Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy B - Oxford Open Option A Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Peridotites exhumed in the footwall of axial detachment faults at slow-spreading ridges are highly serpentinized. Most mid-ocean ridge detachment settings are magmatically active and hydrous fluid circulation in and near the fault has been shown to be influenced by the presence of melt or magmatic lithologies. Our working area along the Southwest Indian Ridge (62–65°E) is nearly amagmatic and represents an end-member to study the hydrous alteration of exhumed peridotites without these magmatic influences. We use an integrated petrological approach combining microstructural, mineralogical and chemical observations to unravel the sequence of serpentinization in 272 dredged samples of variably serpentinized peridotites and to document the circulation of serpentinizing fluids in and near the exhumation faults. We find that serpentine recrystallization and veins overprint the initial serpentinite mesh texture in ∼25% of the samples. Oxygen isotope data suggest that this sequence developed at relatively high temperatures (271–336°C) and under increasing fluid–rock ratios, from near stoichiometry for mesh texture formation to >10 during recrystallization. Increasing fluid supersaturation relative to serpentine favors the replacement of mesh texture lizardite by chrysotile and polygonal or polyhedral serpentine. We attribute local recrystallization into antigorite to moderate Si-metasomatism, possibly following pyroxene serpentinization. We do not observe the more pronounced Si-metasomatism leading to talc replacing serpentine that is reported for the more magmatically active Mid-Atlantic Ridge detachment settings and is attributed to prior leaching of magmatic rocks. Scales of preferential fluid pathways in our samples evolved from pervasive and close-spaced (<500 µm) microfractures during the formation of the initial serpentine mesh texture, to centimeter-thick planar domains of enhanced fluid flux, spaced at ∼10 cm intervals and probably grouped in corridors that may be up to ∼100 m across. Serpentine minerals are enriched in some fluid-mobile elements (Cl, B, U) relative to the peridotite protolith, and several elements (Al, Fe, Si, Cu, As, Sb, REE) are redistributed at the millimeter to decimeter scale. Serpentinizing fluids were seawater-derived, probably mildly alkaline (small to no europium anomalies), reducing and H2-enriched (formation of magnetite). These fluids may have been similar to, though warmer than, those venting at the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal fluid (30°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-01174047
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174047
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egv014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : The Gulf of Aigues-Mortes (NW Mediterranean Sea) is a midshelf zone whose scale is an intermediate between the nearshore scale (0–10 m depth) and the coastal scale (including the whole continental shelf). Its hydrodynamics is investigated for the first time. ADCP, CTD and thermosalinograph data were collected during three short cruises (HYGAM; March 6–7, 20–21, April 5–6, 2005). They were scheduled approximately every 15 days to sample the gulf circulation under different weather conditions. Moreover, the cruise data were used to validate the Symphonie model, a 3D primitive equations circulation model. The circulation features displayed by in situ data were well reproduced by Symphonie. A downscaling modelling approach was implemented, the largest scale being obtained by the replay of the MFSTEP regional model of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. The analysis, closely coupling in situ measurements and model results, provides information that would not have been obtained using data separately. The great variability of the oceanic circulation at this scale is well evidenced. Winds are the main forces, not only locally but also at a larger scale. North winds generate coherent structures interacting with the general Mediterranean circulation. The explanation of the induced currents is then not straightforward, some of them being, for example, northward. South and southeast winds reinforce the sloping surface, the latter allowing the geostrophic equilibrium with longshore currents. This study, focused on the end of winter 2004–2005, also enhances the heat fluxes from offshore to nearshore, as well as the initiation of shelf dense waters. The knowledge of the midshelf oceanic circulation is then applied to run a numerical experiment which describes both the dispersion of a fictive contaminant from a point S (at the centre of the GAM), and evaluates the risk of contamination of the beaches along the GAM shores.
ISSN: 0278-4343

