them (confusion in particular among IFREMER, France Aquaculture, and Guyane Aquaculture). Taken all together, these factors mean that we must consider today that the solutions proposed in response to the problem of marketing (See appendix 8 on the DDA proposal and appendix 9 on the GEM report), cannot suffice either to revive discontinued farms or to go ahead with planned projects.
(OCR non controlé) L'aquaculture en Guyane (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii) se trouve confrontée aujourd'hui à un grave problème économique lié à la conjonction de facteurs de natures distinctes. - L'absence de débouchés (phénomène en apparence conjoncturel) est venu bloquer bon nombre d'exploitations et remet en cause le secteur productif dans sa forme actuelle (Cf.tableau 5 : stock SICA 1987). Mais derrière cette difficulté, d'autres plus profondes et durables amènent à poser des questions. A l'analyse du secteur, des blocages structurels apparaissent, dès les premières années d'exploitation, qui combinés à l'absence prolongée de recettes, accélèrent un processus de déclin (cf dans le texte la spirale de la récession). Ces autres facteurs sont : - 1 ) Un environnement contraignant pour la création des fermes (difficultés et retard des chantiers de construction de bassins, hésitations sur les techniques d'élevage choisies, modifications en cours d'exploitation...) - 2 ) Une méconnaissance totale des capacités réelles des marchés et des concurrents. - 3 ) Une sur-estimation des rendements possibles les premières années. - 4 ) Une sous estimation des besoins de trésorerie et des conséquences d'un recours à l'emprunt important (cf annexe 5 résultats d'entreprises). - 5 ) Une difficulté à mettre en place une structure professionnelle solide et pérenne. - 6 ) Une grave et rapide dégradation des relations entre les acteurs de ce secteur de production causée par de sérieuses confusions sur le rôle, les attributions et les domaines de compétences de chacun d'eux (confusion notamment entre IFREMER, FRANCE AQUACULTURE, GUYANE AQUACULTURE). L'ensemble de ces facteurs fait que l'on doit considérer aujourd'hui que les solutions proposées en réponse au problème de commercialisation (Cf annexe 8 sur proposition DDA et annexe 9 sur rapport GEM), ne peuvent suffire ni pour relancer les fermes arrêtées ni pour réaliser les projets envisagés). Celles ci ne tiennent pas compte de la dégradation des relations entre les différents partenaires et reposent uniquement sur une intégration accrue des producteurs dans un environnement que pourtant la plupart ont déjà rejeté (ceci est caractéristique de la proposition de Mr FINET, DDA GUYANE ; cf annexe 8). - Il convient de plus de réviser sérieusement les seuils de rentabilité des entreprises en tenant compte d'un prix de revient qui intégre la totalité des charges imputables à ces productions et non plus seulement une partie comme cela a trop souvent été le cas. Le calcul du prix de revient sur la base des données comptables d'une exploitation (cf annexe 5) donne comme résultat la valeur de 90 Frs/Kg si on tient compte d'une estimation des charges imputables à une partie de production non pêchée, stockée en bassin. Si on ne prend pas en compte cette estimation, le prix s'établit au niveau de 130 Frs. Dans les deux cas les prix de vente actuels ne laissent entrevoir un quelconque bénéfice. Ceci résume bien le problème majeur de cette activité. Si on prévoit la remise en activité des fermes aujourd'hui stoppées, on doit prendre en considération que cela va inévitablement accroître leurs charges financières par un recours supplémentaire au crédit. Le prix de revient s'alourdira d'autant. Cette hypothèse n'étant réalisable qu'aprés une confiance retrouvée auprés des banquiers, ce qui en l'état actuel est loin d'être gagné. - C'est l'ensemble de ces contraintes qu'il convient de prendre en compte aujourd'hui si on souhaite tirer un bilan sérieux et objectif sur cette expérience dont les effets escomptés sont loin d'être obtenus (effet sur la balance commerciale déficitaire en crevettes, effet sur le développement de la Guyane...). Ce n'est qu'au terme d'un travail d'analyse technique mais aussi économique qu'un réajustement des prévisions de base pourra être effectué. Mais parallèlement à cette démarche, une re-définition de l'organisation du secteur doit être recherchée. Ceci passe entre autre par une re-définition claire de la place et du rôle de chacun des organismes qui sont amenés à intervenir dans cette activité. Sans cela toute proposition d'action risque d'aboutir à trés court terme à un nouvel échec.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1988/rapport-2300.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2300/

