Éditeur(s) : Montpellier 1
Résumé : Understanding bioaccumulation mechanisms of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a major issue for environmental risk assessment. In this work, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a model contaminant family, has been studied in the European hake (Merluccius merluccius), a high trophic level species from the Gulf of Lions. High concentrations of PCBs were measured in hake from this area compared to those encountered in the population of the Bay of Biscay. PCB biomagnification was highlighted along its food web from marine phytoplankton, suggesting a strong influence of diet on contamination levels. The role of other biological processes was also apprehended in order to understand the high variability of observed levels. Thus, growth, sex, and also the degree of sexual maturity appear as major factors explaining the measured concentrations in fish. A PCB bioaccumulation model in the hake, based on the Dynamic Energy Budget theory (DEB), was developed. This approach is based on a bioenergetic model, reproducing the main physiological functions of an organism (feeding, growth and reproduction), coupled with a kinetic model of contaminants. The growth and evolution of contamination levels of several PCB congeners during the life of male and female hakes is satisfactorily simulated, both in the Gulf of Lions and in the Bay of Biscay, validating the processes taken into account. This combined modelling approach appears well adapted to study the fate of contaminants in fish, and paves the way for a realistic understanding of their effects on major biological functions of fish.
La compréhension des mécanismes de bioaccumulation des contaminants organiques persistants (POP) est un enjeu majeur pour l'évaluation des risques environnementaux. Lors de ce travail, le devenir d'une famille de contaminants modèles, les polychlorobiphényles (PCB), a été étudié chez une espèce de rang trophique élevé du golfe du Lion, le merlu Européen (Merluccius merluccius). Des concentrations élevées en PCB ont été mesurées dans les merlus de ce secteur en comparaison à celles rencontrées dans la population du golfe de Gascogne. La mise en évidence d'une bioamplification des PCB le long de son réseau trophique, depuis le phytoplancton marin, suggère une influence importante de l'alimentation sur les niveaux de contamination. Le rôle d'autres processus biologiques a également été appréhendé afin de comprendre la forte variabilité des niveaux observés. Ainsi, la croissance, le sexe, mais également le degré de maturité sexuel apparaissent comme des facteurs explicatifs majeurs des concentrations en PCB mesurées dans les poissons. Un modèle de bioaccumulation des PCB chez le merlu, basé sur la théorie de Budget d'Energie Dynamique (DEB), a été développé. Il s'agit d'une approche basée sur le couplage d'un modèle bioénergétique, reproduisant les principales fonctions physiologiques de l'organisme (nutrition, croissance et reproduction), avec un modèle de cinétique des contaminants. La croissance et l'évolution des niveaux de contamination de plusieurs congénères de PCB au cours de la vie des merlus mâles et femelles est simulée de manière satisfaisante, tant dans le golfe de Gascogne que dans le golfe du Lion, validant ainsi les processus pris en compte. Cette approche combinée de modélisation apparaît tout à fait adaptée à l'étude du devenir des contaminants chez les poissons, et ouvre la voie à une compréhension réaliste de leurs effets sur les grandes fonctions biologiques de ces organismes.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/these-6490.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6490/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
CONTEXT: Chlordecone, an environmentally persistent organochlorine insecticide used intensively in banana culture in the French West Indies until 1993, has permanently polluted soils and contaminated foodstuffs. Consumption of contaminated food is the main source of exposure nowadays. We sought to identify main contributors to blood chlordecone concentration (BCC) and to validate an exposure indicator based on food intakes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) completed by a sample of 194 pregnant women to estimate their dietary exposure to chlordecone and compared it to blood levels. In a first approach, chlordecone daily intake was estimated as the product of daily eaten quantity of 214 foodstuffs, multiplied by their chlordecone content, and summed over all items. We then predicted individual blood chlordecone concentration with empirical weight regression models based on frequency of food consumption, and without contamination data. RESULTS: Among the 191 subjects who had BCC determination, 146 (76%) had detectable values and mean BCC was 0.86 ng/mL (range < LOD-13.2). Mean per capita dietary intake of chlordecone was estimated at 3.3 microg/day (range: 0.1-22.2). Blood chlordecone levels were significantly correlated with food exposure predicted from the empirical weight models (r=0.47, p<0.0001) and, to a lesser extent, with chlordecone intake estimated from food consumption and food contamination data (r=0.20, p=0.007). Main contributors to chlordecone exposure included seafood, root vegetables, and Cucurbitaceous. CONCLUSION: These results show that the Timoun FFQ provides valid estimates of chlordecone exposure. Estimates from empirical weight models correlated better with blood levels of chlordecone than did estimates from the dietary intake assessment.
ISSN: 0013-9351

inserm-00517109
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00517109
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00517109/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00517109/file/Pesticide_exposureofpregnantwomeninGuadeloupe.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.015

