Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles AREBio Groupe de recherche BIOSPHERES : BIOlogie, Sciences Physiques & Humaines pour les énergies Renouvelables, l
Extrait de : 1er colloque international BIOSPHERES, du 18 au 20 juin 2019. Université des Antilles
Description : In the current ecological, economic and social context, the systematic use of drugs (prescription or self-medication) has direct health and environmental consequences. As a result, it is important to understand their perception by their main consumers. In this sense, social and environmental psychology aims to highlight the socio-psychological factors likely to influence the actors to adopt new practices or not (Zbinden et al., 2011). The present study, conducted in 2016 in CACEM territory, focuses on the analysis of social representations (SR) of drugs of the population from Martinique. The theory of SR allows the analysis of this mediation between man and his physical and social environment because these representations are highly contextualized and depend on the social anchoring of the groups (Doise, 1992).

Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V19084
V19084

Résumé : After a period of rapid development of the sites (an increase in both reared surface area and production), tropical shrimp aquaculture is currently being faced with critical problems due to economical and ecological constraints. In many countries with favourable conditions for shrimp aquaculture such as indonesia or Vietnam, sites are often badly selected and/or over-exploited. This conducts to sorne extent to decreases or collapses in the production due to the difficulty in predicting the maximum production capacity of the sites. Furthermore, it appears that production sustainability depends on many factors among which socio-economy and ecolo gy are of prime importance. The STD3 project titled « Assessment of tropical shrimp aquaculture impact on the environment in tropical countries using hydrobiology, ecology and remote sensing as helping tools for diagnosis )) was initiated in 1994, with the aim to study the sustainability of marine shrimp aquaculture in tropical areas, main! y Indonesia and Vietnam, through the following tasks: (i) improve site selection and study the impact of aquaculture on marine environments presenting a variable sensitivity to organic sewage, (ii) analyse the socio-economical aspects and profitability of the aquaculture industry and of common resources (iii) use remote sensing and geographical data bases for diagnosis and monitoring of site degradation (iv) reinforce the capacity of Asian scientists through training. Severa! aquaculture sites have been investigated in the Lampung region (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the Mekong delta (Vietnam) and on the West coast of New-Caledonia, providing a large range of typical ecosystems encountered in Asia and in the Pacifie, from coralline sites to coastal plains with mangrove and deltaic areas. The study concerned the spatial structure and seasonal influence of these ecosystems, the temporal variation during the course of the project (3 years) and the relation between the ecological structure and farm productions. Remote sensing provides a synoptic vision over large land expanses. Severa! scenes were processed for landuse mapping using conventional classification techniques. Concerning water quality assessment, a general relation for the Java sea was found between image and field data in terms of total suspended matter. Applying this relation to a new site in Sumatra has provided an initial approach to water type and, together with land use mapping, a preliminary assessment of the suitability of the area to shrimp aquaculture development. Socio-economic research has been focused on the identification ofneeds for collective action, including public policy, in the perspective of shrimp farming sustainability. The main concern is in the regulation of shrimp farming intensification and extensification at the scale of coastal ecosystemic entities in a common property resource management perspective. The common considered here is coastal water quality. Comparing the local development profiles and the institutional grounds for the design and implementation of collective management rules shows that variables such as land tenure system, farm owner socio-economic profile, social homogeneity or heterogeneity of the farmers are key factors to analyse the potential for sustainability. The defmition of water quality and the possible means to ensure its collective management are discussed. The main conclusion is that the economie incentives to farming development are strong but there is no significant difference among traditional, semi-intensive and intensive systems in terms of economie efficiency or wealth distribution. The description of the functioning of the different kinds of ecosystems make it possible to give an advice concerning the positioning of the activity inside the ecosystem, and furthermore to have a reference state in order to determine the impact of the activity on the coastal environnement. This impact can be summarized as an increase in the concentration of total suspended matt€?r, of particulate organic matter and of sulfate reducing bacterias. This organic ma~.er is either issued from rearing activities or from telluric origine, due to mangrove eradication when building the ponds. An evaluation of the relationship existing between productivity and characteristics of each ecosystem bas been conducted by correlating ecological indicators data (concentration of total suspended matter, particulate organic matter, chlorophyll, percentage of pheopigments in total pigments and cyanobacteria and sulfatereducing bacteria in water and sediments) with the average production of the farms. This comparison lead to the compilation of a scale of observed production integrating the range of these environmental parameters with shrimp production levels, bound to facilitate the positioning of shrimp farming in relation with the confmement leve! of each ecosystem. Lastly, ali geographie data originated from the various compartments of the study have been geo-referenced and loaded into a geographical information system. This allows to display any query made on spatial variables and their related statistical data, including the ir variations over the last few years and to reveal patterns and phenomena otherwise not obvious.
Le programme mis en oeuvre par la DRV (Paris, CREMA-L'Houmeau, DELIAO Brest, COP Tahiti, GIE/RA Nouvelle Calédonie), dans le cadre d'un projet européen STD3 «(Sciences et Technique au Service du Développement», en collaboration avec l'Université de Montpellier II, l'Ecole Nationale d'Agronomie de Rennes, l'ITC (Hollande), l'Institut Océanographique de Nha Trang (Vietnam), le BADC de Jepara et le BPPT de Jakarta (Indonésie), avait pour but la mise au point de méthodes permettant d'améliorer la sélection des sites ainsi que le suivi du développement et de l'impact de l'aquaculture des crevettes Péneides en milieu tropical pour éviter la surexploitation. Quatre axes de recherche ont été défmis : a) identifier la nature et quantifier les rejets de déchets issus de ce type d'aquaculture, b) définir les caractéristiques écologiques des écosystèmes susceptibles d'accueillir l'activité aquacole et suivre leur évolution sous l'influence des rejets, c) déterminer l'influence de la gestion des fermes et des ressources (aspects économiques) sur les performances de productivité, d) déterminer la capacité de la télédétection comme outil de diagnostic d'impact à l'échelle de la région, e) mener un programme de formation d'étudiants et jeunes chercheurs Vietnamiens et Indonésiens.