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : Calcareous nannofossil assemblages of the family Noelaerhabdaceae have been studied in sediments of seventeen Quaternary cores raised from various climatic areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. These sections display a regular, hiatus-free sedimentation for the last 500000 years. They have been dated using oxygen-isotopic measurements, variations of calcium carbonate content, variations of total nannofossil abundance, thorium measurements and volcanic ash horizons. Coccoliths of the genus Gephyrocapsa have been placed in three distinct taxonomic groups, based on morphological criteria inferred from light-microscope observations. Their acmes, as well as the acme of Emiliania huxleyi, are considered as stratigraphic markers. These markers characterize most of the last thirteen glacial-interglacial climatic stages, as well as some climatic events of lower magnitude (8.5 and 6.5). Most of these markers have global stratigraphic significance: acme of ''closed'' Gephyrocapsa during stages 13,11 and 9, and during event 8.5; acme of ''small'' Gephyrocapsa during stage 7 and event 6.5; acme of ''open'' Gephyrocapsa at top of event 6.5, and during stages 5 and 3; acme of E. huxleyi during stages 3 and 1. Others are only valid south of the southernmost latitude reached by the North-Atlantic polar front during the Quaternary: acme of ''closed'' Gephyrocapsa during stage 12; acme of ''small'' Gepkyrocapsa in early and middle stage 5; acme of E. huxleyi during stage 2. Others are only valid south of 20-degrees-S: acme of ''small'' Gephyrocapsa at the 10/9 stage boundary; acme of ''open'' Gephyrocapsa during stage 6.
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1993 , Vol. 16 , N. 4 , P. 349-362

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00099/21061/18687.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00099/21061/

Résumé : Le cycle biologique du priucipal stock de crevettes pénéïdes (Penaeus subtilis) exploité sur le plateau continental guyanais est court (18 mois environ). Les variabilités intra et inter annuelles de l'abondance des individus appartenant aux différentes composantes des premières phases du cycle (larves, post-larves, juvéniles) sont très fortes, ce phénomène étant exacerbé par le double changement de milieu au cours du cycle, passage d'un habitat en eau salée à celui en eau douce puis retour au précédent. La pêcherie de la flottille crevettière guyanaise est ainsi basée sur un stock au renouvellement rapide et variable, aussi l'optimisation de sa gestion implique une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de recrutement des crevettes et notamment de ses variabilités spatio-temporelles, intra et inter annuelles. Ainsi, depuis octobre 1992 une étude est conduite pour analyser ce mécanisme de recrutement Elle s'intègre dans un programme de coopération régionale entre l'IFREMER et le Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et des Pêches du Surinam financé par des fonds FEDER et du FIC, et elle est menée par l'IFREMER dans la Zone Economique française et le laboratoire du Département des pêches du Surinam sur le plateau surinamien. Ce programme prévoit une série de huit campagues en mer qui seront conduites en parallèle par chacun des deux laboratoires Français et Surinamien sur les plateaux de Guyane (campagues RESUBGUY) et du Surinam (campagnes RESUBSUR) afin d'analyser le phénomène de recrutement sur la plus large échelle possible d'observation (plateau guyano~urinaruien). Deux campagues annuelles ont été programmées pour chaque pays, en mai et en octobre. La périodicité de ces campagues est fonction des résultats des travaux conduits par l'IFREMER et l'ORSTOM sur la phase pré-recrutée de Penaeus subtilis qui ont mis en évidence deux principales périodes annuelles distinctes de recrutement (avril-mai; septembre-octobre). Cette étude n'est pas limitée pas à l'examen des seules captures de crevettes Penaeus subtilis, puisqu'elle inclue également l'analyse de la composition des prises accessoires des crevettiers. Les "by-catches" considérées dans ce travail sont surtout représentées par la crevette "sea-bob", Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, ainsi que par les principales espèces de poissons d'intérêt commercial (ou ayant une forte probabilité de le devenir dans un futur proche). Enfin, une attention particulière a aussi été portée sur les captures accidentelles de tortues marines afin d'en estimer l'importance réelle.

