Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
This paper reports the first outcomes of a research program “Environment and Sustainable Development in the Caribbean space” co-funded by the European Union, the Région Martinique and the Université des Antilles et de la Guyane under the European Union operational programme 2007-2013. Since the middle of the last century, the Caribbean countries, regardless of their great diversity and political fragmentation, are faced with the recurring problem of development. Having explored different paths, they are looking now for new development models. This challenge which becomes obsessive over the decades, is now a major concern: indeed, the Caribbean territories are per se vulnerable and highly exposed to natural risks due to climate change. In addition, this relates to areas where tensions between exploitation and conservation of a rich biodiversity are particularly strong. Based on the promotion of tourism and services as part of an “open regionalism” at the intersection of global and local scales of public action, the current development strategies give rise to a dual approach with, however, rather mixed results: on the one hand, a discursive use of sustainable development, apprehended through its environmental dimension, evidences a new way of looking at the region and a change in the way the region sees itself; on the other hand, a political use of sustainable development through cross-cutting policies, is hindered by the complexity of structures, the multiple levels of action and regulation, and the difficult appropriation of public-policy organization by local communities and people.
Cet article rend compte des premiers résultats d’un programme de recherche « Environnement et développement durable dans l’espace caraïbe » cofinancé par l’Union européenne, la région Martinique et l’Université des Antilles et de la Guyane dans le cadre des programmes opérationnels européens 2007-2013. Il montre que les territoires de la Caraïbe, après avoir exploré plusieurs voies en matière de développement, privilégient désormais des stratégies axées sur le tourisme et les services. S’inscrivant dans un « régionalisme ouvert » au croisement des échelles globale et locale d’intervention en matière d’action publique, ces stratégies débouchent sur une double démarche aux résultats contrastés : d’un côté, une mise en discours du développement durable, appréhendé notamment à travers sa dimension environnementale, témoigne d’un changement de regard sur la région et de celle-ci sur elle-même ; de l’autre, une mise en politique du développement durable à travers des dispositifs à caractère transversal, se heurte à la complexité des structures, à la multiplicité des échelles d’intervention et de régulation ainsi qu’à la difficile appropriation desdits dispositifs par les populations locales.
ISSN: 1240-1307

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01675012
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01675012
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01675012/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01675012/file/NSS_La%20mise%20en%20discours.pdf
DOI : 10.1051/nss/2015043

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto de Medicina Tropical
Résumé : International audience
Malaria is a major health problem for people who live on the border between Brazil and French Guiana. Here we discuss Plasmodium vivax distribution pattern in the town of Oiapoque, Amapá State using the circumsporozoite (CS) gene as a marker. Ninety-one peripheral blood samples from P. vivax patients have been studied. Of these, 64 individuals were from the municipality of Oiapoque (Amapá State, Brazil) and 27 patients from French Guiana (August to December 2011). DNA extraction was performed, and a fragment of the P. vivax CS gene was subsequently analyzed using PCR/RFLP. The VK210 genotype was the most common in both countries (48.36% in Brazil and 14.28% in French Guiana), followed by the P. vivax-like (1.10% in both Brazil and French Guiana) and VK247 (1.10% only in Brazil) in single infections. We were able to detect all three CS genotypes simultaneously in mixed infections. There were no statistically significant differences either regarding infection site or parasitaemia among individuals with different genotypes. These results suggest that the same genotypes circulating in French Guiana are found in the municipality of Oiapoque in Brazil. These findings suggest that there may be a dispersion of parasitic populations occurring between the two countries. Most likely, this distribution is associated with prolonged and/or more complex transmission patterns of these genotypes in Brazil, bordering French Guiana.
ISSN: 0036-4665

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
pasteur-01372566
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01372566
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01372566/document
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01372566/file/1678-9946-rimtsp-58-00072.pdf
DOI : 10.1590/S1678-9946201658072