Droits : 1998 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00132/24357/22357.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00132/24357/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Résumé : The need for an integrated approach to fisheries is now widely affirmed, including the FAO, in particular in the context of tropical artisanal fisheries. These small-scale fisheries, often multispecies are very important in terms of production, employment and food security. However these fisheries and the exploited resources are often characterized by a lack of data making difficult their management within an ecosystem approach, and by the ecological and economic system complexities including trophic and technological interactions. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of bioeconomic tools for small tropical fisheries in a sustainable management perspective based on the ecosystem approach. In this perspective, the French Guiana coastal fishery constitutes an interesting case study. The thesis proposes multi-criteria evaluations, complex bioeconomic models and viable management scenarios for this fishery. At first, multivariate statistical analysis suggests a satisfactory overall status of the fishery in terms of sustainability. However, some performance differences are noted within the fishery, particularly at border areas. Also, management improvements are proposed. Then, through bioeconomic modeling, projections of different fishing scenarios show that, in the long-term, the current exploitation level may not be consistent with the future increase of local demand and a loss of biodiversity may occur. A scenario called "co-viability" reconciling ecological, economic and social objectives, with a high probability of achievement is exhibited. Finally, the comparison of optimal behavior in cooperative and non-cooperative conditions, confirms that harvest levels are greater when actors do not cooperate. Furthermore, it is shown that the state of the ecosystem depends on the fishing strategies and the type of interaction between species. Beyond the diagnosis made for the case study, the method is promising in the context of small tropical fisheries, while the co-viability approach allows finding the exploitation conditions under which ecological and socio-economic sustainability are meet, what the conventional fisheries management generally do not allow.
La nécessité d’une approche intégrée des pêches est actuellement largement affirmée, notamment par la FAO, en particulier dans le contexte des pêcheries artisanales tropicales. Ces pêcheries à petites échelles, souvent multi-spécifiques sont très importantes en termes d’emploi et de production, y compris pour la sécurité alimentaire. Néanmoins ces pêcheries et la biodiversité exploitées sont souvent marquées, d’une part, par le manque de données rendant difficile leur gestion dans le cadre d’une approche écosystémique, d’autre part, par la complexité des systèmes écologiques et économiques sous-jacents incluant interactions trophiques et techniques. Cette thèse contribue à la mise au point d’outils bioéconomiques adaptés aux petites pêcheries tropicales dans la perspective d’une gestion durable des pêches fondée sur l’approche écosystémique. Dans cette perspective, la pêcherie côtière en Guyane Française constitue un cas d’étude particulièrement fécond. La thèse propose ainsi des évaluations multi-critères, des modèles bioéconomiques complexes et des scénarios de gestion viable pour cette pêcherie. Dans un premier temps l’analyse statistique multivariée suggère un statut global satisfaisant de la pêcherie en termes de durabilité. Cependant des différences de performance sont notées au sein de la pêcherie, notamment au niveau des zones frontalières. Aussi des améliorations dans le mode de gestion sont proposées. Ensuite, à travers la modélisation bioéconomique, les projections des différents scénarios de pêche montrent qu’à long terme le niveau d’exploitation actuel peut ne pas être en adéquation avec la future augmentation de la demande locale et qu’une perte de biodiversité peut avoir lieu. Un scenario dit de "co-viabilité" conciliant des objectifs à la fois écologique, économique et social, avec une probabilité de réalisation satisfaisante, est mis en exergue. Enfin, la comparaison des comportements optimaux en situation coopératif et non coopératif, montre dans quelle mesure la viabilité est favorisée quand les acteurs coopèrent. Au-delà du diagnostic apporté pour le cas d’étude, la méthode utilisée s’avère prometteuse dans le contexte des petites pêcheries tropicales, tandis que l’approche de co-viabilité permet de trouver les modalités d’exploitation dans le cadre de compromis entre durabilité écologique et socio-économique, ce que les principes de gestion halieutiques traditionnels ne permettent généralement pas.

Droits : 2013 Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00144/25492/23646.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00144/25492/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Coral reef resource systems are complex adaptive social-ecological systems providing vital and valuableecosystem services for human societies such as food provision, coastal protection and recreational activities.Their sustainability is questioned in many places around the world as they experience combined effects ofmultiple chronic anthropogenic and natural drivers at local to global scales. From a management perspective,there is a crucial need to understand how the impact of these drivers cascade through the social-ecologicalsystem components. This study develops a transdisciplinary and participatory approach to investigating thesocial-ecological dynamics of a Polynesian coral reef coastal system. A preliminary conceptual model using theDriver-Pressure-State-Impact (DPSI) framework is first being built through participatory modeling workshops.Then, pressure-state relationships are assessed with the help of empirical datasets as a first step towards thevalidation of the DPSI model. Results shows striking social-ecological interactions with different patterns in thelagoon and in the fore reef. Local management should be: (1) less resource-focused to account more specificallyto the existing typology of actors; (2) more spatially-explicit to better distinguish management objectives andactions for the lagoon and the fore reef sub-systems; and (3) more coordinated with terrestrial agencies for acoherent land-sea connection and integration that would both (i) account for existing land-sea interactions and(ii) better reflect the Polynesian cultural heritage that considers nature from ridge to reef as a whole. Suchconceptual models of social-ecological systems are a useful tool to build exploratory scenarios to ultimatelysupport planning decision-making processes.
ISSN: 0308-597X

hal-01491968
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01491968
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.014