Éditeur(s) : Université de Bretagne Occidentale
Résumé : This activity report entitled (“Chemical contamination of the marine environment: from measurement to risk assessment”) summarizes the main stages my career at Ifremer from November 1975 to june 2013. The first chapter deals with the seawater chlorination and chlorinated waters released into the sea, the identification and the conditions of the formation of various by-product of these processes. The second chapter concerns PCBs, their nature, their chemical analysis in environmental matrices. PCBs are considered as the best examples of persistant and bioaccumulable compounds and therefore, in all this report they are flagship contaminants to which other groups of studied substances are compared. The third chapter refers to studies performed within marine pollution monitoring programme RNO (Réseau National d’Observation de la qualité de l’environnement marin - National observation network on the quality of the marine environnment) and well as other more limited studies like a first assessement on the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in the French coastal marine environment and last, on the use of zebra mussel (Dresseinia polymorpha) as sentinelle species of the chemical contamination in the Seine estuary. The next two chapters are about bioaccumulation and about the distribution of organic contaminants (PCBs, dioxins, PAHs, PBDEs) in marine organisms and in marine foodwebs. These studies aim at a better knowledge of the presence and fate of these compounds in fish and marine organisms eitheir in an environmental perspective (chapter IV) or in order to contribute to the assessment of their health impact, or more precisely to estimate therelative part of fish and seafood to the human exposure to chemical residues (chapter V). To conclude, the chapter VI concerns the PCB and dioxin fingerprints in the various studied marine matrices ; analytical and environmental interpretations of the observed differences are suggested as well as possible applications.
Ce bilan d’activité intitulé « Contamination chimique du milieu marin : de la mesure à l’évaluation des risques » retrace les étapes essentielles de mon parcours à Ifremer entre novembre 1975 et juin 2013. Le premier chapitre traite de la chloration dans l’eau de mer et les rejets chlorés en mer, l’identification des sous-produits formés lors de ces traitements, les conditions de leur formation. Le second chapitre concerne la nature des PCB et leur analyse dans les matrices environnementales. Les PCB considérés comme les meilleurs exemples de composés persistants bioaccumulables constituent les « contaminants phares » de l’ensemble de ce travail et c’est par rapport aux PCB que sont comparés et évalués les autres groupes de contaminants étudiés. Le troisième chapitre se rapporte aux travaux réalisés dans le cadre de la surveillance RNO (Réseau National d’Observation de la qualité de l’environnement marin) ainsi que dans des études ponctuelles comme un premier inventaire sur les niveaux de présence des dioxines (PCDD et PCDF) dans l’environnement marin littoral ou sur l’utilisation de la moule zébrée (Dresseinia polymorpha) comme espèce indicatrice de la contamination de l’estuaire de la Seine. Les deux chapitres suivants sont consacrés aux travaux sur la bioaccumulation et aux contaminants organiques (PCB, dioxines, HAP, PBDE) dans les organismes et les réseaux trophiques marins soit dans une perspective environnementale sur le devenir des contaminants dans le vivant (chapitre IV) soit dans le cadre de l’évaluation des risques sanitaires ou, plus précisément, de l’estimation de la contribution de la consommation des produits de la mer à l’exposition de l’homme aux résidus chimiques (chapitre V). Pour terminer, le chapitre VI concerne les empreintes de PCB et de dioxines dans les différentes matrices étudiées ; une interprétation analytique et environnementale des différences observées est proposée ainsi que de possibles applications.

Droits : 2013 UBO
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00168/27946/26237.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00168/27946/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: The insecticide chlordecone was extensively used in the French West Indies to control banana root borer. Its persistence in soils has led to the widespread pollution of the environment, and human beings are still exposed to this chemical. Chlordecone has been shown to impair neurological and behavioural functions in rodents when exposed gestationally or neonatally. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to chlordecone on the cognitive, visual, and motor development of 7-month-old infants from Guadeloupe. METHODS: Infants were tested at 7 months (n=153). Visual recognition memory and processing speed were assessed with the Fagan Tests of Infant Intelligence (FTII), visual acuity with the Teller Acuity Card, and fine motor development with the Brunet-Lezine. Samples of cord blood and breast milk at 3 months (n=88) were analyzed for chlordecone concentrations. Postnatal exposure was determined through breast feeding and frequency of contaminated food consumption by the infants. RESULTS: Cord chlordecone concentrations in tertiles were associated with reduced novelty preference on the FTII in the highly exposed group (β=-0.19, p=0.02). Postnatal exposure through contaminated food consumption was marginally related to reduced novelty preference (β=-0.14, p=0.07), and longer processing speed (β=0.16, p=0.07). Detectable levels of chlordecone in cord blood were associated with higher risk of obtaining low scores on the fine motor development scale (OR=1.25, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that pre- and postnatal low chronic exposure to chlordecone is associated with negative effects on cognitive and motor development during infancy.
ISSN: 0013-9351

hal-00875939
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875939
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2012.07.006
PUBMED : 22910562