hal-00196620
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00196620
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2007.06.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The behaviour of the four Ra isotopes (measured by gamma spectrometry) and 222Rn (measured with an AlphaGUARD ionisation chamber) has been investigated in NaCl-rich thermal waters of Balaruc-les-Bains on the Mediterranean coast (South of France). This study allows identification of the deep thermal water signature and reveals the influence of seawater or karst water inflows on Ra isotopes and 222Rn. The deep thermal water has 226Ra and 222Rn activities of 840 and 1900 mBq/l, respectively, a (228Ra/226Ra) activity ratio of 0.59, and low (224Ra/228Ra) and (223Ra/226Ra) ratios of 0.67 and 0.025, respectively. Several arguments suggest a dominant role of radioactive decay for short-lived Ra isotopes and Rn during the relatively rapid ascent of thermal water through wide open fractures and drains. The low (223Ra/226Ra) ratio constrains the maximum ascent velocity of thermal water to 8-10 m/h. Seawater inflow into the hydrothermal system results in an enrichment in short-lived Ra isotopes and 222Rn. The high (223Ra/226Ra) ratio (0.23) suggests that 223Ra, 224Ra and 222Rn produced by alpha-recoil in the upper-Jurassic limestone are entrained by seawater percolation through the coastal basement, due to active pumping in one of the near shore production well. This process would be enhanced by a low water/rock ratio (i.e. in a low-porosity, micro-fractured limestone). Mixing of this enriched seawater with thermal water induces barite precipitation with co-precipitation of a large fraction of Ra. Short-lived Ra isotopes may thus be useful tracers of seawater flux towards the continent. Conversely, the inflow and mixing of karst groundwater result in a general dilution of all dissolved elements, only a small enrichment in 224Ra and 223Ra, but a large enrichment in 222Rn (up to 26 Bq/l). The combination of Ra isotopes and 222Rn data provides a good way to trace the dynamics of different water masses along coastal areas.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-00795512
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795512
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.010

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD eLife Sciences Publication
Résumé : When 2 Mha of Amazonian forests are disturbed by selective logging each year, more than 90 Tg of carbon (C) is emitted to the atmosphere. Emissions are then counterbalanced by forest regrowth. With an original modelling approach, calibrated on a network of 133 permanent forest plots (175 ha total) across Amazonia, we link regional differences in climate, soil and initial biomass with survivors' and recruits' C fluxes to provide Amazon-wide predictions of post-logging C recovery. We show that net aboveground C recovery over 10 years is higher in the Guiana Shield and in the west (21 +/- 3 Mg C ha(-1)) than in the south (12 +/- 3 Mg C ha(-1)) where environmental stress is high (low rainfall, high seasonality). We highlight the key role of survivors in the forest regrowth and elaborate a comprehensive map of post-disturbance C recovery potential in Amazonia.
ISSN: 2050-084X

hal-01606806
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01606806
DOI : 10.7554/eLife.21394
PRODINRA : 389858

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Carbonised template silica membranes were synthesised and investigated for water desalination for brackish (0.3wt%), sea water (3.5wt%) and brine (7.5wt%) NaCl solutions at temperatures range from 22 to 60°C. The membranes were prepared by a two-step base catalysed sol-gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate TEOS as the silica precursor and triblock copolymer of Pluronic® P123 as the templating agent. The P123 silica membranes calcined under vacuum only produced high quality membranes by the interlayer-free method. The membranes were stable during testing of up to 250h under different thermal and salt concentration solutions, always delivering very high salt rejections >99.5%. It was found that by increasing the template concentration in the silica matrix from 5 to 50wt%, salt concentration polarisation was greatly reduced. As such, high water fluxes were measured up to 8.5kgm-2h-1 for brackish water and 6.6kgm-2h-1 for brine water. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
ISSN: 0376-7388

hal-01683210
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683210
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.10.026

Résumé : En 2003 des mesures au spectromètre IR à Transformée de Fourier (FTIR) ont permis d'identifier et de mesurer les COV émis par la décharge à ciel ouvert de la Gabarre, principale de l'île Guadeloupe, située entre une zone urbaine et une mangrove. Ces COV ont été retrouvés (2004) la nuit dans les cités, justifiant les plaintes des riverains. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, des mesures au spectromètre de masse portatif MS 200 ont validé ces résultats du FTIR. De nouvelles mesures au MS 200 ont été menées dans toute la zone de la décharge. Les cités concernées étant à l'opposé du flux synoptique d'Alizés-Est, les facteurs météorologiques permettant la dispersion et le transport des COV de la décharge vers la zone urbaine ont été recherchés. La diminution nocturne de l'intensité des Alizés au dessus de l'ile peut laisser place à des phénomènes locaux tels les brises. L'idée d'une brise terre-mer a été éliminée. Un maillage autou~ de la décharge (cités et mangrove) avec 8 thermomètres a révélé un îlot de chaleur urbain nocturnegénérant une brise thermique d'environ Ims- I (mesurée et calculée). Avec les radiosondages Météo France et un SODAR installé dans la décharge, une très forte stabilité dans les basses couches atmosphériques de la couche limite nocturne avec une inversion de surface d'environ 120mvv apparait. Ces facteurs expliquent la pollution des cités par les COV de la décharge, Un modèlevGaussien en tenant compte a été validé par les mesures de COV.vCette étude peut être étendue à d'autres décharges à ciel ouvert et à d'autres types de traitement de polluants de décharge.
In 2003, the VOC emissions coming from "La Gabarre", the main open landfill in Guadeloupe, located in-between an urban area and a mangrove, were identified and quantified with a portable FTIR spectrometer. In 2004, COVs found at nighttime in the urban area nearby confirmed why residents complain about. As part of this thesis, portable mass spectrometer MS 200 measurements validated these FTIR figures. New systematic SM measurements have been carried on around the landfill. Since the polluted urban area stands on the opposite way of the East Trade winds synoptic flux, aIl the weather factors likely to scatter and transport the dump COVs were scrutinized. At night, the strength of the Trade winds decreases over Guadeloupe, which may give way to local phenomena such as breezes. The occurrence of land/sea breeze was eliminated. A close surveying surrounding the landfill with 8 thermometers both in the projects and in the mangrove revealed an urban heat island causing thermal breezes of about lms-l (measured and calculated). Using soundings from Meteo France, and a SODAR inside the dump, we found a great stability of the night boundary layer with a surface inversion near 120m. Pollution of the nearby urban area with landfill COVs is elucidatcd by the above factors. A transport Gaussian model is in agreement with COV measurements. This study can be extended to different open landfills and different types of polluting matters processes in dumps