Droits : 1993 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00070/18155/15710.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00070/18155/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : We characterised the among species variability in leaf gas exchange and morphological traits under controlled conditions of seedlings of 22 tropical rainforest canopy species to understand the origin of the variability in leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) among species with different growth and dynamic characteristics (successional gradient). Our results first suggest that these species pursue a consistent strategy in terms of (Delta) throughout their ontogeny (juveniles grown here versus canopy adult trees from the natural forest). Second, leaf (Delta) was negatively correlated with WUE and N, and positively correlated with gs, but among species differences in (Delta) were mainly explained by differences in WUE. Finally, species belonging to different successional groups display distinct leaf functional and morphological traits. We confirmed that fast growing early successional species maximise carbon assimilation with high stomatal conductance. In contrast, fast and slow growing late successional species are both characterised by low carbon assimilation values, but by distinct stomatal conductance and leaf morphological features. Along the successional gradient, these differences result in much lower (Delta) for the intermediate species (i.e. fast growing late successional) as compared to the two other groups.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01032038
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032038
DOI : 10.1051/forest:2006101

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In the context of climate change, this study presents the ability of major/trace elements together with strontiumisotopes to trace back water paths at small scale and to deconvolve the geochemical signal of a small watershedsubject to intense flash floods episodes (Peyne, Hérault, France). Two small sub-basins draining distinct lithologiesin their heads (Plio-Villafranchian conglomerate versus Triassic gypsum-rich marls and dolomites) and the sameMiocene lithology downstream are investigated.Major elements and Ca/Na vs. Mg/Na ratios classically applied at large scale to distinguish carbonate from silicateweathering, allow here discriminating the three main lithologies from the two sub-basins. Trace elements Rband Sr coupled to calcium, also allow this lithological discrimination but in addition the Ca/Rb vs. Sr/Rb tracersappear to be much more discriminant for the various hydrological conditions. Thus, in combination with detailedlithological descriptions, they allow identifying the different facies that imprint the water signature through water-rock interaction according to the hydrological conditions.Strontium isotopes and Rb/Sr ratio, discriminate more precisely the drained lithologies of the 2 sub-basins. Firstly,the 87Sr/86Sr ratios allow identifying the nature of the lithologies and their main component(s) contributing to theSr budget in water and thus imprint the isotopic signature. Secondly, Sr isotopes evidenced two distinct Miocenefacies: the detritric faction (sandy marls), and the marine carbonates.The geochemical signatures of the brook samples draining both compartments were compared to the signatureof the Peyne River outlet just before the confluence into the Hérault River. It appears that the signature of thePeyne River, integrating all the water draining the basin, is relatively stable whatever the hydrological conditionsand mainly marked by the Miocene formations. Sr isotopes further highlight that this signature seems to resultfrom the mixing of both Miocene facies present in the lower part of the Peyne watershed, i.e. the sandy marls andthe carbonates. The typical signatures of the Plio-Villafanchian conglomerates and Triassic gypsiferous marls anddolomites of the headwaters of each sub-basin are completely hidden by the Miocene signatures. This should berelated to the large drainage area of the Miocene compared to other lithologies, despite the high solubility of thegypsum formations releasing large quantities of dissolved elements in solution.Understanding water paths at small scale is even more efficient when the geochemical approach is coupled with adetailed geological description. Indeed, the geochemical tracers are extremely dependent on the facies sequences(morphology) and of the soil nature (mineralogical composition), this is particularly sensitive at small scale.In the context of climate change increasing the intensity of rain events in the Mediterranean region, and resultingin catastrophic floods events (flash floods), tracing the origin of water contributing to the runoff is of primaryimportance and this must be investigated at small scale. Geochemical and isotopic fingerprinting thus constituteexcellent tools which can help to define the area of interest to be monitored in the framework of flood forecast andwarning networks
EGU General Assembly 2015
Vienne, Austria