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Une approche par datations multiples a été menée sur les dépôts de sédiments de crue retrouvés dans les gorges du Gardon (Languedoc). Le plomb-210, le césium-137 et l’analyse géochimique des sédiments contaminés par les mines ont été utilisés pour reconstruire l’histoire des dépôts de crue. Cette approche a été combinée avec l’historique des crues du Gardon depuis 1890 pour affiner l’approche géochronologique. Au niveau de la cavité GG et de la terrasse GE les analyses ont permis d’illustrer les mécanismes d’érosion-redéposition pouvant perturber les séquences de sédiments. Les enregistrements des dépôts de sédiments de crue sont complets sur la terrasse GE située à 10 m au-dessus du lit mineur à partir de 1958, et incomplets auparavant. Sur la période 1880-1958, 25 crues ont eu un débit suffisant (>1450 m3/s) pour recouvrir la terrasse, alors que l’on recense seulement 5 à 6 crues depuis 1958 (pour un débit de submersion supérieur à 1700 m3/s). L’augmentation progressive du débit de submersion et la fréquence moindre d’inondation de la terrasse ont pu permettre sur la période récente la stabilisation de la couche de surface par la végétation et limiter l’érosion lors de crues importantes. Les enregistrements semblent complets dans la cavité GG située à 15 m au-dessus du lit mineur. La fréquence moindre de submersion à ce niveau plus élevé peut expliquer une meilleure stabilisation des dépôts de crue, rendus moins vulnérables à l’érosion. La datation au radiocarbone a été testée même si elle ne permet pas de dater avec précision les dépôts de crue des derniers siècles. Sur la terrasse GE, 80% des dates au carbone 14 sur charbon de bois sont beaucoup trop vieilles par rapport aux autres techniques de datation, ce qui peut s’expliquer par une remobilisation/déstockage de charbons de bois anciens. Les datations radiocarbone sur graines donnent de meilleurs résultats, car issues d’une production annuelle, plus facilement décomposable et moins sujette à des dépôts intermédiaires. Au final, il apparaît que la technique de datation par radiocarbone sur des charbons de bois retrouvés dans les séquences sédimentaires n’est pas fiable, alors qu’elle est la plus pratiquée en paléo-hydrologie. L’utilisation combinée du plomb-210, du césium-137, de l’analyse géochimique des sédiments et des informations sur les crues historiques a permis de discriminer et de dater les différents dépôts de crue de ce dernier siècle dans la cavité GG et la terrasse GE. / A multidating approach was carried out on slackwater flood deposits, preserved in valley side rock cave and terrace, of the Gardon River in Languedoc, southeast France. Lead-210, caesium-137, and geochemical analysis of mining-contaminated slackwater flood sediments have been used to reconstruct the history of these flood deposits. These age controls were combined with the continuous record of Gardon flow since 1890, and the combined records were then used to assign ages to slackwater deposits. The stratigraphic records of terrace GE and cave GG were excellent examples to illustrate the effects of erosion/preservation in a context of a progressively self-censoring, vertically accreting sequence. The sedimentary flood record of the terrace GE located at 10 m above the channel bed is complete for years post-1958 but incomplete before. During the 78-year period 1880-1958, 25 floods of a sufficient magnitude (> 1450 m3/s) have covered the terrace. Since 1958, however, the frequency of inundation of the deposits has been lower:only 5 or 6 floods in 52 years have been large enough to exceed the necessary threshold discharge (> 1700 m3/s). The progressive increase of threshold discharge and the reduced frequency of inundation at the terrace could allow stabilisation of the vegetation cover and improved protection against erosion from subsequent large magnitude flood events. The sedimentary flood record seems complete for cave GG located at 15 m above the channel bed. Here, the low frequency of events would have enabled a high degree of stabilisation of the sedimentary flood record, rendering the deposits less susceptible to erosion. Radiocarbon dating are used in this study and compared to the other dating techniques.Eighty percent of radiocarbon dates on charcoals were considerably older than those obtained by the other techniques in the terrace. On the other hand, radiocarbon dating on seeds provided better results. This discrepancy between radiocarbon dates on charcoal and seeds is explained by the nature of the dated material (permanent wood vs. annual production and resistance to degradation process). Finally, we showed in this study that although the most common dating technique used in paleoflood hydrology is radiocarbon dating, usually on charcoal preserved within slackwater flood sediments, this method did not permitus to define a coherent age model. Only the combined use of lead-210, caesium-137, and geochemical analysis of mining-contaminated sediments with the instrumental flood record can be applied to discriminate and date the recent slackwater deposits of the terrace GE and cave GG.
ISSN: 0169-555X

hal-01059669
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059669
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059669/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059669/file/ly2014-pub00040953.pdf
IRSTEA : PUB00040953

Résumé : During the years 1972-1993, kepone a persistent pesticide has been used in the banana fields of the French West Indies (Martinique and Guadeloupe) to content a weevil. A slow desorption of the molecule from soil induces its transfer to the sea through the rivers from leaching and erosion. This study intended to take stock on the contamination by kepone of the fishery species around the islands fifteen years after the kepone ban. Furthermore other chemical pollutants were sought in fish and shellfish around the Martinique island. The results confirmed persistence of marine fauna contamination by kepone, mainly in the alluvium areas in front of polluted rivers. They shown also that this contamination may spread more widely but with fast decreasing through the marine food webs. For the other pollutants sought, the results were in general lower than the statutory values. Within these substances, only mercury gave a signal close to the prescribed threshold for top predator samples. Finally, on the whole the observed systems appeared preserved from human chemical pollutants, apart from kepone.
Pendant les années 1972-1993 un pesticide persistant, la chlordécone, a été utilisé dans les bananeraies des Antilles françaises (Martinique et Guadeloupe) pour lutter contre un charançon. Une désorption lente de la molécule fixée dans les sols conduit à son transfert progressif dans les milieux aquatiques puis vers le domaine marin au gré du lessivage et de l'érosion des sols contaminés. La présente étude visait à faire le point sur la contamination de la faune halieutique côtière des Antilles françaises quinze ans après l'interdiction d'usage de la molécule. En parallèle, une recherche systématique d'autres polluants chimiques a été effectuée sur des poissons et des crustacés ainsi que dans des sédiments autour de la Martinique. Les résultats confirment la persistance d'une contamination de la faune par la chlordécone, particulièrement dans les zones alluvionnaires des cours d'eau contaminés. Ils montrent également que cette contamination diffuse plus largement en s'atténuant, à travers les réseaux trophiques marins. Parmi les autres substances recherchées, les résultats dans les espèces d'intérêt halieutique se situent en général sous les concentrations maximales admissibles fixées par la réglementation. Parmi ces molécules, seul le mercure donne un signal de contamination proche de ce seuil chez des grands prédateurs. Ce constat souligne l'état de préservation des milieux observés vis-à-vis de la contamination chimique environnementale, hormis bien évidemment le cas de la chlordécone.