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0700/document

Éditeur(s) : Université de la Réunion
Résumé : The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is an emblematic species of marine life. However, nowadays it is subject to many threats (poaching, by-catch). Even if there is deep growing measures for its protection, the green turtle still is an endangered species and it is listed in Appendix I of Washington Convention (CITES). In order to elaborate efficient conservation and management plans, perfect knowledge of green turtle biology, but also of its population structure and their characteristics, are needed. In this thesis, we have assessed genetic structure of green turtle populations in the South-Western Indian Ocean by using genetic tools. In all, 1551 tissue samples have been collected from our study zone and from our control site French Polynesia (37 samples). All kinds if individuals were sampled (except males in reproductive phase) from 15 sampling sites including nesting, foraging, and immature development site. We used both control region of mitochondrial DNA and 6 microsatellite loci to better infer maternal and paternal lineages. We identified 29 haplotypes in the South-Western Indian Ocean. They are distributed in 3 independent and highly divergent clades, including one composed with haplotypes from Atlantic Ocean. For 7 of these haplotypes, it was the first time they were detected in the study zone. Fifteen haplotypes were previously undescribed, distributed in all the 3 clades. These new haplotypes seem to be specific to the South-Western Indian Ocean, which is then an original zone. Besides, we found a high allelic richness. These results show the South-western Indian Ocean is rich and very diversified. This region plays an important role in the global diversity of the species. The South-Western Indian Ocean is one of the two contact zones presently known between the two metapopulations of green turtles (Atlantic-Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific). This contact induces a genetic cline based on CM8 (Atlantic) and C3 (Indo-Pacific) haplotype frequencies. Analysis of the microsatellite differentiation between individuals provides evidence of genetic exchanges between the two metapopulations in the region. The South-Western Indian Ocean participates to green turtle global genetic mixing. Studying the influence of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors on population structuring provides useful information for management plan elaboration. We found no significant difference between genetic structures of foraging females and males, contrary to immature turtles which seem to be organised in 'regional pools'. This organisation could be due to both immature natal homing and influence of oceanic currents. High mitochondrial differentiation of nesting females and low global microsatellite differentiation of our samples indicate male-mediated gene flow among populations of the study zone. The genetic composition of a sampling site presents no significant variation along the year, even if we could notice some trends. Nevertheless, it can be significantly different from a year to an other one. This may result from alternation of distinct populations on the same site. We noticed different evolution in 10 or 20 years of the genetic composition depending on the sampling site. Geographic distance seems not to have significant influence on population structuring concerning microsatellite markers. Nesting females of Saziley Beach (Mayotte Island, Comoros Archipelago) present genetic divergence from females nesting in the two other sampled beaches of this island. The observed population structure shows no contradiction with the organisation of oceanic currents in the South-Western Indian Ocean. Comparing the results from the two genetic markers used, we identified 8 genetic differentiated clusters of turtles in the study zone and at least 6 distinct populations. These clusters constitute 8 potential management units (MUs) which could serve as basis in the elaboration of conservation and management plans.
La tortue verte (Chelonia mydas) constitue l'un des espèces emblématiques de la vie marine, pourtant de nombreuses menaces pèsent de nos jours encore sur sa survie (braconnage, captures accidentelles). Ainsi, malgré l'essor de mesures de protection menées à travers pour sa sauvegarde, la tortue verte constitue une espèce 'en danger d'extinction' et figure dans l'Annexe I de la Convention de Washington (CITES). Afin d'élaborer des plans de gestion et de conservation qui soient efficaces, il est important d'avoir une parfaite connaissance de la biologie de la tortue verte, mais aussi de la structure de ses populations et de leurs caractéristiques. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit la présente étude. L'objectif de cette étude était d'acquérir des connaissances sur la structure des populations de tortues vertes dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien grâce à l'utilisation de l'outil génétique. Au total, 1551 échantillons de tissu ont été collectés dans la zone d'étude et dans notre site témoin la Polynésie française (37 échantillons). Toutes les catégories d'individus ont été échantillonnées (excepté les mâles en phase de reproduction) et les 15 sites d'échantillonnage comprennent à la fois des sites de ponte, d'alimentation et de développement pour les immatures. Deux types de marqueurs ont été utilisés : la région contrôle de l'ADN mitochondrial et 6 loci microsatellites, afin d'appréhender au mieux l'apport des lignées maternelles et paternelles. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence la présence dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien de 29 haplotypes distincts, appartenant à trois clades fortement divergents dont l'un constitué d'haplotypes originaires de l'océan Atlantique. Parmi ces haplotypes, 7 ont été détectés pour la première fois dans la zone d'étude, et 15 autres n'ont jamais été précédemment décrits chez cette espèce. Ils sont présents dans chacun des 3 clades d'haplotypes. Ces nouveaux haplotypes semblent spécifiques à la région, et en font une zone originale. On observe par ailleurs une grande richesse allélique dans les effectifs analysés. Ces résultats montrent que le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien est une zone riche et très diversifiée. Cette région joue un rôle important dans la diversité génétique globale de l'espèce. Le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien constitue l'une des deux seules zones connues à l'heure actuelle de contact entre les deux métapopulations de tortues vertes (Atlantique-Méditerranée et Indo-Pacifique). Ce contact a entraîné la formation d'un cline génétique portant principalement sur les fréquences relatives des haplotypes CM8 (Atlantique) et C3 (Indo-Pacifique). Les résultats obtenus lors de l'analyse microsatellite de la différenciation entre les individus originaires des deux métapopulations montrent que le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien constitue une zone d'échanges génétiques entre les deux métapopulations, participant au brasage génétique de l'espèce. L'étude de facteurs, intrinsèques et extrinsèques, pouvant influencer la structuration des populations apportent de nombreuses informations qui pourraient s'avérer utiles lors de l'élaboration de plans de gestion. La structure des femelles et des mâles en alimentation ne diffère pas, contrairement à celle des immatures qui semble s'organiser en 'pools régionaux' qui seraient le fruit de l'interaction d'un comportement de philopatrie et d'une influence des courants océaniques. La forte différenciation mitochondriale des femelles en ponte et la très faible différenciation microsatellite observée à l'échelle de la région, indiquent l'existence de flux de gènes via les mâles. La composition génétique d'un site ne varie pas de manière significative au cours de l'année. Par contre, elle peut varier d'une année à l'autre, signifiant l'alternance dans certains sites de ponte de plusieurs populations distinctes. L'évolution de la composition génétique d'un groupe, au cours de 10 ou 20 ans, diffère selon le site considéré. La distance ne semble pas influencer de manière significative la structuration des populations au niveau microsatellite. Les femelles en ponte sur la plage de Saziley (Mayotte) diffèrent génétiquement de celles pondant sur les deux autres plages de l'île. La structure observée des populations est en accord avec l'organisation des courants océanique dans la région. La confrontation des résultats obtenus à partir des deux marqueurs génétiques utilisés, permet la détermination de 8 ensembles génétiquement différenciés dans la zone d'étude et l'identification d'au moins 6 populations distinctes. Ces ensembles constituent autant d'unités de gestion (MUs) potentielles qui pourront servir de base à l'élaboration de plans de gestion et de conservation.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/these-3532.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3532/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We provide results of a detailed study of the first peridotite xenoliths of proven mantle origin reported from Bezymyanny volcano in the Klyuchevskoy Group, northern Kamchatka arc. The xenoliths are coarse spinel harzburgites made up mainly of Mg-rich olivine as well as subhedral orthopyroxene (opx) and Cr-rich spinel, and also contain fine-grained interstitial pyroxenes, amphibole and feldspar. The samples are unique in preserving the evidence for both initial arc mantle substrate produced by high-degree melt extraction and subsequent enrichment events. We show that the textures, modal and major oxide compositions of the Bezymyanny xenoliths are generally similar to those of spinel harzburgite xenoliths from Avacha volcano in southern Kamchatka. However, coarse opx from the Bezymyanny harzburgites has higher abundances of light and medium rare earth elements and other highly incompatible elements than coarse opx from the Avacha harzburgites. We infer that (1) the sub-arc lithospheric mantle beneath both Avacha and Bezymyanny (and possibly between these volcanoes) consists predominantly of harzburgitic melting residues, which experienced metasomatism by slab-related fluids or low-fraction, fluid-rich melts and (2) the degrees of metasomatism are higher beneath Bezymyanny. By contrast, xenolith suites from Shiveluch and Kharchinsky volcanoes 50-100 km north of the Klyuchevskoy Group include abundant cumulates and products of reaction of mantle rocks with silicate melts at high melt/rock ratios. The high melt flux through the lithospheric mantle beneath Shiveluch and Kharchinsky may be related to the asthenospheric flow around the northern edge of the sinking Pacific plate; lateral propagation of fluids in the mantle wedge south of the plate edge may contribute to metasomatism in the mantle lithosphere beneath the Klyuchevskoy Group volcanoes.
ISSN: 0377-0273