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Sur fond de crise du tourisme au Nord, de la globalisation de l’économie et de l’accélération des mobilités, une évolution des formes de développement touristiques semble à l’œuvre dans les confins géographiques. Dans certains territoires touristiques du fait de conflits dans l’usage des ressources naturelles, des pratiques récréatives alternatives émergent qui combinent une logique économique avec des préoccupations socio-environnementales.Notre article analyse l’apparition du tourisme scientifique dans la région « non-touristique » de Aysén, en Patagonie chilienne. Des acteurs d’un territoire se mobilisent selon des pôles culturels et des axes thématiques autour de projets pilotes, de recherche expérientielle et de médiations scientifiques innovantes. Sur ce front pionnier, un réseau informel d’acteurs coordonne ses actions pour aborder les problématiques sociales et environnementales de leur territoire. Opérateurs et prestataires pour le tourisme scientifique créent de manière participative une offre originale. Un système touristique alternatif, axé sur la protection de l’environnement, de la culture et des dynamiques sociales de la communauté d’accueil, favorise l’acquisition et le partage de savoirs entre scientifiques, acteurs locaux et visiteurs.Le tourisme scientifique s’inscrit-il dans une évolution globale des pratiques touristiques ? En proposant de dépasser les frontières, entre activités récréatives et le travail, de lieux de vie et de loisir, il apparaît comme l’expression d’un « après-tourisme ». L’hybridation des pratiques, une approche scientifique associée à l’esprit de la découverte inhérent au voyage, semble pouvoir relever des défis sociétaux liés à l’essor d’un tourisme globalisé. Alors que le tourisme est pensé depuis longtemps en termes de transfert de compétences, de modèles et d’ingénierie du Nord vers le Sud, une périphérie propose de nouveaux cadres de pensée, d’action et de participation qui renouvellent le sens du voyage.
In the context of a tourism crisis in the north, a globalized economy and an increase of mobility, a change in the forms of tourism development seems to occur in peripheral areas. In some tourism areas and due to conflicts over the use of natural resources, alternative recreational practices arise that combine economic needs and socio-environmental concerns.Our article analyzes the appearance of scientific tourism in the "non-tourist" region of Aysén, in Chilean Patagonia. Actors of a territory unite according to specific cultural poles and thematic axes through experiential research and innovative scientific mediation pilot projects. On this pioneer front, an informal network of stakeholders coordinates its actions to address the social and environmental issues of their territory. Operators and service providers for scientific tourism create an innovative offer in a participatory process. An alternative tourism system, focused on protecting the environment, the culture and social dynamics of the host community, promotes the acquisition and sharing of knowledge between scientists, local actors and visitors.Is scientific tourism part of a global evolution of tourism practices? By proposing to go beyond established boundaries, of recreational activities and work, everyday places and leisure areas, it appears as the expression of an “After-Tourism”. The hybridization of practices, a scientific approach associated with the spirit of the discovery inherent of the travel experience, seems to respond to the challenges of the community confronted to the rise of a globalized tourism. While tourism has always been thought of in terms of transfer of skills, models and engineering from the North to the South, a periphery offers new frameworks of thought, action and participation that renew the meaning of travel.
En un escenario de crisis del turismo en los países desarrollados, de la globalización de la economía y del incremento de las movilidades, una evolución de las formas de desarrollo del turismo parece estar en marcha en los confines geográficos. En ciertos territorios turísticos, debido a los conflictos de uso de los recursos naturales, prácticas recreativas alternativas surgen que combinan una lógica económica con preocupaciones socio-ambientales.El presente artículo analiza el surgimiento del turismo científico en la región “no-turística” de Aysén en la Patagonia chilena. Actores del territorio se unen según polos y temáticas científicas, a través de proyectos pilotos, de investigación experiencial y mediaciones científicas innovadoras. En este frente pionero, una red informal se organiza para abordar las problemáticas sociales y ambientales de su territorio. Operadores y proveedores de servicios para el turismo científico crean de manera participativa una oferta novedosa. Un sistema turístico alternativo, basado en el cuidado del medio ambiente, de la cultura y de las dinámicas sociales del comunidad de acogida, favorece la adquisición y el intercambio de conocimientos entre científicos, actores locales y visitantes. ¿Será la aparición del turismo científico la expresión de una evolución global de las practicas turísticas? Al invitar a que sean sobrepasadas las fronteras, entre actividades recreativas y el trabajo, lugares de vida y sitios de esparcimiento, este se presenta como un “Pos-Turismo”. La hibridación de las prácticas, una aproximación científica asociada al espíritu de descubrimiento inherente del viaje, parece poder resolver los desafíos de nuestras sociedades vinculados al auge de un turismo globalizado. Cuando el turismo suele ser pensado desde hace mucho, como un proceso de transferencia de capacidades, de modelos y de ingenierías, del Norte hacia el Sur, una periferia propone nuevos marcos conceptuales, de acción y de participación, que renuevan el sentido del viaje.
Patagonie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11169
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11169

Éditeur(s) : University of Tasmania, Université de Bretagne Occidentale
Résumé : Empirical evidence and the theoretical literature both point to stock sustainability and the protection of marine biodiversity as important fisheries management issues. Decision-support tools are increasingly required to operationalize the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. These tools need to integrate (i) ecological and socio-economic drivers of changes in fisheries and ecosystems; (ii) complex dynamics; (iii) deal with various sources of uncertainty; and (iv) incorporate multiple, rather than single objectives. The stochastic co-viability approach addresses the trade-offs associated with balancing ecological, economic and social objectives throughout time, and takes into account the complexity and uncertainty of the dynamic interactions which characterize exploited ecosystems and biodiversity. This thesis proposes an application of this co-viability approach to the sustainable management of mixed fisheries, using two contrasting case studies: the French Bay of Biscay (BoB) demersal mixed fishery and the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF). Both fisheries entail direct and indirect impacts on mixed species communities while also generating large economic returns. Their sustainability is therefore a major societal concern. A dynamic bio-economic modelling approach is used to capture the key biological and economic processes governing these fisheries, combining age- (BoB) or size- (NPF) structured models of multiple species with recruitment uncertainty, and multiple fleets (BoB) or fishing strategies (NPF). Economic uncertainties relating to input and output prices are also considered. The bioeconomic models are used to investigate how the fisheries can operate within a set of constraints relating to the preservation of Spawning Stock Biomasses (BoB) or Spawning Stock Size Indices (NPF) of a set of key target species, maintenance of the economic profitability of various fleets (BoB) or the fishery as a whole (NPF), and limitation of fishing impacts on the broader biodiversity (NPF), under a range of alternative scenarios and management strategies. Results suggest that under a status quo strategy both fisheries can be considered as biologically sustainable, while socio-economically (and ecologically in the NPF case) at risk. Despite very different management contexts and objectives, viable management strategies suggest a reduction in the number of vessels in both cases. The BoB simulations allow comparison of the trade-offs associated with different allocations of this decrease across fleets. Notably, co-viability management strategies entail a more equitable allocation of effort reductions compared to strategies aiming at maximizing economic yield. In the NPF, species catch diversification strategies are shown to perform well in controlling the levels of economic risk, by contrast with more specialized fishing strategies. Furthermore analyses emphasize the importance to the fishing industry of balancing global economic performance with inter-annual economic variability. Promising future developments based on this research involve the incorporation of a broader set of objectives including social dimensions, as well as the integration of ecological interactions, to better address the needs of ecosystem-based approaches to the sustainable harvesting of marine biodiversity.
L’objectif général de la thèse est de modéliser les principaux processus biologiques et économiques régissant des pêcheries multi-espèces et multi-flottilles afin de proposer des stratégies viables pour la gestion durable de ces pêcheries mixtes, dans un contexte stochastique et multiobjectif. Plus spécifiquement, cette thèse utilise des analyses de co-viabilité stochastique pour étudier les arbitrages entre des objectifs contradictoires de gestion (conservation, et viabilité économique et sociale) des pêcheries mixtes. Deux pêcheries mixtes sont analysées dans cette thèse: la pêcherie française mixte démersale du golfe de Gascogne et la pêcherie crevettière australienne du Nord (NPF). Ces deux pêcheries sont multi-espèces, et utilisent des stratégies multiples de pêche, induisant des impacts directs et indirects sur les écosystèmes. Cette thèse propose une application de la co-viabilité stochastique à ces deux cas, en prenant en compte leur histoire, leur contexte socio-politique et les différences dans les stratégies et objectifs de gestion. Les résultats suggèrent que le status quo peut être considéré comme une stratégie biologiquement durable mais socio économiquement à risque dans les deux pêcheries (ainsi qu’à risque écologique dans le cas de la pêcherie australienne). Les simulations réalisées pour le golfe de Gascogne permettent de comparer les arbitrages associés à différentes réductions de capacités par flottille et de montrer qu’il existe des solutions de gestion permettant la co-viabilité du système (viabilité biologique des différentes espèces considérées et viabilité socio-économique des flottilles) contrairement à des stratégies de gestion mono-spécifiques ou basées sur la maximisation de la rente. Dans la pêcherie crevettière australienne, l’analyse montre que les stratégies de diversification permettent de limiter le risque économique contrairement aux stratégies plus spécialisées.