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé :  
Classifying species by shared life-history traits is important if common ecological response groups are to be identified among different species. We investigated how habitat area, local and regional factors shape plant communities in small isolated closed depressions, and how the species richness is related to the interplay between environmental factors and specific life-history trait combinations. In Central-Western Europe, 169 closed depressions were completely Surveyed for plant presence in two highly contrasted landscapes (forested and open landscapes). All species were clustered into 9 Emergent Groups based oil 10 life-history traits related to plant dispersal, establishment and persistence. Habitat areas were related to species presence using logistic regressions. Most Emergent Groups were more area-dependent in open than in forested landscapes, owing to heterogeneous light levels in forest weakening the species-area relationship. In open landscapes, Floating Hydrophytes were severely underrepresented in very small depressions, owing to the absence of waterfowl poulation. Local environmental and regional factors were related to species richness using Generalized Linear Models. In open landscapes, local environmental factors such as water conductivity or soil productivity are respectively the main predictors. In forested landscapes, the abundance of most Emergent Groups Was better predicted by regional factors, i.e., habitat connectivity and distance to the forest edge. Forested landscapes strongly impeded the closed depressions' colonization by the less mobile Emergent Groups Such as Large-seeded Perennials.
ISSN: 1146-609X

hal-01032144
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032144
DOI : 10.1016/j.actao.2009.02.002

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Résumé : International audience
In the fragmented colonial society of the West Indies during the slavery period, building up a stable family required to get over many obstacles. The status differences, the lack of fluidity in the marriage market and the deep redefinition of the gender relations are interrelated phenomenon which question both the marriage as being the unique pattern of family organization and the structuration of family ties. If the official conjugal model remains the norm for white Creole women, it is not true neither for their husband nor for free coloured people and slaves. Therefore, the expansion of adultery and people living as husband and wife, which were denounced particularly by the religious authorities, lead to a high rate and continuous growth of illegitimate births. As a consequence, family ties gradually develop with no institutional control, hence no traces of them in the different sources but it also gives them an obvious flexibility, especially for the slaves.
Dans les sociétés coloniales fragmentées des Antilles de la période esclavagiste, les obstacles à la constitution de familles stables sont nombreux. Les différences de statut, le manque de fluidité du marché matrimonial, et la redéfinition profonde des rapports de genre sont autant de phénomènes articulés qui remettent en cause le mariage comme élément unique d'organisation de la famille et de structuration des relations de parenté. Si le modèle conjugal reconnu par les autorités reste la norme obligée pour les femmes blanches créoles, il n'en est pas de même pour leurs maris et pour les populations de couleur libre ou esclave. Aussi, l'essor du concubinage et des relations adultérines, dénoncé en particulier par les autorités religieuses, se concrétise par une illégitimité des naissances élevée et en croissance continue. Les liens familiaux se construisent ainsi en partie en dehors du contrôle institutionnel, ce qui leur confère une invisibilité dans les sources, mais aussi une souplesse certaine, particulièrement chez les esclaves.
Annales de Demographie Historique

hal-00753581
https://hal-unilim.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00753581

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : In bird species that have a high movement capacity, dispersal may connect subpopulations over vast geographical regions, with important consequences for the design of conservation management strategies. Here we used a molecular approach to infer the patterns and rates of dispersal among eight Mediterranean subpopulations of the endangered Bonelli's Eagle, based on 245 individuals screened at 17 microsatellite loci. There was moderate genetic differentiation between subpopulations sampled in the western (Iberia and Morocco) and eastern (Cyprus) Mediterranean, whereas differentiation among subpopulations in the former region was weak to moderate and followed a pattern of isolation by distance. Within the western Mediterranean, the small, peripheral and ecologically unique population of southwest Portugal had the lowest genetic diversity and the highest differentiation. The remaining subpopulations formed two loose clusters, one including Morocco and southwest and eastern Spain, and the other northeast Portugal and western and central Spain. Few recent migrants were detected, and they originated primarily from adjacent subpopulations. Our findings suggest that western Mediterranean Bonelli's Eagles may have a large-scale metapopulation structure, with subpopulations connected to some extent by distance-dependent dispersal, probably influenced by natal philopatry and the geographical configuration of subpopulations. The combination of marked ecological and genetic divergence suggests that the peripheral subpopulation of southwest Portugal may be regarded as a distinct management unit.
Ibis (0019-1019) (Wiley-blackwell), 2013-07 , Vol. 155 , N. 3 , P. 485-498