Droits : 2010 Onema / Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/rapport-6896.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6896/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures, including dietary contaminants, may influence the developing immune system. This study assesses the association between maternal pre-parturition consumption of seafood and wheeze, eczema, and food allergy in preschool children. Fish and shellfish were studied separately as they differ according to their levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (which have anti-allergic properties) and their levels of contaminants. METHODS: The PELAGIE cohort included 3421 women recruited at the beginning of pregnancy. Maternal fish and shellfish intake was measured at inclusion by a food frequency questionnaire. Wheeze, eczema, and food allergy were evaluated by a questionnaire completed by the mother when the child was 2 years old (n = 1500). Examination of the associations between seafood intake and outcomes took major confounders into account. Complementary sensitivity analyses with multiple imputation enabled us to handle missing data, due mostly to attrition. RESULTS: Moderate maternal pre-parturition fish intake (1 to 4 times a month) was, at borderline significance, associated with a lower risk of wheeze (adjusted OR = 0.69 (0.45-1.05)) before age 2, compared with low intake (< once/month). This result was not, however, consistent: after multiple imputation, the adjusted OR was 0.86 (0.63-1.17). Shellfish intake at least once a month was associated with a higher risk of food allergy before age 2 (adjusted OR = 1.62 (1.11-2.37)) compared to low or no intake (< once/month). Multiple imputation confirmed this association (adjusted OR = 1.52 (1.05-2.21)). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that maternal pre-parturition shellfish consumption may increase the risk of food allergy. Further large-scale epidemiologic studies are needed to corroborate these results, identify the contaminants or components of shellfish responsible for the effects observed, determine the persistence of the associations seen at age 2, and investigate potential associations with health effects observable at later ages, such as allergic asthma.
ISSN: 1476-069X

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
inserm-00926282
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00926282
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00926282/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00926282/file/1476-069X-12-102.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1476-069X-12-102

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
PURPOSE: Dairy farming is a risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We assessed the prevalence of farming-induced COPD (FI-COPD) using a new screening device, and we analyzed symptoms and occupational risk factors. METHODS: We performed on-site screening study of bronchial obstruction using an electronic mini-spirometer (EMS) on an entire population of dairy farmers (n = 147) from two villages in Brittany, France. Suspected bronchial obstruction (FEV1/FEV6 <0.8) was confirmed with standardized lung function tests (FEV1/FVC ≤0.7). We assessed past medical histories, respiratory symptoms, and occupational tasks of subjects with bronchial obstruction; asthmatics were defined as atopic and/or reversible; smoking-induced COPD patients were defined as non-reversible, non-atopic with smoking histories (≥5 PY); and FI-COPD patients were defined as non-reversible, non-atopic, and non-smokers. RESULTS: Using the EMS, 30.6% (n = 45) of dairy farmers were suspected of bronchial obstruction and underwent standardized spirometry. The FEV1/FEV6 ratio and FEV1/FVC ratio were in good agreement (r² = 0.66, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of confirmed bronchial obstruction was 9.5% (n = 14), which included 4 asthmatics, 3 smoking-induced COPD subjects, and 7 FI-COPD subjects. All the COPD patients were GOLD Stage II, and none were aware of their respiratory disease. Foddering duration was significantly higher in FI-COPD subjects compared with non-obstructive subjects, with 44 versus 17 min/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The EMS was a convenient mean of screening for bronchial obstruction, especially in on-site settings, and allowed us to diagnose FI-COPD in a non-spontaneously complaining dairy farmer population. Foddering was considered a significant risk factor.
ISSN: 0340-0131

hal-00872929
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00872929
DOI : 10.1007/s00420-011-0708-6
PUBMED : 21986906

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : Martinique is a French overseas department whose economy relies heavily on agriculture. Organochlorine pesticides, mainly chlordecone, were used for banana cultivation to eradicate banana weevil over a period of 40 years. Chlordecone is chemically stable,and has a strong affinity for fatty tissues. It is therefore able to bioaccumulate in animals and thereby represent a threat to ecosystems and man. Soils from banana plantations in Martinique are heavily contaminated with chlordecone. Possible transfer of these molecules from agricultural watersheds to the aquatic environment and the organisms that live in it is feared. The hypothesis that ecosystems of Martinique might be highly contaminated with this organochlorine pesticide was investigated. Chlordecone levels were measured in various freshwater and marine species. Data show a heavy contamination of many carnivorous and detritivorous species (fish and prawns). Concentrations measured in wild or farmed tilapia are among the highest ever reported in the literature. Some coastal species (fish and lobster) were also found to be contaminated, although to a lesser extent. Given the biogeochemical behavior of chlordecone, the most likely route of contamination is food. Detected concentrations in marine organisms are below the tolerated limits established by authorities. however. the impact of other sources of exposure, namely, contaminated water and root vegetables, remains to be investigated.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2006-04 , Vol. 19 , N. 2 , P. 181-187