hal-01118622
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118622

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
The susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes to Plasmodium infections relies on complex interactions between the insect vector and the malaria parasite. A number of studies have shown that the mosquito innate immune responses play an important role in controlling the malaria infection and that the strength of parasite clearance is under genetic control, but little is known about the influence of environmental factors on the transmission success. We present here evidence that the composition of the vector gut microbiota is one of the major components that determine the outcome of mosquito infections. A. gambiae mosquitoes collected in natural breeding sites from Cameroon were experimentally challenged with a wild P. falciparum isolate, and their gut bacterial content was submitted for pyrosequencing analysis. The meta-taxogenomic approach revealed a broader richness of the midgut bacterial flora than previously described. Unexpectedly, the majority of bacterial species were found in only a small proportion of mosquitoes, and only 20 genera were shared by 80% of individuals. We show that observed differences in gut bacterial flora of adult mosquitoes is a result of breeding in distinct sites, suggesting that the native aquatic source where larvae were grown determines the composition of the midgut microbiota. Importantly, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in the mosquito midgut correlates significantly with the Plasmodium infection status. This striking relationship highlights the role of natural gut environment in parasite transmission. Deciphering microbe-pathogen interactions offers new perspectives to control disease transmission.
ISSN: 1553-7366

hal-01546176
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546176
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002742

Éditeur(s) : Inter-Research
Résumé : The spatial structure of demersal fish assemblages on the continental shelf of the NW Mediterranean Sea was examined on a large scale between the Straits of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Lions. In contrast to its predominant role in the spatial distribution of species composition, described worldwide, it seems depth has only a limited effect on the distribution patterns of the total abundance and diversity of demersal fishes. In addition, evidence is provided for the division of the whole study area into 3 geographical fish assemblages. The influence of Atlantic inputs and the semi-permanent Almena-Oran hydrographic front play a key role in defining the Alboran Sea as a specific fish fauna area. Moreover, the clear differentiation between 2 distinct assemblages in the Gulf of Lions and the Catalan Sea could be partly linked to the North Balearic front. These results contribute to the current debate on the definition of spatial units for the purpose of demersal fisheries management. They also stress the complexity of developing an ecosystem approach which deals simultaneously with species composition and biodiversity aspects of ecosystems management.
Marine Ecology Progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-Research), 2005-08 , Vol. 297 , P. 245-257

Droits : Inter-Research 2005
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/publication-3623.pdf
DOI:10.3354/meps297245
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3623/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Coastal aquifers often display seawater intrusion resulting in the formation of a salty water wedge progressing inland. This study investigates the mass transfers in the mixing zone at the freshwater-seawater interface where the water is out of equilibrium with the rock-forming carbonates. Investigations were conducted in two boreholes, separated by 5 m, at the Ses Sitjoles test site (Mallorca Island, Spain) where repeated electrical conductivity logs of the formation and the saturating fluid, as well as regular pore-water sampling and permanent downhole multi-parameter monitoring of the water were performed over a period of 9 a. In the mixing zone, the significant acidification, the calcite saturation index profile and the Ca concentration profile cannot be explained by conservative mixing nor by dissolution-precipitation reactions only. Conversely, the analysis of organic C content and of the distinctly different time-resolved pH profiles measured in the two boreholes suggests the development of perennial biomass that triggers calcite dissolution. Moreover, the presence of biomass seems to be correlated with the permeability and vertical connectivity at the meter-scale. It is speculated that the mechanism could be self-activated because the microbiological activity induces calcite dissolution and tends to increase porosity and permeability that favors biomass development.
ISSN: 0883-2927