Droits : UBO, Univ. Tasmania
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31731/30134.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31731/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les auteurs interrogent les systèmes d’indicateurs destinés à évaluer les impacts économiques, écologiques et sociaux du tourisme sur la destination. Le questionnement porte sur la capacité des systèmes d’indicateurs actuels à prendre en compte l’impact du tourisme sur la vie des populations résidentes des destinations insulaires où l’emprise touristique est importante. Au-delà des considérations économiques et écologiques, il s’agit de prendre la mesure de l’impact touristique sur la qualité de vie des résidents (QVR). S’appuyant sur l’expérience de la Corse, il apparaît évident que les indicateurs doivent prendre en compte les dimensions de l’espace, des temporalités et des ressources.
The authors question indicators systems to assess economic, ecological and social of tourism impacts on destination. Questioning focuses on the ability of existing indicator systems which can take into account the impact of tourism in the life of island resident. Beyond economic and ecological considerations, it must ponder tourism impacts on the quality of residents’ life. Relying on the Corsica experience, it is clear that indicators should take into account space, temporalities and resources dimensions.
Corse

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6277
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6277

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Frontiers Media
Résumé : International audience
Coral reef fisheries support the development of local and national economies and are the basis of important cultural practices and worldviews. Transitioning economies, human development, and environmental stress can harm this livelihood. Here we focus on a transitioning social-ecological system as a case study (Moorea, French Polynesia). We review fishing practices and three decades of effort and landing estimates with the broader goal of informing management. Fishery activities in Moorea are quite challenging to quantify because of the diversity of gears used, the lack of centralized access points or markets, the high participation rates of the population in the fishery, and the overlapping cultural and economic motivations to catch fish. Compounding this challenging diversity, we lack a basic understanding of the complex interplay between the cultural, subsistence, and commercial use of Moorea's reefs. In Moorea, we found an order of magnitude gap between estimates of fishery yield produced by catch monitoring methods (2 t km −2 ∼ year −1) and estimates produced using consumption or participatory socioeconomic consumer surveys (∼24 t km −2 year −1). Several lines of evidence suggest reef resources may be overexploited and stakeholders have a diversity of opinions as to whether trends in the stocks are a cause for concern. The reefs, however, remain ecologically resilient. The relative health of the reef is striking given the socioeconomic context. Moorea has a relatively high population density, a modern economic system linked into global flows of trade and travel, and the fishery has little remaining traditional or customary management. Other islands in the Pacific in similar contexts in Polynesia such as Hawaii, that continue to develop economically, may have small-scale fisheries that increasingly resemble Moorea. Therefore, understanding Moorea's reef fisheries may provide insight into their future.
ISSN: 2296-7745

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01325804
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804/file/fmars-03-00070.pdf
DOI : 10.3389/fmars.2016.00070

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : The diversity of reef ecosystems, the multiplicity of reef resource uses and the breadth of the range of the island socio-cultural contexts concerned make coral reef fisheries (CRF) management in the South Pacific a complex task. The health and state of the targeted resources depend both on ecosystem characteristics (as determined by ecological and biological factors) and on fishing pressure, whose effects are only partly known. Increasing harvests from commercial and recreational fishing increasingly overlap with traditional Subsistence activity, creating an important CRF management challenge. This paper presents a new approach to CRF assessment and monitoring by providing a set of multidisciplinary indicators. The fisheries system is assessed from three different viewpoints: ecology of targeted populations, exploitation and the broader socio-econornic fishery context. The use of complementary indicators chosen from each of these fields could balance the chronic lack of human and financial resources for the management of these fisheries. We suggest the use of these indicators through an assessment grid or an indicator dashboard specifically adapted to given situations and management objectives determined through a participatory approach. The operational efficiency of this dashboard depends on i) dialogue between users, ii) the objectivity of the proposed monitoring, iii) the Visual transcription of divergent/convergent interests amongst stakeholders, and iv) stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. The use and constraints of such a tool are described with reference to Ouvea atoll (New-Caledonia, South Pacific) for which an analysis of available indicators for assessing fisheries status is presented.
La diversité des écosystèmes coralliens, la multiplicité des modalités d'exploitation de leurs ressources et l'hétérogénéité des contextes socio-culturels insulaires rendent complexe la gestion des pêcheries récifo-lagonaires du Pacifique sud. La santé et l'évolution de ces ressources dépendent, d'une part, des caractéristiques propres de l'écosystème (obéissant à des facteurs biologiques et écologiques) et, d'autre part, de la pression de pêche dont certains effets seulement sont établis. La pêche traditionnelle aux fins de subsistance est aujourd'hui concurrencée par des activités à visées commerciales et récréatives, qui accroissent les prélèvements et soulèvent de nouveaux enjeux de gestion. L'article propose une approche pour l'évaluation et le suivi de ces pêcheries basée sur un ensemble d'indicateurs pluridisciplinaires. Le système « Pêche » est analysé de trois points de vue complémentaires : l'écologie des peuplements exploités, l'exploitation halieutique sensu stricto et le contexte économique et social plus large des pêcheries. La mise en place d'indicateurs issus de ces trois domaines vise à compenser le manque chronique de moyens financiers et humains pour la gestion des pêcheries coralliennes des îles du Pacifique sud. Nous suggérons que leur utilisation s'effectue au travers d'une grille d'évaluation ou tableau de bord répondant à des situations précises et des objectifs de gestion définis lors d'une approche participative. La portée opérationnelle de ce tableau de bord de gestion de la pêche repose sur i) la concertation engagée entre les usagers, ii) l'objectivité du suivi préconisé, iii) la transcription visuelle des intérêts convergents et/ou divergents des acteurs, et iv) leur implication dans le processus de décision. Les modalités et contraintes d'application de cet outil sont décrites sur l'exemple de l'atoll d'Ouvéa (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Pacifique Sud), pour lequel une analyse des indicateurs disponibles pour décrire l'état des pêcheries a été réalisée.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2005-07 , Vol. 18 , N. 3 , P. 199-213