hal-00941258
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941258
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.12.022

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé :  
The high spatial variability of soil respiration in tropical rainforests is well evaluated, but influences of biotic factors are not clearly understood. This study underlines the influence of tree species characteristics on soil respiration across a 16-monospecific plot design in a tropical plantation of French Guiana. A large variability of soil CO2 fluxes was observed among plots (i.e. 2.8 to 6.8 μmol m−2 s −1 ) with the ranking being constant across seasons. There were no significant relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture or soil temperature, neither spatially, nor seasonally. The variability of soil respiration was mainly explained by quantitative factors such as leaf litterfall and basal area. Surprisingly, no significant relationship was observed between soil respiration and root biomass. However, the influence of substrate quality was revealed by a strong relationship between soil respiration and litterfall P (and litterfall N, to a lesser extent).
ISSN: 0032-079X

hal-01032069
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032069
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-008-9866-z

Résumé : L'année 2001 a d'abord été une année de résultats originaux et importants. Les exemples sont nombreux, et j'ai plaisir à en énumérer quelques-uns pour illustrer la variété de nos activités : la détection d'avalanches sous-marines de sédiments formant les canyons profonds des océans, l'observation détaillée des massifs de coraux froids par 400 mètres de profondeur, la mise au point d'un outil léger de sismique à trois dimensions, le suivi du comportement des espadons de l'océan Indien, l'effort d'accompagnement des mesures de restriction de la pêche au cabillaud en mer du Nord, la mise au point de chaluts sélectifs pour la pêche à la langoustine, la description du comportement d'optimisation énergétique du bar, la quantification de la variabilité génétique des crevettes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, des recommandations sur la densité des élevages de mollusques dans l'étang de Thau, la mise au point d'outils européens de caractérisation de la qualité des masses d'eau le long du littoral. l'accord sur une méthodologie de surveillance des toxines diarrhéiques, la mise en route du système d'information halieutique, le doublement du flux de données in s itu traitées en temps réel, la découverte de nouveaux genres bactériens dans les sources hydrothermales." [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/rapport-5297.PDF
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/5297/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Presses universitaires de Bordeaux
Résumé : International audience
Les littoraux haïtiens sont le lieu d'activités diverses : la pêche, le cabotage, l'exploitation des mangroves. Mais la crise économique a conduit des populations issues de l'intérieur de l'île à se laisser attirer par le littoral et ses apparentes potentia lités. Tout ceci est facteur de déséquilibres pour des écosystèmes sensibles et pour les populations préalablement installées sur le littoral.Les côtes du golfe de la Gonâve sont dominées par Port-au-Prince qui génère le plus de flux et de conflits d'usage. La côte des Arcadins est en attente de la reprise du tourisme et enfin l'ouest du Canal du Sud s'enferme dans le déclin et l'isolement.
ISSN: 0373-5834

hal-01172728
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172728
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172728/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172728/file/com-1018-219-pression-anthropique-et-degradation-des-littoraux-haitiens-l-39-exemple-du-golfe-de-la-gonave.pdf
DOI : 10.4000/com.1018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : In this paper we present the potential of a new compact superconducting gravimeter (GWR iGrav) designed for groundwater monitoring. At first, 3 yr of continuous gravity data are evaluated and the performance of the instrument is investigated. With repeated absolute gravity measurements using a Micro-g Lacoste FG5, the calibration factor (−894.8 nm s−2 V−1) and the long-term drift of this instrument (45 nm s−2 yr−1) are estimated for the first time with a high precision and found to be respectively constant and linear for this particular iGrav. The low noise level performance is found similar to those of previous superconducting gravimeters and leads to gravity residuals coherent with local hydrology. The iGrav is located in a fully instrumented hydrogeophysical observatory on the Durzon karstic basin (Larzac plateau, south of France). Rain gauges and a flux tower (evapo-transpiration measurements) are used to evaluate the groundwater mass balance at the local scale. Water mass balance demonstrates that the karst is only capacitive: all the rainwater is temporarily stored in the matrix and fast transfers to the spring through fractures are insignificant in this area. Moreover, the upper part of the karst around the observatory appears to be representative of slow transfer of the whole catchment. Indeed, slow transfer estimated on the site fully supports the low-flow discharge at the only spring which represents all groundwater outflows from the catchment. In the last part of the paper, reservoir models are used to characterize the water transfer and storage processes. Particular highlights are done on the advantages of continuous gravity data (compared to repeated campaigns) and on the importance of local accurate meteorological data to limit misinterpretation of the gravity observations. The results are complementary with previous studies at the basin scale and show a clear potential for continuous gravity time-series assimilation in hydrological simulations, even on heterogeneous karstic systems.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01526965
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01526965
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01526965/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01526965/file/fores2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggw396