hal-00937665
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00937665
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.09.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Convergent plate margins typically experience a transition from subduction to collision dynamics as massive continental blocks enter the subduction channel. Studies of high-pressure rocks indicate that tectonic fragments are rapidly exhumed from eclogite facies to mid-crustal levels, but the details of such dynamics are controversial. To understand the dynamics of a subduction channel we report the results of a petrochronological study from the central Sesia Zone, a key element of the internal Western Alps. This comprises two polymetamorphic basement complexes (Eclogitic Micaschist Complex and Gneiss Minuti Complex) and a thin, dismembered cover sequence (Scalaro Unit) associated with pre-Alpine metagabbros and metasediments (Bonze Unit). Structurally controlled samples from three of these units (Eclogitic Micaschist Complex and Scalaro-Bonze Units) yield unequivocal petrological and geochronological evidence of two distinct high-pressure stages. Ages (U-Th-Pb) of growth zones in accessory allanite and zircon, combined with inclusion and textural relationships, can be tied to the multi-stage evolution of single samples. Two independent tectono-metamorphic 'slices' showing a coherent metamorphic evolution during a given time interval have been recognized: the Fondo slice (which includes Scalaro and Bonze rocks) and the Druer slice (belonging to the Eclogitic Micaschist Complex). The new data indicate separate stages of deformation at eclogite-facies conditions for each recognized independent kilometer-sized tectono-metamorphic slice, between ∼85 and 60 Ma, with evidence of intermittent decompression (ΔP ∼ 0*5 GPa) within only the Fondo slice. The evolution path of the Druer slice indicates a different P-T-time evolution with prolonged eclogite-facies metamorphism between ∼85 and 75 Ma. Our approach, combining structural, petrological and geochronological techniques, yields field-based constraints on the duration and rates of dynamics within a subduction channel.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-01054335
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01054335
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egu029

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press
Résumé : International audience
It was recently reported that the sizes of many mRNAs change when budding yeast cells exit mitosis and enter the meiotic differentiation pathway. These differences were attributed to length variations of their untranslated regions. The function of UTRs in protein translation is well established. However, the mechanism controlling the expression of distinct transcript isoforms during mitotic growth and meiotic development is unknown. In this study, we order developmentally regulated transcript isoforms according to their expression at specific stages during meiosis and gametogenesis, as compared to vegetative growth and starvation. We employ regulatory motif prediction, in vivo protein-DNA binding assays, genetic analyses and monitoring of epigenetic amino acid modification patterns to identify a novel role for Rpd3 and Ume6, two components of a histone deacetylase complex already known to repress early meiosis-specific genes in dividing cells, in mitotic repression of meiosis-specific transcript isoforms. Our findings classify developmental stage-specific early, middle and late meiotic transcript isoforms, and they point to a novel HDAC-dependent control mechanism for flexible transcript architecture during cell growth and differentiation. Since Rpd3 is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed in many tissues, our results are likely relevant for development and disease in higher eukaryotes.
ISSN: 0305-1048

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01122128
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122128
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122128/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122128/file/The%20conserved%20histone%20deacetylase.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gku1185

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Espinho Branco anatexite, located within a transcurrent, high-temperature shear zone in NE Brazil, was the subject of a comprehensive petrostructural study (Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility - AMS, Anisotropy of Anhysteretic Remanence - AAR, Electron Backscatter Diffraction - EBSD) to evaluate the compatibility of different fabrics with the kinematics of melt deformation. Magnetite dominates susceptibilities larger than 1 mSI and biotite displays [001] lattice directions consistent with AMS k3 axes. In contrast, migmatites with a susceptibility lower than 0.5 mSI and no visible mesoscopic foliation provide crystallographic fabrics distinct from AMS and AAR. However, AAR remains consistent with the regional strain field. These results suggest that the correlation of field, AMS and crystallographic fabrics is not always straightforward despite the relatively simple organisation of the magnetic fabric in the anatexite. We conclude that AMS recorded the final stages of the strain field in the migmatite irrespective of its complex mesoscale structures and contrasting crystallographic fabrics.
ISSN: 0191-8141

hal-00823056
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00823056
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.12.008