Droits : 2013 British Ornithologists’ Union
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00148/25924/24018.pdf
DOI:10.1111/ibi.12065
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00148/25924/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto de Medicina Tropical
Résumé : International audience
Malaria is a major health problem for people who live on the border between Brazil and French Guiana. Here we discuss Plasmodium vivax distribution pattern in the town of Oiapoque, Amapá State using the circumsporozoite (CS) gene as a marker. Ninety-one peripheral blood samples from P. vivax patients have been studied. Of these, 64 individuals were from the municipality of Oiapoque (Amapá State, Brazil) and 27 patients from French Guiana (August to December 2011). DNA extraction was performed, and a fragment of the P. vivax CS gene was subsequently analyzed using PCR/RFLP. The VK210 genotype was the most common in both countries (48.36% in Brazil and 14.28% in French Guiana), followed by the P. vivax-like (1.10% in both Brazil and French Guiana) and VK247 (1.10% only in Brazil) in single infections. We were able to detect all three CS genotypes simultaneously in mixed infections. There were no statistically significant differences either regarding infection site or parasitaemia among individuals with different genotypes. These results suggest that the same genotypes circulating in French Guiana are found in the municipality of Oiapoque in Brazil. These findings suggest that there may be a dispersion of parasitic populations occurring between the two countries. Most likely, this distribution is associated with prolonged and/or more complex transmission patterns of these genotypes in Brazil, bordering French Guiana.
ISSN: 0036-4665

inserm-01408935
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01408935
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01408935/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01408935/file/2016%2C%20Gomes%20-%20Evaluation%20of%20circumsporozoite%20protein%20of%20Plasmodium%20vivax.pdf
DOI : 10.1590/S1678-9946201658072