Droits : 2005 EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/publication-716.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:2005026
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/716/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Here, we synthesize conceptual frameworks, applied modeling approaches, and as case studies to highlight complex social-ecological system (SES) dynamics that inform environmental policy, conservation and management. Although a set of “good practices” about what constitutes a good SES study are emerging, there is still a disconnection between generating SES scientific studies and providing decision-relevant information to policy makers. Classical single variable/hypothesis studies rooted in one or two disciplines are still most common, leading to incremental growth in knowledge about the natural or social system, but rarely both. The recognition of human dimensions is a key aspect of successful planning and implementation in natural resource management, ecosystem-based management, fisheries management, and marine conservation. The lack of social data relating to human-nature interactions in this particular context is now seen as an omission, which can often erode the efficacy of any resource management or conservation action. There have been repeated calls for a transdisciplinary approach to complex SESs that incorporates resilience, complexity science characterized by intricate feedback interactions, emergent processes, non-linear dynamics and uncertainty. To achieve this vision, we need to embrace diverse research methodologies that incorporate ecology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics and other disciplines that are anchored in empirical data. We conclude that to make SES research most useful in adding practical value to conservation planning, marine resource management planning processes and implementation, and the integration of resilience thinking into adaptation strategies, more research is needed on (1) understanding social-ecological landscapes and seascapes and patterns that would ensure planning process legitimacy, (2) costs of transformation (financial, social, environmental) to a stable resilient social-ecological system, (3) overcoming place-based data collection challenges as well as modeling challenges.
Ocean and Coastal Management

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01224152
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152/file/1-s2.0-S096456911500126X-main.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
As climate change continues to impact socio-ecological systems, tools that assist conservation managers to understand vulnerability and target adaptations are essential. Quantitative assessments of vulnerability are rare because available frameworks are complex and lack guidance for dealing with data limitations and integrating across scales and disciplines. This paper describes a semi-quantitative method for assessing vulnerability to climate change that integrates socio-ecological factors to address management objectives and support decision-making. The method applies a framework first adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and uses a structured 10-step process. The scores for each framework element are normalized and multiplied to produce a vulnerability score and then the assessed components are ranked from high to low vulnerability. Sensitivity analyses determine which indicators most influence the analysis and the resultant decision-making process so data quality for these indicators can be reviewed to increase robustness. Prioritisation of components for conservation considers other economic, social and cultural values with vulnerability rankings to target actions that reduce vulnerability to climate change by decreasing exposure or sensitivity and/or increasing adaptive capacity. This framework provides practical decision-support and has been applied to marine ecosystems and fisheries, with two case applications provided as examples: (1) food security in Pacific Island nations under climate-driven fish declines, and (2) fisheries in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia. The step-wise process outlined here is broadly applicable and can be undertaken with minimal resources using existing data, thereby having great potential to inform adaptive natural resource management in diverse locations.
ISSN: 0308-597X

hal-01380403
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01380403
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Semantic web standards, tools, ontologies and related technologies have considerably matured in the recent years. Nowadays, accessing a wide catalogue of biological, social, environmental, and ecological data sources helps stakeholders working on biodiversity to answer their complex questions. Will the real time access to web resources effectively support the definition of strategies to conserve and manage biodiversity? How might semantic web technologies help us to handle the complex and heterogeneous big data related to biodiversity? The workshop aims to identify the key challenges faced by the bioinformatics community, discuss potential solutions and identify the opportunities emerging from the trans-disciplinary interactions between Plant Science and Informatics experts. Therefore, we expect the bioinformatics experts to explain how they apply semantic web standards and tools to their scientific topic, from biology, agriculture, agro-ecology, genomics, environmental studies, to social sciences, citizen sciences. Research papers presenting various aspects of semantic web technologies applied to biodiversity data, ranging from position papers to implemented systems descriptions and their evaluation, will be selected. We are particularly interested in the use of the semantic technologies to design and develop systems that supports research on agricultural and wild biodiversity conservation and management for food security. Examples may include strategies for resilience to climate change pressures, sustainability of productive ecosystems, ecosystems services monitoring or territories management, rather than systems supporting only research on climate patterns or soil erosion.
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757

lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The modernization of agriculture is under scrutiny. It is currently debated within the growing concept and practice of agroecology that applies ecological fundaments to the design and the management of sustainable agroecosystems. In matter of ecologization of agriculture, agroecological transition may be considered as a privileged pathway. It relies on two main forms: the weak (that intends to reduce the use of chemicals by alternative practices such as their substitution by biological inputs) versus strong modernization of agriculture (based on the valorization of biodiversity providing ecosystemic services). In this article, through an analysis of the technological innovations used for the enhancement of mycorrhiza (symbiotic interactions between plants and soil microorganisms) as an illustration of the implementation of the agroecological transition in France, we wonder in what extent a strong modernization of agriculture is likely to occur.This paper shows how the conceptual framework of socio-technical regime is useful to analyze the dynamics of the agroecological transition. Our demonstration relies on an empirical material (survey of the main actors of the mycorrhiza supply chain) that permits to understand how is structured the dominant system and how it impedes the development of the alternative niche. We then give some prerequisites in terms of public action to define in what extent the niche can be supported and can compete the current system.
54. ERSA Congress "Regional development & globalization: Best practices"
Saint-Petersburg, Russia

hal-01606449
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01606449
PRODINRA : 387723