Résumé : Ce travail décrit la mise au point d'un milieu gélosé semi-sélectif visant à mettre en évidence les Vibrio penaecida en élevage larvaire de pénéides. Le ZoBell-Mannitol-Saccharose-Bleu de bromothymol (ZMSB) a un pH élevé, une forte teneur en sels et ne possède que deux sucres acidifiables, le mannitol et le saccharose. Ce milieu peut être utilisé pour la sélection d'un grand nombre d'espèces du genre Vibrio. La salinité et le ph séparent le germe cherché d'une fraction importante d'espèces de Vibrio, et l'acidification du mannitol et du saccharose révèlent (par le changement de couleur du milieu) les Vibrio de type penaecida qui présentent cette caractéristique. De plus, un milieu minimum comme le ZoBell, additionné de glycérol, permet d'augmenter considérablement la production de pigments noirs (grisâtres) insolubles qui s'accumulent sous forme cristalline chez certaines colonies bactériennes comme Vibrio nigripulchritudo, facilitant ainsi la distinction d'espèces physiologiquement proches comme V. penaecida. Les différents aspects des souches testées sont alors observés par repiquages à l'aide de tampons et permettent d'obtenir des images comparables par superposition. Sur les 26 souches testées une seule présente un aspect comparable à V. penaecida sur ZMSB. Ce Vibrio (V. nigripulchritudo) est facilement différenciable de V. penaecida par culture en milieu ZoBell additionné de glycérol. On peut donc conclure à une bonne spécificité du milieu en question et du procédé de repiquage utilisé. En cas de doutes, la présence de V. penaecida est confirmées par quelques tests biochimiques simples. Un protocoles de fabrication d'un sérum anti V. penaecida est également testé.

Droits : 1997 The author, Univ. Caen, Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14340/11624.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14340/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Taiwan is a young mountain belt, known as one of the most active area in the world. Since the beginning of the 20th century more than twenty _ Mw 7 earthquakes have struck the island. However, the occurrence of larger events (_Mw 8) is still a matter of debate. In this framework it is of key importance to obtain longer record in order to evaluate the occurrence of large past earthquakes. The sub-aqueous paleoseismology, based on the record of the sedimentary gravity deposits, appears as a serious alternative to approach this thematic and is a rapidly advancing field that has the potential to illuminate the long-term history of seismicity.The first part of this work was to investigate the present sedimentary systems off east Taiwan, essential to understand the morphosedimentary features, sedimentary facies and processes governing the evolution of the submarine slope, and the controlling factors of the recent sedimentation. Our results showed that the offshore slope east Taiwan is affected by a variety of sedimentary systems and processes, and that turbidity currents appear as the main erosional processes covering nearly 60% of the sedimentary record. Turbidity currents are generated by distinct controlling factors such as tectonic and climatic activity that enabled us to define twoend-members relative to turbidity currents initiation: Turbidity currents preconditioned by tectonic activity and triggered by earthquakes shaking and likely deposited into intra-slope basin and turbidity currents driven by climatic activity such as extreme floods or typhoons, generated in basin directly connected with onland rivers.The second part consisted to apply a paleoseismic approach, based on turbidites record, at two time-scales. First, we tested and validated the method by correlating turbidites deposits with instrumental earthquakes. Then, once calibrated we extended the time-series back in time. We dated the three most recent turbidites layers circa 2001 ± 3 AD, 1950 ± 5 AD and 1928 ± 10 AD. Using empirical relationship that link peakground acceleration, distance and magnitude to calibrate the seismic sources, we correlate these three turbidites with instrumental earthquakes: the Chengkong Earthquake 12/10/2003 (Mw 6.8), the 11/24/1951 Taitung Earthquake (Mw 7.1) and the 9/4/1935 Lutao Earthquake (Mw 7.0) respectively. Applying criteria to discriminating the different triggering mechanisms for turbidity current generation, we propose that earthquakes are the main triggering mechanisms. Dating and age modeling provided a part of the chronology of extreme events since the last 3000 years and allowed us to estimate return time for earthquakes Mw _ 6.8.This work represents a good starting-point for future investigations in order to better assess Holocene time series of extreme events.
La chaine de Taïwan représente l’une des zones les plus actives au monde. Depuis le début du XXe siècle, plus d’une vingtaine de séismes _Mw 7 ont affecté l’île. Cependant la probabilité d’occurrence de séismes plus importants (_Mw 8) est toujours matière à débat. Dans un tel contexte, il apparait donc important d’obtenir des enregistrements plus anciens pour évaluer l’occurrence de tels évènements. La paléosismologie marine, basée sur l’enregistrement des dépôts issus de la sédimentation gravitaire, apparait comme une alternative sérieuse afin d’illuminer l’histoire de la sismicité sur des périodes anciennes. Ce travail de thèse apporte de nouvelles contraintes sur l’histoire sismique au large, à l’est de Taïwan, au cours des derniers 3000 ans.La première partie de ce travail consiste à caractériser les systèmes sédimentaires récents. Cette étape fut essentielle pour la compréhension des processus, faciès sédimentaires et les facteurs de contrôle de la sédimentation qui régissent l’évolution de la pente sous-marine. Ces résultats ont montré que l’Est de Taïwan est caractérisé par une grande variabilité de processus et que les courants de turbidité dominent l’enregistrement sédimentaire.Les courants de turbidité sont générés par deux facteurs distincts : l’activité tectonique/sismique et l’activité climatique. La deuxième partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’approche paléosismique en utilisant les dépôts de turbidités comme marqueurs des paléoséismes. Pour ce faire, nous avons dans un premier temps testé et validé l’approche à l’échelle du siècle dernier. Ensuite une fois calibré, nous avons pu étendre les séries temporelles à l’échelle de l’Holocène. Nous avons daté les trois plus récents évènements turbiditiques autour de 2001 ± 3 AD, 1950 ± 5 AD et 1928 ± 10 AD. En utilisant des relations empiriques intégrant magnitude, distance et valeur du "peak ground acceleration", nous avons pu calibrer la source sismique et ainsi corréler ces trois turbidites à trois séismes instrumentaux : le séisme de Chengkong (12/10/2003) (Mw 6.8), le séisme de Taitung (11/24/1951) (Mw 7.1) et le séisme de Lutao (9/4/1935) (Mw 7.0). Au-delà du siècle dernier, les datations et modèles d’âges nous permettent d’établir une partie de la chronologie des évènements extrêmes sur une période de 3000 ans et d’estimer un temps de retour pour des évènements de l’ordre _Mw 7. Les résultats ont toutefois montré que ces temps de retour sont nettement supérieurs à ceux connus sur le siècle dernier, ce qui suggère que tous les séismes ne sont pas enregistrés par les dépôts sédimentaires marins. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de montrer que les dépôts issus de la sédimentation évènementielle peuvent être considérés comme marqueurs de la sismicité et que cette approche peut constituer un outil complémentaire pour les études portant sur le risque sismique.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01661529