Résumé : Le maintien de ressources génétiques suffisamment larges est nécessaire pour assurer la viabilité et le potentiel évolutif des populations naturelles. Cette thèse a le principal objectif de caractériser la diversité et la variabilité génétique chez le genre Virola (Myristicaceae) pour décrire les processus évolutifs qui en sont à l'origine. Premièrement,une étude de la régénération d'un échantillonnage exhaustif de V. michelii a été menée dans une parcelle du dispositif expérimental de Paracou ayant subi une exploitation forestière de faible intensité et comparée à une parcelle témoin. La diversité génétique mesurée à partir de marqueurs AFLP (Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism, N=229) en zones perturbées s'est révélée être plis grande qu'en zone non-perturbées. Puis, l'adaptation locale a été étudiée à travers ces mêmes individus et certains loci (AFLP) montrent une sélection divergente pour des environnements contrastés, indiquant un signe d'adaptation. Enfin, l'étude des niveaux de divergence génétique chez trois espèces de Virola du bouclier guyanais (V. michelii, V. surinamensis et V. kwatae) montrent que deux d'entre elles (V. surinamensis et V. kwatae) montrent de fortes similarités génétiques malgré leur distribution sur des environnements contrastés. des Flux de gènes intersécifiques ont été mis en évidence chez ces deux espèces-soeurs et l'hypothèse d'une spéciation écologique est avancée. Ce travail a permis d'aborder différents processus évolutifs à l'origine de la diversité génétique actuelle chez ces espèces forestières tropicales et peut fournir une contribution pour appréhender le devenir des populations.
Genetic diversity is an essential component of biodiversity. The maintenance of sufficient genetic resources is needed to ensure the adaptive potential and the viability of natural populations. In the current context of global changes, the study of adaptation in living organisms is a key task, particularly for tropical forest trees that are dominant components (in terms of biomass and as ecological drivers) of some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize genetic diversity and genetic variability to understand the evolutionary processes that act on them. This ecological-genetic study was carried out at the interspecific and intraspecific level in the Virola genus.If overall high levels of genetic diversity are a guarantee of prosperity for the future of the species, it seems essential to perform studies on the impact of environmental disturbance on genetic diversity. In the first section, the genetic consequences of regeneration dynamics were studied in an exhaustive sample of V. michelii in a low-intensity logging plot and in a control plot at the Paracou experimental site. A greater genetic diversity, measured from AFLP markers (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, N = 229), was found in perturbed areas. Because studying genetic diversity within species may be useful for understanding species adaptation to environmental changes, in the second section. I studied local adaptation in a population of V. michelii on the Paracou experimental site. A genome scan approach with AFLPs (N = 229) was conducted on 77 adult individuals and 401 juveniles to identify genetic differences between populations associated to contrasting conditions for an array of environmental variables. Some loci (N = 2) were found to be subject to divergent selection, indicating adaptation to contrasting habitats.In the third section, the study of levels of genetic divergence in three Virola species of the Guiana Shield (V. michelii, V. surinamensis and V. kwatae) was investigated for nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers. V. surinamensis and V. kwatae showed strong genetic similarities despite their contrasting habitats preferences. Coalescent analyses have revealed, on one hand, a recent divergence between these two species suggesting an ecological speciation, and one the other hand that interspecific gene flow occurs between these sister-species.This work focuses on understanding evolutionary processes shaping genetic diversity and provides a useful contribution for biodiversity conservation programs.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0480/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Portland Press
Résumé : International audience
CP12 is a small chloroplastic protein involved in the Calvin cycle that was shown to bind copper, a metal ion involved in modulation of its transition from reduced to oxidized state. In order to describe CP12 copper binding properties, copper-IMAC experiments and site-directed mutagenesis based on computational modeling, were coupled to top-down mass spectrometry (ESI-MS and MSMS). Copper-IMAC experiments allowed the primary characterization of mutation effects upon copper binding. Top-down MSMS experiments carried out under non-denaturing conditions on wild-type and mutant CP12/Cu2+ complexes then allowed fragment ions specifically liganding the copper ion to be determined. Comparison of MSMS datasets defined three regions involved in metal ion binding: residues D16 to D23, D38 to K50 and D70 to E76, with the two first regions containing selected residues for mutation. These data confirmed that copper ligands involved glutamic and aspartic residues in contrast to typical protein copper chelators. We propose that copper might play a role in regulation of CP12 biological activity.
ISSN: 0264-6021

hal-00479106
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00479106
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00479106/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00479106/file/PEER_stage2_10.1042%252FBJ20082004.pdf
DOI : 10.1042/BJ20082004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The distribution of the lagoon cockle Cerastoderma glaucum is strongly fragmented and usually restricted to isolated, shallow and nontidal lagoons. A high level of genetic structuring was found among the European populations of this species based on mtDNA (COI) sequences, as well as allozymic and microsatellite markers. However, the strengths and geographic locations of the major divisions differed among markers. In the present study we characterized the diversity of a new, potentially universal exon-primed intron-crossing marker, i34, for 17 C. glaucum populations. Allele frequency data at the i34 locus were informative and relevant with respect to geography. Multivariate analyses of new data together with previously published microsatellites confirmed the divergent character of the Ionian Sea and the Aegean-Ponto-Caspian populations, but also revealed the existence of a genetic cline from the Bay of Biscay to the Baltic Sea. Some noncongruent patterns among loci were detected, which may reflect either differential introgression along the genome at the hypothetical contact zone, or selective sweeps. This strong genetic differentiation, and the occurrence of private alleles, may hint at the presence of cryptic species within C. glaucum.
ISSN: 0260-1230

hal-01444646
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01444646
DOI : 10.1093/mollus/eyw019