Droits : EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1662.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:2006016
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1662/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
INTRODUCTION: Membrane drug transporters are well recognized as important contributing factors to pharmacokinetics, notably involved in drug-drug interactions. Besides drugs, environmental chemicals, to which humans are commonly exposed, are also substrates, inhibitors or inducers of drug transporters, which may have notable consequences toward toxicokinetics, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. AREA COVERED: This review summarizes key data about the interactions of main environmental contaminants with drug transporters, including the nature of drug transporters involved in contaminant transport, or inhibited or induced by these chemicals. Implications for toxicokinetics and toxicity of pollutants and pharmacokinetics of drugs administrated to pollutant-exposed humans are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Although various structurally unrelated environmental chemicals have been already demonstrated to interact with drug transporters, further in vitro and in vivo studies are probably required to characterize pollutant-transporter interplays in a more extensive and accurate way. Data obtained should be next confronted with known exposure levels of humans to pollutants, with the aim to fully determine the relevance of environmental contaminant-transporter interactions in terms of toxicokinetics, toxicity and putative pollutant-drug interactions.
ISSN: 1742-5255

inserm-00872876
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872876
DOI : 10.1517/17425255.2012.637918
PUBMED : 22176607

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Women of reproductive age can be exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at work, and exposure to EDCs in pregnancy may affect fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether maternal occupational exposure to EDCs during pregnancy as classified by application of a job exposure matrix was associated with birth weight, term low birth weight (LBW), length of gestation, and preterm delivery. METHODS: Using individual participant data from 133,957 mother-child pairs in 13 European cohorts spanning births from 1994 through 2011, we linked maternal job titles with exposure to 10 EDC groups as assessed through a job exposure matrix. For each group, we combined the two levels of exposure categories (possible and probable) and compared birth outcomes with the unexposed group (exposure unlikely). We performed meta-analyses of cohort-specific estimates. RESULTS: Eleven percent of pregnant women were classified as exposed to EDCs at work during pregnancy, based on job title. Classification of exposure to one or more EDC group was associated with an increased risk of term LBW [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.49], as were most specific EDC groups; this association was consistent across cohorts. Further, the risk increased with increasing number of EDC groups (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06 for exposure to four or more EDC groups). There were few associations (p < 0.05) with the other outcomes; women holding job titles classified as exposed to bisphenol A or brominated flame retardants were at higher risk for longer length of gestation. CONCLUSION: Results from our large population-based birth cohort design indicate that employment during pregnancy in occupations classified as possibly or probably exposed to EDCs was associated with an increased risk of term LBW.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-01405823
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01405823
DOI : 10.1289/EHP208
PUBMED : 27152464

Résumé : In the French West Indies islands, the transfer of chlordecone (kepone) from treated grounds towards the marine environment has been proved since the beginning of 2000s. In 2008, a maximal residue limit (MRL) was set at 20 µg / kg wet weight in fish and seafood, and therefore intensified the concern about the risks of high human exposure to the pesticide due to the consumption of contaminated marine products. To answer this concern, several sampling cruises were carried by public authorities and by Ifremer in order to analyze the contamination of the fish fauna around the Guadeloupe island. The data collected within these surveys improved our knowledge on the characteristics of the contamination of fish fauna and allowed to assess the distribution of this contamination in relation with optional geographical plans of the marine area around the Guadeloupe island. Further, this study was completed by an assessment of the fishery activity in areas which are the more exposed to the chlordecone contamination, taking into account data from a fishery observatory which has been set up in the archipelago since 2007. The results allow to precise two main characteristics of distribution of the contamination: its spatial and specific dimensions. About the spatial aspect, contamination of the fish fauna is centred on marine areas which are closely downstream contaminated watersheds. Concerning the marine fauna, two species groups are particularly exposed: the very coastal ones, particularly those living at or close to the mouth of rivers, and crustaceans wherever they live. Among fishes, the most contaminated species belong to many various groups which are present in the very coastal belt, more or less regularly. Lastly, this study provided orders of magnitude on the relative part of the fishery activity around the archipelagos for which the contamination is of great concern.
Aux Antilles, l’existence d’un transfert de la molécule de chlordécone des sols traités vers le milieu marin est avérée depuis le début des années 2000. L’établissement d’une limite maximale de résidus à 20 µg/kg pf pour tous les produits marins en 2008 y a intensifié la préoccupation vis-à-vis des risques d’exposition des populations humaines par les produits de la pêche. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, depuis 2008, plusieurs campagnes d’échantillonnage ont été réalisées par les services de l’Etat (DAAF) et par l’Ifremer pour analyser la contamination de la faune halieutique autour de la Guadeloupe. Les données collectées de 2008 à 2011 par ces plans d’observation ont été utilisées pour actualiser les connaissances sur les caractéristiques de la contamination de la faune halieutique autour de la Guadeloupe, et analyser cette distribution en référence à différents schémas de segmentation du domaine marin. L’étude a été complétée par une analyse de l’activité halieutique dans les secteurs les plus sensibles à la contamination, à partir des données du système d’informations halieutiques déployé dans l’archipel depuis 2007. L’analyse a permis de préciser deux traits majeurs de cette distribution : sa dimension spatiale et son caractère spécifique. Sur le plan spatial, la contamination de la faune halieutique est centrée sur les espaces maritimes situées immédiatement en aval des bassins versants contenant des sols contaminés. Sur le plan faunistique, deux groupes apparaissent particulièrement sensibles, les espèces très côtières, en particulier celles fréquentant les embouchures des cours d’eau, et les crustacés, quelque soit leur milieu de vie. Chez les poissons, parmi les espèces contaminées, on trouve un large cortège d’espèces fréquentant plus ou moins régulièrement la bande littorale. Enfin, l’étude a permis de fournir des ordres de grandeur sur la part de l’activité halieutique de l’archipel directement concernée par cette pollution.