Résumé : Cette these etudie les effets de la conversion de la foret tropicale en parcelles agricoles, sur les emissions de n2o par les sols. Ce travail est realise a l’echelle du cycle cultural sur le dispositif experimental de combi (littoral guyanais), a l’aide de mesures in situ et de simulations (modele noe) des flux de n2o. La foret tropicale a ete comparee a des parcelles de foret converties en terres agricoles par la methode ‘chop-and-mulch’. La methode de deforestation ‘chop-and-mulch’ associe coupe mecanique de la vegetation, broyage puis enfouissement des residus forestiers dans le sol. Les terres agricoles etaient soient des parcelles de prairie non paturee soient des parcelles cultivees (maïs fertilise/soja) conduites en semis conventionnel (semis apres travail du sol, sans plante de couverture) ou en semis direct (sans travail du sol, avec plantes de couverture).Les principaux resultats de cette etude sont : le sol de la foret tropicale de combi est un faible emetteur de n2o ; la conversion par la methode ‘chop-and-mulch’ de cette foret en prairie ne conduit pas a une augmentation significative des emissions de n2o entre le 19eme et le 31eme mois suivant la conversion ; la conversion de la foret en parcelles cultivees induit une augmentation significative des emissions de n2o due a la fertilisation et a la modification des parametres edaphiques (densite apparente, temperature, humidite volumique) ; la technique sans travail du sol n’engendre pas de flux de n2o significativement plus eleves que la technique avec travail du sol ; l’introduction du phenomene d’hysterese hydrique dans le modele noe presente un reel potentiel pour l’estimation des emissions de n2o in situ.
This study investigates the effects of the conversion of tropical forest to cultivation on soil n2o emissions. The study was carried out over a complete crop cycle at the experimental site combi (french guianese coast). Nitrous oxide fluxes were obtained in the field and by conducting simulations with the noe model. Undisturbed tropical rainforest was compared to rainforest that had been converted to agricultural land using the ‘chop-and-mulch’ method. The ‘chop-and-mulch’ method is a fire-free method used for vegetation clearing combining the mechanical felling of trees with the mulching of small vegetation. Agricultural land included either mowed grassland or soybean/fertilised maize crop rotation. For croplands the two cultivation practices employed were: conventional seeding (using an offset disc harrow, without cover plants) or direct seeding (no till, with cover plants).The main results of this study are: rainforest soil at combi produced low n2o emissions; rainforest converted to mowed grassland using the 'chop-and-mulch’ method did not lead to a significant increase in n2o emissions between the 19th and 31st months after conversion; the conversion of rainforest to croplands induced a significant increase in soil n2o emissions due to the application of fertiliser and the modification of soil parameters (bulk density, temperature, volumetric moisture); n2o emissions from agricultural practices with no-till were no higher than those produced by conventional agricultural practices using an offset disc harrow; and, the introduction of an hydric hysteresis into the noe model constitutes a promising improvement to estimate in situ n2o emissions.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0610/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer/Terra Scientific Publishing Company
Résumé : International audience
The laboratory of paleomagnetism of Montpellier (France) has developed a new one-axis vibrating thermal magnetometer dedicated to the Study of physical properties of natural rocks remanence. Among its key characteristics, this apparatus allows both measurement or the magnetization moment on the interval from room temperature to 700 degrees C with a precision of 2 x 10(-9) A m(2) and acquisition of a total or a partial thermo-remanent magnetization using a steady field from - 100 up to 100 mu T. Another point that is worth noting is that one can apply a controlled atmosphere by means of argon flux to prevent oxidation of the studied sample during heating. We report here a technical description of this new instrument and review some specific applications in absolute paleointensity surveys.
ISSN: 1343-8832

hal-00413078
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413078
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413078/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413078/file/Poidras-CatVTM.pdf