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Metalloproteases involved in extracellular matrix remodeling play a pivotal role in cell response by regulating the bioavailability of cytokines and growth factors. Recently, the disintegrin and metalloprotease, ADAMTS1 has been demonstrated to be able to activate the transforming growth factor TGF-β, a major factor in fibrosis and cancer. The KTFR sequence from ADAMTS1 is responsible for the interaction with the LSKL peptide from the latent form of TGF-β, leading to its activation. While the atomic details of the interaction site can be the basis of the rational design of efficient inhibitory molecules, the binding mode of interaction is totally unknown. In this study, we show that recombinant fragments of human ADAMTS1 containing KTFR sequence keep the ability to bind the latent form of TGF-β. The recombinant fragment with the best affinity is modeled to investigate the binding mode of LSKL peptide with ADAMTS1 at the atomic level. Using a combined approach with molecular docking and multiple independent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we provide the binding mode of LSKL peptide with ADAMTS1. The MD simulations starting with the two lowest energy model predicted by molecular docking shows stable interactions characterized by 3 salt bridges (K3-NH3+ with E626-COO−; L4-COO− with K619-NH3+; L1-NH3+ with E624-COO−) and 2 hydrogen bonds (S2-OH with E623-COO−; L4-NH with E623-COO−). The knowledge of this interaction mechanism paves the way to the design of more potent and more specific inhibitors against the inappropriate activation of TGF-β by ADAMTS1 in liver diseases
ISSN: 1476-9271

hal-01269916
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269916
DOI : 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.01.012
PUBMED : 26878129

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En développant, à partir de 1984, un Centre touristique Intégralement Planifié dans une localité de la côte Pacifique de l’état d’Oaxaca, l’État mexicain entendait impulser un développement économique dans une région périphérique et pauvre du pays. Basé sur l’expropriation d’une portion du territoire communal, le processus engendre un certain nombre de résistances au sein des communautés locales. Le centre touristique est aujourd’hui un espace fragmenté, reflet et conséquence des inégalités sociales et des conflits sociaux. Depuis une perspective de géographie sociale, cet article cherche à mettre en lumière les conflits et compromis sociaux qui traversent la société locale. L’appropriation de l’espace, les luttes de pouvoir et les stratégies développées par les différents acteurs seront les entrées privilégiées pour interroger un modèle de planification, « par le haut », ignorant trop souvent les réalités sociales à l’échelle locale.
Since 1984, the Mexican government has tried to stimulate the economy in a poor and peripheral area of the country. They aimed to do so by developing an Integrally Planed Resort (CIP, in Spanish) in a community, located in the Oaxaca state on the Pacific coast. Being based on the expropriation of some parts of the communal territory, this process created some remittances among the local communities. Today, this resort is still a fragmented space and reflects social inequalities and social conflicts. From a social geographical perspective, this article aims to show the social conflicts and social compromises among the local society. Space appropriation, power battles and strategies developed by the different actors, will be the main tools to investigate this planning model. In this model, the government too often has ignored social realities on the local scale.
Al crear, a partir de 1984, un Centro turístico Integralmente Planeado en un poblado de la costa del estado de Oaxaca, el gobierno mexicano pretendió impulsar el desarrollo económico de una región periférica y marginada del país. Basado en la expropiación de una parte del territorio municipal, dicho proceso genera resistencias entre las comunidades locales. Hoy en día, el centro turístico es un espacio fragmentado, reflejo y consecuencia de las desigualdades sociales y conflictos. Desde una perspectiva de geografía social, el presente artículo buscará destacar los conflictos y compromisos sociales que atraviesan la sociedad local. La apropiación del espacio, las luchas de poder y las estrategias desarrolladas por los diferentes actores serán los enfoques privilegiados para cuestionar un modelo de planeación “vertical”, que suele ignorar las realidades sociales a nivel local.
Mexique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4069
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4069