Droits : 2013 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24762/22840.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24762/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Vegetation phenology is the study of the timing of seasonal events that are considered to be the result of adaptive responses to climate variations on short and long time scales. In the field of remote sensing of vegetation phenology, phenological metrics are derived from time series of optical data. For that purpose, considerable effort has been specifically focused on developing noise reduction and cloud-contaminated data removal techniques to improve the quality of remotely-sensed time series. Comparative studies between time series composed of satellite data acquired under clear and cloudy conditions and from radiometric data obtained with high accuracy from ground-based measurements constitute a direct and effective way to assess the operational use and limitations of remote sensing for predicting the main plant phenological events. In the present paper, we sought to explicitly evaluate the potential use of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data for monitoring the seasonal dynamics of different types of vegetation cover that are representative of the major terrestrial biomes, including temperate deciduous forests, evergreen forests, African savannah, and crops. After cloud screening and filtering, we compared the temporal patterns and phenological metrics derived from in situ NDVI time series and from MODIS daily and 16-composite products. We also evaluated the effects of residual noise and the influence of data gaps in MODIS NDVI time series on the identification of the most relevant metrics for vegetation phenology monitoring. The results show that the inflexion points of a model fitted to a MODIS NDVI time series allow accurate estimates of the onset of greenness in the spring and the onset of yellowing in the autumn in deciduous forests (RMSE <= one week). Phenological metrics identical to those provided with the MODIS Global Vegetation Phenology product (MDC12Q2) are less robust to data gaps, and they can be subject to large biases of approximately two weeks or more during the autumn phenological transitions. In the evergreen forests, in situ NDVI time series describe the phenology with high fidelity despite small temporal changes in the canopy foliage. However, MODIS is unable to provide consistent phenological patterns. In crops and savannah, MODIS NDVI time series reproduce the general temporal patterns of phenology, but significant discrepancies appear between MODIS and ground-based NDVI time series during very localized periods of time depending on the weather conditions and spatial heterogeneity within the MODIS pixel. In the rainforest, the temporal pattern exhibited by a MODIS 16-day composite NDVI time series is more likely due to a pattern of noise in the NDVI data structure according to both rainy and dry seasons rather than to phenological changes. More investigations are needed, but in all cases, this result leads us to conclude that MODIS time series in tropical rainforests should be interpreted with great caution. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0034-4257

hal-01032407
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032407
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.010

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Molds are common contaminants in indoor environments. Health effects associated with these microscopic fungi are multiple, including irritations, allergic reactions, infections and toxicity. Depending on the exposure level and the vulnerability of the populations, fungi may represent different public health risks. For example, damp and moldy dwellings are associated with chronic, respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, the lack of valid tools for accurately measuring the environmental fungal exposure is one of the main challenges to better understanding the role of fungal products and particles in human health. In this thesis, diverse sampling techniques and analytical methods were evaluated for measuring the fungal contamination in the air, on surfaces and in settled dust. A quantitative PCR-based index was notably tested and compared with other approaches to assess fungal exposure in dwellings. By collecting and analyzing settled floor dust, this index successfully distinguished between contaminated and non-contaminated homes in Brittany, France. Quantitative PCR and this index are promising techniques for fungal exposure assessment in indoor environments. Further validation of these methods may lead to disease prevention approaches, particularly for vulnerable populations.
Les moisissures sont des micro-organismes présents dans tous les environnements intérieurs. Les effets sur la santé associés à ces champignons microscopiques sont multiples : irritations, réactions immunoallergiques, infections et effets toxiques. Selon le niveau d'exposition et la vulnérabilité des populations, les moisissures peuvent représenter des risques plus ou moins importants pour la santé publique. Les logements humides et moisis ont par exemple été associés à des maladies chroniques respiratoires telles que l'asthme et les rhinites allergiques. Cependant, le manque d'outils valides permettant d'évaluer quantitativement l'exposition fongique environnementale constitue une des principales difficultés pour mieux appréhender le rôle des particules et des composés fongiques sur la santé humaine. Lors de ce travail de thèse, diverses techniques d'échantillonnage et méthodes d'analyses ont été évaluées afin de mesurer la contamination fongique de l'air, des surfaces et des poussières. Un indice moléculaire basé sur la technique de PCR quantitative a notamment été testé et comparé à d'autres approches pour mesurer l'exposition fongique dans des logements. Après analyse des poussières domestiques collectées au sol, cet indice a permis de discriminer les habitats avec ou sans moisissures visibles. La quantification de groupes fongiques par PCR quantitative s'avère une technique prometteuse pour la mesure de l'exposition aux moisissures dans les environnements intérieurs. Outre le développement et la validation d'outils de mesure, une démarche globale de prévention du risque fongique semble nécessaire, particulièrement chez les populations vulnérables.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-00768444
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444/file/MA_heust_Delphine.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
According to the World Health Organization, around 20% of all cancers would be due to environmental factors. Among these factors, several chemicals are indeed well recognized carcinogens. The widespread contaminant benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), an often used model carcinogen of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' family, has been suggested to target most, if not all, cancer hallmarks described by Hanahan and Weinberg. It is classified as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer; however, the precise intracellular mechanisms underlying its carcinogenic properties remain yet to be thoroughly defined. Recently, the pH homeostasis, a well known regulator of carcinogenic processes, was suggested to be a key actor in both cell death and Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming induced upon B[a]P exposure. The present review will highlight those data with the aim of favoring research on the role of H + dynamics in environmental carcinogenesis.
ISSN: 1044-579X