Résumé : La nécessité d'une approche intégrée des pêches est actuellement largement affirmée, notamment par la FAO, en particulier dans le contexte des pêcheries artisanales tropicales. Ces pêcheries à petites échelles, souvent multi-spécifiques sont très importantes en termes d'emploi et de production, y compris pour la sécurité alimentaire. Néanmoins ces pêcheries et la biodiversité exploitées sont souvent marquées, d'une part, par le manque de données rendant difficile leur gestion dans le cadre d'une approche écosystémique, d'autre part, par la complexité des systèmes écologiques et économiques sous-jacents incluant interactions trophiques et techniques.Cette thèse contribue à la mise au point d'outils bioéconomiques adaptés aux petites pêcheries tropicales dans la perspective d'une gestion durable des pêches fondée sur l'approche écosystémique. Dans cette perspective, la pêcherie côtière en Guyane Française constitue un cas d'étude particulièrement fécond. La thèse propose ainsi des évaluations multi-critères, des modèles bioéconomiques complexes et des scénarios de gestion viable pour cette pêcherie.Dans un premier temps l'analyse statistique multi-variée suggère un statut global satisfaisant de la pêcherie en termes de durabilité. Cependant des différences de performance sont notées au sein de la pêcherie, notamment au niveau des zones frontalières. Aussi des améliorations dans le mode de gestion sont proposées. Ensuite, à travers la modélisation bioéconomique, les projections des différents scénarios de pêche montrent qu'à long terme le niveau d'exploitation actuel peut ne pas être en adéquation avec la future augmentation de la demande locale et qu'une perte de biodiversité peut avoir lieu. Un scénario dit de « co-viabilité » conciliant des objectifs à la fois écologique, économique et social, avec une probabilité de réalisation satisfaisante, est mis en exergue. Enfin, la comparaison des comportements optimaux en situation coopératif et non coopératif, montre dans quelle mesure la viabilité est favorisée quand les acteurs coopèrent. Au-delà du diagnostic apporté pour le cas d'étude, la méthode utilisée s'avère prometteuse dans le contexte des petites pêcheries tropicales, tandis que l'approche de « co-viabilité » permet de trouver les modalités d'exploitation dans le cadre de compromis entre durabilité écologique et socio-économique, ce que les principes de gestion halieutiques traditionnels ne permettent généralement pas.
The need for an integrated approach to fisheries is now widely affirmed, including the FAO, in particular in the context of tropical artisanal fisheries. These small-scale fisheries, often multispecies are very important in terms of production, employment and food security. However these fisheries and the exploited resources are often characterized by a lack of data making difficult their management within an ecosystem approach, and by the ecological and economic system complexities including trophic and technological interactions.This thesis aims to contribute to the development of bioeconomic tools for small tropical fisheries in a sustainable management perspective based on the ecosystem approach. In this perspective, the French Guiana coastal fishery constitutes an interesting case study. The thesis proposes multi-criteria evaluations, complex bioeconomic models and viable management scenarios for this fishery. At first, multivariate statistical analysis suggests a satisfactory overall status of the fishery in terms of sustainability. However, some performance differences are noted within the fishery, particularly at border areas. Also, management improvements are proposed. Then, through bioeconomic modeling, projections of different fishing scenarios show that, in the long term, the current exploitation level may not be consistent with the future increase of local demand and a loss of biodiversity may occur. A scenario called "co-viability" reconciling ecological, economic and social objectives, with a high probability of achievement is exhibited. Finally, the comparison of optimal behavior in cooperative and non-cooperative conditions, confirms that harvest levels are greater when actors do not cooperate. Furthermore, it is shown that the state of the ecosystem depends on the fishing strategies and the type of interaction between species. Beyond the diagnosis made for the case study, the method is promising in the context of small tropical fisheries, while the co-viability approach allows finding the exploitation conditions under which ecological and socio-economic sustainability are meet, what the conventional fisheries management generally do not allow.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0620/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Coral reefs are amongst the richest and more emblematic ecosystems of the world. These hotspots of biodiversity provide many services to Human societies, bringing leisure and economic added values. In many areas, especially developing countries, these ecosystems are submitted to both climate change (rise of sea temperature and level, acidification) and human coastal pressures (urbanisation, resources exploitation). In this context, an increasing number of Marine Protected Areas is settled on coral reefs environments in order to ensure their conservation and to mitigate local pressures. Hence, one of MPAs Managers' missions is to bring ecological and social data together to build integrated indicators of effectiveness. In Reunion Island, a MPA called the Marine reserve of La Réunion was settled in 2007 along a densely urbanised and populated fringing reef coast. In order to better evaluate its MPA effectiveness, the manager requires the integration of social stakes to the management plan. A uses monitoring protocol was developed in this purpose using an ultra light aircraft and a camera. Data on 15 different recreational and non-recreational uses were acquired between 2010 and 2013, flying 48 times a year, and entered into a Geographic Information System. A huge resulting database allowed the building of an initial knowledge of the spatio-temporal distribution of uses within the Reserve. It also enabled the analysis of the uses' evolution regarding various factors of variations (amenities, facilities, shark attacks, tourism, etc.). Finally, we assessed the contribution to management efficiency using social indicators (governance, pressure indicators), and to interdisciplinary research in bringing ecologic and uses data together. This thesis brings a brand new information about coastal human activity and spatio-temporal dynamics of direct pressures on reef. This tool, designed to be reproducible and cost-optimized, enables the production of a set of indicators. Its integration to the management plan exclusively depends on the strategic choices of the manager.
Les récifs coralliens figurent parmi les biomes côtiers les plus emblématiques de la planète. Ces points chauds de la biodiversité mondiale sont convoités par les sociétés humaines pour leurs qualités paysagères et leur plus-value économique. Exposés au même titre que de nombreux écosystèmes côtiers aux changements climatiques (élévation de la température, acidification des océans), ils sont de toutes parts soumis à une anthropisation littorale mal maitrisée (urbanisation, surexploitation des ressources). Dans ce contexte, de plus en plus d' Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) s'établissent sur des écosystèmes anthropisés, les amenant à intégrer l'Homme au coeur de la gestion. À La Réunion où l'urbanisation littorale est dense et où le paysage des usages littoraux ne cesse de s’étoffer, une Réserve Naturelle Marine (RNMR) a été établie en 2007 sur un récif frangeant. L’évaluation de l’efficacité de cette AMP par son gestionnaire doit se faire par le biais d'un ensemble d'indicateurs écologiques et socio-économiques. C’est en vue d’apporter des connaissances sur la fréquentation et les usages pratiqués au sein de la RNMR que cette thèse a été initiée. Elaboré sur la base d'un suivi en ULM, un protocole a été reproduit chaque année entre 2010 et 2013 et a permis la constitution d'une base de données spatialisée, dont l'exploitation a produit trois types de résultats: i) une connaissance initiale de la répartition spatio-temporelle des usages au sein de la RNMR; ii) une compréhension de l'évolution des dynamiques spatio-temporelles à la lumière des facteurs de variations identifiés (aménagements, aménités, crise requin, tourisme, etc.), et iii) une contribution à la gestion par le développement d'indicateurs sociaux (gouvernance, pressions), et à la recherche interdisciplinaire par une confrontation des données de fréquentation et des données écologiques du milieu. La réflexion menée dans le cadre de cette thèse apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les usages et la fréquentation des littoraux coralliens à La Réunion, et leur traduction en termes de pression anthropique directe. Pensé pour être reproductible et optimisé en termes de coût, cet outil permet la production d’un ensemble d’indicateurs dont l’intégration au plan de gestion dépend exclusivement des choix stratégiques du gestionnaire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/
tel-01308703
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703/file/Th%C3%A8se_Lemahieu.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : Industrial agriculture has clearly reached its limits. Industrial agriculture is not able anymore to satisfy the basic needs of the growing worldwide population while ensuring the conditions of reproduction of natural assets. New production models have to be designed to protect and reclame polluted and degraded agricultural areas. Agroecology is considered as a promising way to achieve ecologically-intensive agrosystems, since the seminal contribution of Altieri in 1995. Nevertheless agroecology has not fully emerged as a scientific discipline yet. Agroecology is more that a traditional scientific discipline because agroecology breaks the frontiers between biophysical sciences and social sciences. This chapter reviews the roots and evolution of agroecology in the first section. Here we propose a mathematical theory of viability to handle uncertainty and complexity within agrosystems. This theory allows to define a kern of viability in which the agrosystem stay viable in the long term (section “Scientific stakes: New frontiers”). However, agroecological innovations create new uncertainties and controversies that must be solved. Some solutions can be found individually while other solutions must by co-constructed using innovative collective actions and hydrid forums (Callon et al. 2001, section “Scientific controversy and uncertainty”). Such collective knowledge makes agroecology as the starting point of a representative democracy by setting up adaptive governance on territories (section “How to manage agrosystems in the context of global changes?”).
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01195372
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195372
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_1
PRODINRA : 270790