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cette étude démontre que l’écriture du roman The Swinging Bridge constitue une action de récupération de la mémoire féminine indienne qui réactive les liens entre Indo-Trinidadiens du Canada et Indo-Trinidadiens vivant à Trinidad tout en rétablissant une relation avec l’Inde des origines. Elle montre que, dans l’espace du roman, des relations s’établissent entre le centre historique réel ou mythique des établissements dispersés, et des sociétés d’installation par le biais d’une intrigue qui amène personnages et lecteurs à la conscience de former un peuple en diaspora.Elle analyse les procédés littéraires d’une récupération de la mémoire qui révèle, rectifie et réorganise dans une nouvelle cohérence des fragments épars réintroduisant dans la mémoire collective les qualités ancestrales d’indépendance de la femme indienne. Elle révèle le caractère hybride de l’identité culturelle diasporique qui se construit tout au long du roman puis analyse les enjeux pour l’écrivain féminin postcolonial diasporique de cet acte de représentation.Elle conclut que cette représentation constitue une réécriture contre discursive de l’Histoire trinidadienne et qu’elle introduit la définition d’un continuum identitaire indo-américain qui contribue à résorber la dislocation et la fragmentation qui caractérisent cet espace essentiellement diasporique.
This work proposes to read The Swinging Bridge as a process by which a hybrid Indo-Trinidadian Diaspora is created. It argues that the novel’s recovery of memory constitutes a process by which individual memories turn into a collective diasporic memory which re-establishes links between Indo-Trinidadians dispersed in Canada and Trinidad. We demonstrate that rebinding to the Trinidadian space and recovering part of the memory of the Indian historical centre set the three spaces in a diasporic relation.This study also demonstrates that the novel’s narrative semantics rejects cultural conflict, as well as essentialism and creates a hybrid cultural identity. It establishes that the construction of diaspora at work in The Swinging Bridge advocates for the appreciation routes rather than roots and is compatible with the idea of a multi-locational diasporic consciousness.
Caraïbes
Trinité

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5757
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5757

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
In the Pyrenees, the lherzolites nowhere occur as continuous units. Rather, they always outcrop as restricted bodies, never more than 3 km wide, scattered across Mesozoic sedimentary units along the North Pyrenean Fault. We report the results of a detailed analysis of the geological setting of the Lherz massif (central Pyrenees), the type-locality of lherzolites and one of the most studied occurrences of mantle rocks worldwide. The Lherz body is only 1.5 km long and belongs to a series of ultramafic bodies of restricted size (a few metres to some hundreds of metres), occurring within sedimentary formations composed mostly of carbonate breccias originating from the reworking of Mesozoic platform limestones and dolomites. The clastic formations also include numerous layers of polymictic breccias reworking lherzolitic clasts. These layers are found far from any lherzolitic body, implying that lherzolitic clasts cannot derive from the in situ fragmentation of an ultramafic body alone, but might also have been transported far away from their sources by sedimentary processes. A detailed analysis of the contacts between the Lherz ultramafic body and the surrounding limestones confirms that there is no fault contact and that sediments composed of ultramafic material have been emplaced into fissures within the brecciated carapace of the peridotites. These observations bear important constraints for the mode of emplacement of the lherzolite bodies. We infer that mantle exhumation may have occurred during Albian strike-slip deformation linked to the rotation of Iberia along the proto-North Pyrenean Fault.
ISSN: 0954-4879