hal-01531077
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531077
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531077/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531077/file/Hardonniere%20et%20al.%20-%20Environmental%20carcinogenesis%20and%20pH%20homeostasis%20n.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
With only a narrow opening through the Gibraltar and Suez Canals, the Mediterranean Sea is one of thelargest semi-enclosed seas. The marine flora and fauna are some of the richest in the world, relative to itssize, particularly in the coastal habitats, which are also characterized by numerous endemic speciesalthough the introduction of non-indigenous species threatens its rich and unique biodiversity. Followingthe opening of the Suez Canal, and in combination with shipping and aquaculture activities, nonindigenousspecies (NIS) introduction has had measurable impacts on the Mediterranean. Lagoon ecosystemsalong the French coastline, with approx. 100 NIS identified, are considered hot-spot areas forthese species. Rapid assessment sampling for sessile benthic species together with DNA barcoding is arapid, easy and cheap method to detect non-indigenous species. Two nearby and different ecosystemswere sampled for invertebrate species: Saint-Nazaire lagoon, a Special Protection Area within the Natura2000 Network and Canet port, a marina in a small village. The DNA barcoding tool for species identificationwas used for confirming the taxonomy. This showed that, despite the Saint-Nazaire Lagoonclassification within the Natura 2000 network, it is already contaminated with a single NIS that wasfound in high densities and is clearly beginning to dominate the system. It is proposed that a rapidassessment of the sampled environment and the DNA barcode approach are efficient and can providesufficient information on the new target species to be used in conservation planning and ongoingmanagement efforts.
ISSN: 0272-7714

hal-01488926
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01488926
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.02.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper proposes a new approach for the on-site detection of micropollutants in water in case of accidental or intentional contamination (characterized by high concentration). The technique is based on the use of an automatic multiple solid phase extraction step (MSPE) followed by direct or indirect UV spectrometry (MSPE/UV) for the detection of organic contaminants in water (such as regulated molecules (pesticides ...) as well as emerging pollutants (pharmaceutical products, endocrine disruptors ...)). The development of the system supposes firstly the choice of the most appropriate sorbent(s) and secondly conditions for the detection of targeted micropollutants, from several solid phase extraction cartridges and eluting solvents. Two different extraction sorbents were chosen. These sorbents and several eluting solvents allow the first separation of the compounds based on the physico-chemical properties of each substance (pKa, log Kow) and on the specific interactions with the sorbent. Finally, a UV analysis (either at the maximum of absorbance using a calibration curve or from the whole spectrum using a multicomponent (deconvolution) exploitation method) of each fraction allows a determination and a quantification of each compound. The method is rapid (less than 2 h), sensitive enough for an accidental/intentional contamination (between 5 and 40 μg*L− 1 according to the substances) and with a good precision (between 4 and 14%).
ISSN: 0026-265X

hal-00878024
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878024
DOI : 10.1016/j.microc.2012.10.025

Éditeur(s) : Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
Résumé : The role of particles in the fate and speciation of trace metals in macrotidal estuaries was studied using a surface complexation model (MOCO). Cadmium was selected as the target metal contaminant due to its reactivity in estuaries: cadmium behavior is mainly controlled by heterogeneous processes (sorption/desorption) related to salinity and suspended matter gradients. Various scenarios of suspended matter distribution according to salinity were simulated. The impact of surface properties (specific surface area, density of surface sites, acido-basic properties, and complexation constant) was evaluated using data collected on particles from the Gironde, Loire, and Seine estuaries. Our results show that particle surface properties, evaluated on the basis of various parameters, are instrumental in "non-conservative" contaminant speciation in the estuarine environment. Their evaluation enables us to understand and simulate, to a large extent, the fate of "Cd-type" contaminants (whose behavior is controlled by competition between sorption and desorption processes). The natural variations of these properties can be responsible for significant modifications of the Cd speciation in the macrotidal estuaries where salinity and SM gradients are very strong.
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (1433-6839) (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg), 2006 , Vol. 5H , P. 265-301