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a global conservation and management tool to enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological systems with the aim of conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services for sustainable use. However, MPAs implemented worldwide include a large variety of zoning and management schemes from single to multiple-zoning and from no-take to multiple-use areas. The current IUCN categorisation of MPAs is based on management objectives which many times have a significant mismatch to regulations causing a strong uncertainty when evaluating global MPAs effectiveness. A novel global classification system for MPAs based on regulations of uses as an alternative or complementing the current IUCN system of categories is presented. Scores for uses weighted by their potential impact on biodiversity were built. Each zone within a MPA was scored and an MPA index integrates the zone scores. This system classifies MPAs as well as each MPA zone individually, is globally applicable and unambiguously discriminates the impacts of uses.
ISSN: 0308-597X

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01358706
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01358706
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01358706/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01358706/file/1-s2.0-S0308597X16300197-main.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.021

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce numéro de la Revue Études Caribéennes s’intéresse aux liens qui unissent et opposent l’activité touristique et les ressources naturelles, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans un contexte de médiatisation accrue des enjeux liés à la biodiversité et aux menaces qui pèsent sur elle, le tourisme – et particulièrement l’écotourisme – est souvent présenté comme un moyen de concilier la conservation et le développement. Les autorités locales, malgré l’existence d’un cadre réglementaire propre à l’environnement, ne disposent souvent pas de moyens suffisants (humains, matériels et financiers) pour gérer la croissance de la fréquentation des aires protégées et ses effets potentiels sur l’environnement naturel et humain. En réponse à cette problématique, les institutions financières internationales et les organismes associés proposent aux pays du Sud de trouver un équilibre entre une fréquentation de masse et une fréquentation de bas volume afin de développer « un tourisme de haute qualité ». Même si cela était possible, quels critères peuvent être utilisés pour « cesser » le développement d’un pôle ou d’une région touristique ? L’évolution géographique « naturelle » du tourisme – c’est-à-dire essentiellement basée sur la mise en tourisme de la nature et sur l’accessibilité de ces ressources – pose déjà des problèmes politiques et économiques importants. Les gouvernements (central, régional ou local) sont difficilement en mesure de réaliser un arbitrage de long terme dans ce contexte qui permettrait l’adéquation entre le développement touristique et la préservation des espaces naturels. La relation entre le tourisme et les ressources naturelles s’articule souvent autour de deux objectifs spécifiques, soient : développer un produit à moindre impact, mais aux dépenses élevées et viser un volume de visiteurs qui contribue aux profits économiques, mais qui amène le moins de dégradation écologique/sociale possible. Cette position résume à elle seule à la fois la complexité et les multiples paradoxes dans lesquels s’insère la mise en tourisme de la nature. Les dynamiques sociales et l’extension de l’appropriation privative des espaces naturels et agricoles posent la problématique des modes de gestion des ressources communes et de leur pérennité, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs, les ressources et les stratégies des principaux acteurs concernés sont difficilement conciliables et le système de relation qu’il induit n’est pas nécessairement en phase avec les finalités poursuivies. This edition of Revue Etudes Caribéennes focuses on the links that unite and oppose tourism and natural resources, specifically in southern countries. In a context of increased media coverage of issues related to biodiversity (including threats to it), tourism – particularly ecotourism – is often presented as a mean to reconcile conservation and development. Local authorities, despite the existence of a specific environmental regulatory framework, often have insufficient resources (human, material, financial) to manage the increase of visits to protected areas, and the potential impact of these visits on natural and human environments. In response to this problem, international financial institutions and associated organizations offer to try to find a balance between mass attendance and low volume attendance in order to develop "high quality tourism" in southern countries. Even if this were possible, what criteria can be used to "stop" the development of a tourist site or region for environmental reasons? The “natural” geographic evolution of tourism – in other words, essentially based on the development of nature tourism and accessibility of these resources – already causes huge political and economic problems. Governments (central, regional or local) are hardly able to arbitrate over the long term in a context that would allow finding a balance between tourism development and preservation of natural areas. The relationship between tourism and natural resources often revolves around two specific objectives: to develop a product with less impact, but at high cost and a target volume of visitors that contributes to economic profits, but that causes the least ecological / social degradation possible. This position epitomizes both the complexity and the many paradoxes of nature tourism development. Social interactions and the expansion of private appropriation of natural and agricultural areas highlight the challenges of managing common resources and their sustainability, especially in the southern countries. In this context, development objectives, natural resources and the strategies of key stakeholders are difficult to reconcile, and the relationship between leading actors do not always correspond with these objectives. Esta edición de “Revue Études Caribéennes” se interesa a los lazos que unen y separan la actividad turística y los recursos naturales, particularmente en los países del sur. En un contexto