hal-00412602
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412602

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
We review current knowledge of axial skeleton biology in Acipenseriformes with the aim to know whether available data can help in understanding axial anomalies (anomalies of the vertebral column) in reared sturgeons or if further investigations are needed prior to undertake such analysis. In particular, accurate data on axial skeleton development, structure and mineralization are required to understand these pathologies. We show that such knowledge is fragmented and incomplete when compared to the information available in teleost fish. In Acipenseriformes, we only know that (i) the axial skeleton morphology is highly distinctive, as mostly cartilaginous, (ii) the vertebrae are composed of several elements organized around a persistent and unconstricted notochord, and (iii) mineralization only concerns a few of these elements and occurs late in ontogeny, but virtually no descriptions demonstrating the presence of bone (perichondral, membranous...) or mineralized cartilage is available in the literature. In addition, few studies concern axial anomalies in the wild or in rearing conditions, and the determinism of these pathologies is largely unknown. This is in contrast with the numerous studies dealing with the axial skeleton and its anomalies in many farmed teleost species, in which axial anomalies can result from numerous factors, such as unfavourable abiotic conditions, inappropriate nutrition and genetic factors. However, even if some parallels can be established between teleosts and sturgeons, it appears that current knowledge of the axial skeleton in teleosts may not help much in the study of axial anomalies in sturgeons. Knowledge of axial skeleton biology in sturgeon has to be therefore deeply improved prior to undertake investigations focusing on these pathologies.
ISSN: 0175-8659

hal-01545478
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545478
DOI : 10.1111/jai.12525

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ecological signs of Earth's biosphere forewarn an alarming trajectory towards a global mass-extinction. Assessing species performance and susceptibilities to decline is essential to comprehend and reverse this trend. Yet it is challenging, given difficulties associated with quantifying individual and population processes that are variable across time, space, and life-stages. We describe a new approach to estimating and comparing species performances that combines empirical data, a novel theoretical consideration of population dynamics, and modern statistics. Our approach allows for a more realistic continuous representation of individual performances along development stages while taking into account non-linearity, and natural variability as captured by spatio-temporally replicated observations. We illustrate its application in a coral meta-assemblage composed of populations of the three major reef-building taxa Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites. Using a unique set of highly replicated observations of individual coral dynamics under various environmental conditions, we show how taxa differ in their investment in recruitment and size-specific aptitude for growth and survival, notably through different use of clonal shrinkage, fragmentation, fission, and fusion processes. Our results reveal contrasting life-history trade-offs among taxa which, along with differing patterns of density-dependent recruitment, modulate species responses to decline. These differences in coral life history traits reflect opposing life-strategies, imply regulation at differing life-stages, and explain divergence in species trajectories. Our findings indicate a high potential for resilience in Pocillopora and Porites populations, thanks respectively to a sustained recruitment that promotes demographic elasticity through replacement of individuals, and a steady resistance to mortality which confers persistence through lingering of individuals. Resilience in Acropora appears more arbitrary, given high susceptibility to perturbations and dependency of recruitment on presence of established local populations. We identify management actions that can complement Acropora's life history and benefit recovery of its populations following mortality events. Our regression-modelling approach to quantifying and comparing species performances in different population processes is applicable to all taxa, as illustrated even those with complex clonal life histories, and can be implemented at wide spatio-temporal and taxonomic coverage. It can promote more accurate representation of species dynamics in both descriptive and predictive modelling approaches. The semi-parametric contrast curve method we develop facilitates comparing response variables along continuous explicative metrics while accounting for multiple sources of complexity in empirical data. It should widely benefit investigations in ecology and quantitative science.
ISSN: 1476-945X

hal-01212337
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212337
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.07.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Institut d'Histoire de la Révolution française
Résumé : International audience
At the peak of the second colonial Empire, citizenship there has three essential characteristics: it is fragmented by diverse forms of hierarchisation of the electorate ; it is reserved solely for nationals of the colonial Empire, the French and natives within a differentiated conception of nationality ; it is marked by the idea of civilisation. This situation came about in several stages: in 1978, specific citizenship is devised to civilise the newly freed; between 1848 and 1870, in Algeria there is some experimentation with local citizenship for the French, foreigners and natives, but this was abandoned; between 1870 and 1898, local citizenship is devised, expanded to include national elections for the natives of French India, whilst with the Algerian financial delegations, the “representation of interests” is accompanied by French citizenship without the right to participate in local elections.
Dans le second Empire colonial à son apogée, la citoyenneté a trois caractéristiques essentielles : elle est fragmentée par diverses formes de hiérarchisation quant à l’électorat ; elle est réservée aux seuls ressortissants de l’Empire colonial, les Français et les indigènes, dans le cadre d’une conception différenciée de la nationalité ; elle est marquée par l’idée de civilisation. Cette situation est née en plusieurs étapes : en 1798, on conçoit une citoyenneté spécifique pour civiliser les nouveaux libres ; entre 1848 et 1870, en Algérie, on expérimente puis abandonne une citoyenneté locale pour les Français, les étrangers et les indigènes ; entre 1870 et 1898, on conçoit une citoyenneté locale élargie aux élections nationales pour les natifs de l’Inde française, alors qu’avec les délégations financières algériennes, la « représentation des intérêts » s’accompagne d’une citoyenneté française amputée du droit de participer à une élection locale.
ISSN: 2105-2557