Résumé : Le genre Crassostrea regroupe de nombreuses espèces dont la répartition mondiale s'étend sur une grande partie des régions côtières des basses et moyennes latitudes. La classification des différentes espèces décrites à partir des critères morphologiques et de répartition géographique est aujourd'hui remise en cause dans de nombreux cas par les nouvelles études utilisent les techniques récentes de biologie moléculaire. C'est en particulier grâce à l'apport des séquences génomiques variables, qu'il a été possible de déterminer différentes espèces présentes sur les côtes africaines et américaines (Lapègue & al.). La présence de l'espèce C. gasar, d'abord décrite en Afrique, a ainsi été montré en Amérique. La répartition de cette espèce sur les deux continents laisse supposer que les barrières géographiques on induit une limitation des flux géniques et donc permis une divergence génétique des populations. Pour confirmer cette hypothèse une étude génétique des populations sur 3 populations de chaque continent a donc été réalisée. Elle s'est basée sur le marqueur nucléaire ITS2, séquence non transcrite et variable du génome nucléaire. Il a donc été possible, grâce aux techniques de RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphisme) de démontrer une forte différenciation génétique entre les deux continents. Cependant le séquençage montre une divergence nucléotidique faible (3%). Ceci laisse supposer qu'il n'y a pas de flux génique entre les deux continents, et que les populations ont divergé récemment. De plus, le polymorphisme intracontinental observé uniquement en Afrique nous laisse supposer les populations américaines seraient originaires d'Afrique. La mise au point du séquençage et la lecture de deux séquences pour des individus de chaque continent a de plus permis de sélectionner de nouvelles enzymes de restriction utilisable en RFLP pour poursuivre l'étude du polymorphisme entre les populations.

Droits : 2001 Univ. La Rochelle, Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00033/14407/11700.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00033/14407/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le questionnement sur les interactions entre le tourisme et les ressources naturelles est plus que jamais d’actualité compte tenu de l’importance croissante des mobilités touristiques à travers le monde. Le tourisme est un puissant vecteur de transformation du territoire qui doit être appréhendé à travers les flux, les pratiques, les consommations. Il s’agit de prendre la mesure de la complexité du système touristique et d’identifier les enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux liés à l’utilisation et l’exploitation de la biodiversité par cette activité.
Considering the increasing importance of the tourist mobilities worldwide, the questioning on the interrelationships between tourism and natural resources is more current more than ever. Tourism is a powerful vehicle of territory transformations which must be comprehended though flows, practices, consumptions. It means taking of the complexity of tourist system and of identifiyng the economic, social and environmental stakes linked to the use and the exploitation of the biodiversity by this activity.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/9489

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En el contexto actual, en el que la Organización Mundial del Turismo vaticina el constante incremento del turismo, se habla, con más frecuencia que antes, del turismo cultural. Algunos especialistas especulan que el “turismo de/con identidad” –como también se lo denomina- viene avanzando por sobre el “turismo de sol y playa”. Sin embargo, la visión cuantitativista suele prevalecer respecto de la cualitativista, al mismo tiempo en que se consolidan ciertas naturalizaciones, como la relación estrecha que se ha establecido entre turismo cultural y patrimonio –particularmente en los últimos años, con el patrimonio “inmaterial”-. Es nuestro interés en este artículo, desnaturalizar cierta visión y los “lugares comunes” que contribuyen en la desproblematización del campo y de la noción. Es nuestro objetivo reflexionar críticamente sobre qué es y qué se espera del turismo cultural, el lugar que se otorga al turismo cultural en relación a los niveles de trasnacionalización y localización, focalizando en su vínculo problemático con el patrimonio y sobre la noción de autenticidad, cualidad visualizada como requisito imprescindible e indiscutible en la definición tanto del turismo como del patrimonio cultural. Dicha problematización será realizada desde el análisis complejo de diversas situaciones empíricas vinculadas a América Latina.
Dans le contexte actuel de pleine croissance des flux touristiques, le thème du tourisme culturel prend une place de plus importante. Certains experts pensent que le "tourisme identitaire" -comme on l'appelle parfois-, va connaitre un regain d'intérêt par rapport au classique tourisme balnéaire. Cependant, la vision quantitativiste emporte généralement sur l'approche qualitative. Dans le même temps, le rapprochement s'opère entre le tourisme culturel et le patrimoine -en particulier ces dernières années avec un «patrimoine immatériel».Notre intérêt, dans cet article, est de déconstruire une certaine vision, faite de "lieux communs", qui contribuent à vider ce champ de recherche de toute problématique. Notre objectif est de réfléchir de manière critique sur ce qu'est et ce qui est entendu par tourisme culturel, sur la place donnée au tourisme culturel selon les niveaux de transnationalisation, en se concentrant sur sa relation problématique entre le patrimoine et la notion d'authenticité ; une qualité perçue comme condition préalable indiscutable dans la définition à la fois le tourisme et le patrimoine culturel. Cette problématisation est conduite à travers l'analyse de situations empiriques variées et complexes d’Amérique latine
In the current context of growing tourist flows, the theme of cultural tourism is an ever important. Some experts believe that the "identity tourism" -as it is sometimes called-, will attract renewed interest at the expense of traditional seaside tourism. However, vision quantitativist generally outweighs the approach qualitative.Dans the same time, there is a reconciliation that occurs between tourism and cultural heritage (especially in recent years with an "intangible heritage").Our interest in this article is to deconstruct a vision, made of "platitudes" where this field of research is then emptied of any problem. Our goal is to reflect critically on what is and what is meant by cultural tourism, the importance given to cultural tourism as the levels of transnationalism, focusing on the problematic relationship between wealth and the notion of authenticity, a quality seen as indisputable prerequisite in defining both the tourism and cultural heritage. This problematization is conducted through analysis of empirical situations varied and complex in Latin America.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3792
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3792