de mediatización en alza sobre los objetivos ligados a la biodiversidad y a las amenazas que pesan sobre ella, el turismo – y particularmente el ecoturismo – está a menudo presentado como un medio de conciliar la conservación y el desarrollo. Las autoridades locales, pese a la existencia de un cuadro propio de reglamentación al medio ambiente, no disponen habitualmente de suficientes medios (humanos, materiales y financieros) para controlar el aumento de visitas en las áreas protegidas y sus efectos potenciales sobre el ambiente natural y humano. En respuesta a esta problemática, las instituciones financieras internacionales y los organismos asociados proponen a los países del sur encontrar un equilibrio entre la frecuentación de masas y una frecuentación de bajo volumen con el objetivo de desarrollar “un turismo de alta calidad”. Incluso si fuese posible, ¿qué criterios podrían ser utilizados para “cesar” el desarrollo de un centro o una región turística? La evolución geográfica “natural” del turismo – esencialmente basada en el desarrollo del turismo de la naturaleza y el acceso de sus recursos – crean problemas políticos y económicos enormes. Los gobiernos (central, regional o local) tienen dificultades para realizar un arbitraje a largo plazo en este contexto que permitiría la adecuación entre el desarrollo turístico y la preservación de los espacios naturales. La relación entre el turismo y los recursos naturales se articula a menudo alrededor de dos objetivos específicos, sean: desarrollar un producto con mínimo impacto, pero con gastos elevados y aspirar a un volumen de visitantes que contribuya a las ganancias económicas, pero que traiga la menor degradación ecológica/social posible. Esta posición resume la complejidad y las múltiples paradojas en las cuales se encaja la puesta del turismo en la naturaleza. Las dinámicas sociales y la extensión de la apropiación privativa de los espacios naturales y agrícolas plantean una problemática en los modos de gestión de los recursos comunes y de su perennidad, particularmente en los países del sur. En este contexto, los objetivos, los recursos y las estrategias de los principales actores concernidos son difícilmente conciliables y el sistema de relación que induce no es necesariamente en la misma fase con los objetivos perseguidos.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7884
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7884

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Sci Ltd
Résumé : Like many tropical small-scale fisheries, the French Guiana coastal fishery is characterized by the high fish biodiversity of its ecosystem, the weak selectivity of the fleets exploiting the resources, and the heterogeneity of the vessels in terms of size and fishing techniques. The Rapfish method is used to assess sustainability within 11 fishery systems by means of 27 attributes relating to ecological, economic, social, and technological fields. Overall results indicate an average performance in the weak sustainability range. Comparisons made among the FSs show a gradient of sustainability performance from the western portion of the coast to the eastern portion. Several recommendations are formulated to raise the current “sustainability” status, such as the reduction of discards. This study is used as a complementary tool to the bioeconomic model in order to define a sustainable management plan for the French Guiana coastal fishery.
Marine Policy (0308-597X) (Elsevier Sci Ltd), 2014-02 , Vol. 44 , P. 397-405

Droits : 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00162/27310/25662.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.10.003
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00162/27310/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
1. Our understanding of the contribution of interspecific interactions to functional diversity in nature lags behind our knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns. Although two-species mutualisms are found in all types of ecosystems, the study of their ecological influences on other community members has mostly been limited to third species, while their influence on entire communities remains largely unexplored. 2. We hypothesized that mutualistic interactions between two respective ant species and an epiphyte mediate the biological traits composition of entire invertebrate communities that use the same host plant, thereby affecting food webs and functional diversity at the community level. 3. Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) is both a phytotelm ('plant-held water') and an ant-garden epiphyte. We sampled 111 bromeliads (111 aquatic invertebrate communities) associated with either the ant Pachycondyla goeldii or Camponotus femoratus. The relationships between ants, bromeliads and invertebrate abundance data were examined using a redundancy analysis. Biological traits information for invertebrates was structured using a fuzzy-coding technique, and a co-inertia analysis between traits and abundance data was used to interpret functional differences in bromeliad ecosystems. 4. The vegetative traits of A. mertensii depended on seed dispersion by C. femoratus and P. goeldii along a gradient of local conditions. The ant partner selected sets of invertebrates with traits that were best adapted to the bromeliads' morphology, and so the composition of the biological traits of invertebrate phytotelm communities depends on the identity of the ant partner. Biological traits suggest a bottom-up control of community structure in C. fenaoratus-associated phytotelmata and a greater structuring role for predatory invertebrates in P. goeldii-associated plants. 5. This study presents new information showing that two-species mutualisms affect the functional diversity of a much wider range of organisms. Most biological systems form complex networks where nodes (e.g. species) are more or less closely linked to each other, either directly or indirectly, through intermediate nodes. Our observations provide community-level information about biological interactions and functional diversity, and perspectives for further observations intended to examine whether large-scale changes in interacting species/community structure over broad geographical and anthropogenic gradients affect ecosystem functions.
Functional Ecology

hal-01096909
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01096909
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2435-2011.01863.x