hal-01620584
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01620584
DOI : 10.4000/lrf.1460

Résumé : L'étude de la taxonomie des huîtres est longtemps restée basée sur des critères morphologiques (forme de la coquille et description des organes) et géographiques. Ces considérations sont relativement peu fiables en particulier au niveau interspécifique du fait de la plasticité des caractères morphologiques d'une part de des introductions d'espèces étrangères sur les lieux de culture d'autre part. La biologie moléculaire est donc, depuis quelques années, un outil très utilisé pour différencier les espèces d'huîtres. La phylogéographie des huîtres de la région sud-atlantique a ainsi pu être étudiée grâce à différentes méthodes de recherche du polymorphisme réalisées sur le fragment mitochondrial 16S. La PCR-RFLP, la SSCP et le séquençage ont été utilisés pour déterminer les haplotypes de 9 populations d'huîtres creuses du genre Crassostrea provenant du Sénégal, de Guyane, de Martinique et du Brésil. Ceci a permis par extension à d'autres espèces d'apporter des informations complémentaires à la phylogénie de ce genre. Les résultats obtenus par ces 3 méthodes ont permis de montrer que ces 9 populations se différencient en 2 haplotypes : un africain correspondant à l'espèce Crassostrea gasar et un martiniquais correspondant à l'espèce Crassostrea rhizophorae. De plus,C. gasar, huître caractéristique des côtes africaines, est présente dans 2 sites d'Amérique du sud, ont un en sympatrie avec C. rhizophorae au Brésil, ce qui n'a jamais été décrit jusqu'à présent. L'étude d'un point de vue génétique de cette espèce ainsi que la détermination de sa position phylogénétique, sont également une nouveauté. La sympatrie observée au Brésil permet de s'interroger sur l'existence d'une interfécondité possible et d'un flux de gènes entre les 2 espèces. Des études complémentaires à partir d'un échantillonnage plus vaste réalisé sur toute la côte atlantique sud-américaine permettront de confirmer ces résultats. Par ailleurs, la construction d'un arbre phylogénétique à partir des séquences obtenues dans cette étude et de séquences d'autres espèces du même genre, a permis de préciser les positions de ces espèces les unes par rapport aux autres. Ainsi, C. gasar a une position intermédiaire entre les groupes gigas-angulata et virginica-rhizophorae.

Droits : 1999 Univ; La Rochelle, The author
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14365/11656.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14365/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IM Publications
Résumé : The preparation of tropical wood surface sections for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging is described, and the use of delayed extraction of secondary ions and its interest for the analysis of vegetal surface are shown. The method has been applied to the study by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging with a resolution of less than one micron of a tropical wood species, Dicorynia guianensis, which is one of the most exploited wood in French Guiana for its durable heartwood. The heartwood of this species exhibits an economical importance, but its production is not controlled in forestry. Results show an increase of tryptamine from the transition zone and a concomitant decrease of inorganic ions and starch fragment ions. These experiments lead to a better understanding of the heartwood formation and the origin of the natural durability of D. guianensis.
ISSN: 1469-0667

hal-01532634
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532634
DOI : 10.1002/jms.3762
PRODINRA : 383376