NNT : 2014MON20133
tel-01661529
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01661529
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01661529/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01661529/file/55796_LEHU_2014_archivage_cor.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Academy of Sciences
Résumé : International audience
All evolutionary biologists are familiar with evolutionary units that evolve by vertical descent in a tree-like fashion in single lineages. However, many other kinds of processes contribute to evolutionary diversity. In vertical descent, the genetic material of a particular evolutionary unit is propagated by replication inside its own lineage. In what we call introgressive descent, the genetic material of a particular evolutionary unit propagates into different host structures and is replicated within these host structures. Thus, introgressive descent generates a variety of evolutionary units and leaves recognizable patterns in resemblance networks. We characterize six kinds of evolutionary units, of which five involve mosaic lineages generated by introgressive descent. To facilitate detection of these units in resemblance networks, we introduce terminology based on two notions, P3s (subgraphs of three nodes: A, B, and C) and mosaic P3s, and suggest an apparatus for systematic detection of introgressive descent. Mosaic P3s correspond to a distinct type of evolutionary bond that is orthogonal to the bonds of kinship and genealogy usually examined by evolutionary biologists. We argue that recognition of these evolutionary bonds stimulates radical rethinking of key questions in evolutionary biology (e.g., the relations among evolutionary players in very early phases of evolutionary history, the origin and emergence of novelties, and the production of new lineages). This line of research will expand the study of biological complexity beyond the usual genealogical bonds, revealing additional sources of biodiversity. It provides an important step to a more realistic pluralist treatment of evolutionary complexity.
ISSN: 0027-8424

hal-01544803
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544803
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1206541109