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : The light response curve methodology for microphytobenthic biofilms was studied by comparing the two most usual approaches used in pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. The non-sequential light curve (N-SLC) method is characterized by independent measures of the photosynthetic activity across a light gradient whereas the rapid light curve (RLC) method consists of successive measures on the same sample exposed to a stepwise increase of light intensities. Experiments were carried out on experimental microphytobenthic biofilms prepared from natural assemblages and acclimated to dark conditions. In preliminary experiments, N-SLCs were constructed from fluorescence induction curves performed at 12 different photon flux densities (PFDs). A minimum of 50 s of illumination was necessary to reach a stable light response curve; shorter illumination times resulted in underestimating the physiological parameters (alpha the light utilization coefficient in light-limited conditions and rETR(max) the maximum rate of photosynthesis efficiency) of the light response curve. For the comparison between N-SLCs and RLCs, the same time of illumination (50 s) was used for each light step of RLCs so that N-SLCs differed from RLCs only by the way the amount of light was delivered, i.e., a light dose accumulation for RLC. The experimental results showed the difference between the two photobiological response curves. In the lower range of PFDs, RLCs exhibited a larger value of alpha; in this light-limited part of the response curve the incremental increase of PFDs limited the development of NPQ and resulted in a better optimization of electron transport rate for RLC. In the higher range of PFDs, the trend was reversed and the RLC showed a lower value of rETR(max) than the N-SLC did; this is attributed to the light dose accumulation which likely led to a more efficient dispersion of energy, as illustrated by a higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In conclusion, these results confirm that parameters derived from both methods differ in their value and do not bear the same physiological information.
Marine Biology (0025-3162) (Springer), 2007-11 , Vol. 153 , N. 1 , P. 91-101

Droits : 2007 Springer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3331.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00227-007-0787-9
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3331/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD MDPI
Résumé : International audience
This work investigates the structural formation and analyses of titania membranes (TM) prepared using different vacuum exposure times for molecular weight (MW) cut-off performance and oil/water separation. Titania membranes were synthesized via a sol-gel method and coated on macroporous alumina tubes followed by exposure to a vacuum between 30 and 1200 s and then calcined at 400 °C. X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the crystallite size and particle size of titania increased as a function of vacuum time. All the TM membranes were mesoporous with an average pore diameter of ~3.6 nm with an anatase crystal morphology. Water, glucose, sucrose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone with 40 and 360 kDa (PVP-40 kDa and PVP-360 kDa) were used as feed solutions for MW cut-off and hexadecane solution for oil filtration investigation. The TM membranes were not able to separate glucose and sucrose, thus indicating the membrane pore sizes are larger than the kinetic diameter of sucrose of 0.9 nm, irrespective of vacuum exposure time. They also showed only moderate rejection (20%) of the smaller PVP-40 kDa, however, all the membranes were able to obtain an excellent rejection of near 100% for the larger PVP-360 kDa molecule. Furthermore, the TM membranes were tested for the separation of oil emulsions with a high concentration of oil (3000 ppm), reaching high oil rejections of more than 90% of oil. In general, the water fluxes increased with the vacuum exposure time indicating a pore structural tailoring effect. It is therefore proposed that a mechanism of pore size tailoring was formed by an interconnected network of Ti-O-Ti nanoparticles with inter-particle voids, which increased as TiO2 nanoparticle size increased as a function of vacuum exposure time, and thus reduced the water transport resistance through the TM membranes. © 2016 by the authors.
ISSN: 1996-1944

hal-01683214
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683214
DOI : 10.3390/ma9110938

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 1100-9233

hal-01092514
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01092514
DOI : 10.1111/j01654-1103.2010.01175.x