Droits : 2006 Springer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-2005.pdf
DOI:10.1007/b89479
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2005/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Inorganic arsenic is a toxic environmental contaminant to which humans are mainly exposed through drinking water. This metalloid impairs functions of several key immune cells. Particularly, it reduces IL-2 secretion and proliferation of blood peripheral mononuclear cells stimulated by lectins that, however, do not mimic physiological T cell activation. The present study used isolated human T cells activated, in a more physiological manner, through stimulation with CD3/CD28 antibodies, to carefully analyze the impact of arsenic on T cell proliferation and cytokine expression. We demonstrate that non cytotoxic concentrations of sodium arsenite (As(III), 0.25-2μM) significantly reduce T cell proliferation by increasing the percentage of non dividing cells blocked in G1 phase and by preventing cyclin D3 and CDC25A expression. They also markedly, although not totally, reduces IL-2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels; however, metalloid-dependent inhibition of T cells could not be reversed by addition of recombinant IL-2. In addition, As(III) markedly reduces secretion of interferon-γ without impairing that of IL-4 and IL-13; it also decreases interferon-γ mRNA levels but increases those of IL-13. Finally, simultaneously to its immune effects, As(III) rapidly and potently increases expression of the redox-sensitive genes HMOX1, NQO1 and GCLM in activated T cells without altering the levels of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that As(III) inhibits T cell proliferation, independently of IL-2, and alters the Th balance of cytokines secreted by co-stimulated T cells which thus constitute direct targets of this major environmental contaminant.
ISSN: 0300-483X

inserm-00872848
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872848
DOI : 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.025
PUBMED : 22683347

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Macrophages (MΦ), well-known to play a key role in immune response, also respond to environmental toxic chemicals such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP), an air pollutant recently classified as carcinogenic to humans. MΦ are heterogeneous and plastic cells which activate according to their microenvironment into either an M1 subtype (so called classically activated or pro-inflammatory) under IFNγ and LPS stimulation or an M2 subtype (so called alternatively activated or anti-inflammatory) under IL-4 and/or IL-13 stimulation. However, potential effects of DEPs on M1/M2 MΦ polarization remain poorly documented. First, we characterized the expression marker of in vitro M-CSF-differentiated MΦ from human monocytes and activated into the M1 or M2 subtypes. Our main results show that M-CSF-generated MΦ considered as anti-inflammatory are actually able to switch to an M1 phenotype after IFNγ/LPS stimulation. Furthermore, the markers identified in this study were used to assess the impact of organic extracts of DEP (DEPe) on MΦ polarization and more generally on their physiology. DEPe alter some M1 and M2 markers expressed by polarized MΦ, without causing the overall inhibition of the M1 and M2 polarization process or the switch to a different phenotype. This phenotype alteration is associated with a decrease in the LPS-dependent inflammatory response in M1 MΦ and the chemotactic capacities in M2 MΦ. DEPe decrease the secretion of some cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, IL-12p40 and CCL18 via AhR and/or Nrf2 activation. At the same time, we show that M1 and M2 MΦ in response to DEPe are able to secrete a sufficient level of a pro-fibrotic growth factor, the platelet derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) via AhR activation, leading to stimulation of lung fibroblast proliferation. Finally, these works show that DEPe have immunotoxic properties with regards to the physiology of human in vitro polarized MΦ. This immunotoxicity may then contribute to the deleterious effects of these urban environmental contaminants on human health.
Les macrophages (MΦ), des cellules clefs de la réponse immunitaire peuvent répondre à des contaminants environnementaux comme les particules diesel (DEP), des polluants atmosphériques récemment classés cancérigènes pour l'Homme. Les MΦ sont des cellules hétérogènes et plastiques qui s'activent en fonction de leur microenvironnement soit en MΦ M1 (dits classiquement activés ou pro-inflammatoires) sous l'effet de l'INFγ et du LPS soit en MΦ M2 (dits alternativement activés ou réparateurs) sous l'effet de l'IL-4 et/ou de l'IL-13. Les effets des DEP sur la polarisation M1/M2 des MΦ restent peu documentés. Nous avons dans un premier temps caractérisé l'expression des marqueurs des MΦ différenciés in vitro en présence de M-CSF à partir de monocytes humains et polarisés en sous-type M1 ou M2. Nos principaux résultats montrent que les MΦ différenciés au M-CSF considérés comme des MΦ anti-inflammatoires, sont en réalité capables de s'activer vers un phénotype M1 après une stimulation au LPS/IFNγ. De plus, les marqueurs mis en évidence au cours de ce travail ont permis d'évaluer l'impact d'extraits organiques de DEP (DEPe) sur la polarisation des MΦ et plus généralement sur leur physiologie. Les DEPe altèrent l'expression de certains marqueurs M1 et M2 des MΦ, sans toutefois provoquer d'inhibition globale des processus de polarisation M1 et M2 ou de transition d'un phénotype vers un autre. Cette altération du phénotype est associée à une diminution de la réponse inflammatoire LPS-dépendante dans les MΦ M1 et des capacités chimiotactiques des MΦ M2. Les DEPe diminuent la sécrétion de certaines cytokines et chimiokines comme l'IL-6, l'IL-12p40 et le CCL18 via l'activation d'AhR et/ou de Nrf2. Parallèlement, nous montrons que les MΦ M1 et M2 exposés aux DEPe sécrètent le platelet deried growth factor B (PDGF-B), un facteur de croissance profibrosant, via l'activation d'AhR en quantité suffisante pour stimuler la prolifération de fibroblastes pulmonaires. Au total, ces travaux démontrent que les DEP possèdent des propriétés immunotoxiques vis-à-vis de la physiologie des macrophages humains polarisés in vitro. Cette immunotoxicité pourrait participer aux effets délétères de ces contaminants environnementaux urbains sur la santé humaine.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01188679

NNT : 2015REN1S011
tel-01188679
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01188679
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01188679/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01188679/file/JAGUIN_Marie.pdf