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Maghrebides, Betics and some parts of the Calabrian, NE Sicilian and Tuscan allochtons constitute dismembered fragments of the Alpine belt that resulted from the Cenozoic collision between Africa and Eurasia and the opening of the Western Mediterranean basin. Mineral and whole-rock geochemical analyses have been performed on three distinct outcrops of mantle material from the Edough Massif of NE Algeria, namely the Bou Maiza (BM) gabbros, the La Voile Noire (LVN) amphibolites and the Sidi Mohamed (SM) peridotites. In all samples, Sr isotopes are largely affected by seawater alteration (87Sr/86Sract. > 0.70384 and up to 0.70888) and cannot be used to evaluate the nature of the source reservoirs. SM peridotites display variable depleted mantle Nd isotopic signatures (εNdact. from + 7.0 to + 12.2) and geochemical features suggesting no significant chemical depletion as a result of partial melting and melt extraction (Mg# < 90; slightly LREE-depleted patterns with La/YbN = 0.33-0.39). These rocks are interpreted as parts of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle incorporated into the crustal units of the Edough Massif during the early stages of opening of the Algerian basin. BM gabbros and LVN amphibolites show geochemical signatures indicating derivation from a common Depleted Mantle reservoir (εNd > + 7.9) and are likely cogenetic, but without filiation with the SM peridotites. Pb isotopes indicate a contribution of sediments in the source reservoir, which is attributed to contamination solely by hydrous fluids released from a sedimentary component. This observation, together with a LILE-enrichment, suggests a back-arc basin environment. These results indicate that BM and LVN units were obducted onto the North African margin and subsequently fragmented, probably during doming and exhumation of the lower continental crust of the Edough massif. Doming resulted in opposite movements of the overlying oceanic units, southward for the BM units and northward for LVN amphibolites.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01122777
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122777
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.031

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The dwindling of the stocks of some marine animals traditionally fished is driving the producers to consider the exploitation of species which were seen as of lesser interest up to now. Among the latter, cephalopods hold a specific position. In the first place, they are not a new resource so to speak, having been eaten in Asian and Mediterranean countries for a long time, and, above all, they've been the object of a growing interest for a few years now. It is encouraging to see that this tendency is very distinct in our country where it can be thought that producers and consumers are now aware of the value of this abounding species. The actions aimed at optimising their exploitation are thus facilitated but they suffer from the imprecision of the statistical data on the fisheries. This data is indeed necessary to evaluate the availability of the stocks and to direct the production through a rational management.
L'amenuisement des stocks de certains animaux marins traditionnellement pêchés amène les producteurs à envisager l'exploitation d'espèces jusqu'à présent considérées comme de moindre intérêt. Parmi ces dernières, les céphalopodes occupent une place particulière. En premier lieu, ils ne constituent pas à proprement parler une ressource nouvelle, ayant de tous temps été consommés dans les pays asiatiques et méditerranéens, et surtout, depuis quelques années, ils suscitent un intérêt croissant dans nombre de pays. II est encourageant de constater que cette tendance est particulièrement nette dans notre pays où tout porte à croire •que producteurs et consommateurs ont pris conscience de la valeur de cette ressource disponible en abondance. Les actions destinées à optimaliser l'exploitation en sont facilitées mais se heurtent à l'imprécision des données statistiques sur les pêcheries. Ces dernières deviennent indispensables si l'on veut évaluer la disponibilité des stocks et orienter la production par une gestion rationnelle. On observe de plus qu'une étendue de plus en plus importante du domaine maritime tombe inévitablement sous le coup de réglementations locales ou internationales qui s'appuient très largement sur les statistiques de pêche. Si nous voulons aider efficacement les producteurs, nous devons disposer de données complètes et objectives. Sans attendre que soit atteint ce degré de précision, nous avons voulu aborder une étape plus élémentaire en réunissant les informations relatives à l'état actuel de l'exploitation des céphalopodes et aux solutions pour la développer. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]
Science et Pêche (0036-8350) (ISTPM), 1977 , Vol. 265

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1977/publication-6666.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6666/