Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles
Résumé : Dans les années 1800, l’agriculture représentait près de 95% du Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) d’Haïti. En 2009, le secteur primaire entier ne représentait plus que 23% du PIB. Ce déclin s’est fait au profit du développement du secteur tertiaire, lui-même dominé par des petits commerces. Le secteur tertiaire est passé de moins de 5% à 60% du PIB sur la même période. La mise en évidence de ce processus irréversible est l’objectif poursuivi dans cet article. Il s’agit de faire la lumière sur ce changement de tendance sectorielle dans l’activité économique en Haïti. L’observation des données macroéconomiques dans le temps nous amène à la conclusion que l’économie haïtienne n’est plus essentiellement agricole. Elle est tertiarisée de façon informelle.
In the 1800’s, agriculture represented almost 95% of the Haitian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 2009, the whole primary sector does not contribute more than 23% in the GDP. This decline profited the service sector which is dominated by little trade. The service sector moved from less than 5% to 60% of the GDP in the same period. In the present article we intend to underline this irreversible process.   We aim to shed light on the current sectoral tendency change in Haiti’s economic activity. Evidence from macroeconomic data through time allows us to conclude that the Haitian economy is no more dominated by agriculture. It is dominated by the service sector, greatly informal.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4728
http://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/4728

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : In French Guiana, the population growth will result in an increase in demand for agricultural products and thus, will lead to an increase in the amount of tropical forests converted into cropland or pasture. Impacts of different agricultural systems on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes have not been studied in French Guiana. In this context, the fire-free chop-and-mulch method was used to convert a tropical forest site to agriculture. This study focused on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and we compared four land uses: (1) the undisturbed tropical forest, (2) recently converted grassland and recently converted croplands (fertilized soybean/maize rotation) with either (3) disk tillage or (4) no tillage.N2O measurements were obtained through the chamber technique and conducted over a 1-year period (measurements began 19 months after the forest was cleared). N2O fluxes were related to soil parameters measured at each sampling date: nitrate and ammonium contents, gravimetric water content (GWC) and temperature.Through the entire period, the mean (±standard error) and median N2O fluxes were 3.8 ± 0.5 and 2.7 g N ha−1 day−1, respectively for undisturbed tropical forest and 2.4 ± 0.9 and 0.8 g N ha−1 day−1, respectively for grassland (mowed Brachiaria ruziziensis). For croplands, no significant difference was found for N2O emissions between both agricultural practices. The mean (±standard error) and median N2O fluxes were 8.5 ± 1.2 and 4.0 g N ha−1 day−1, respectively for disk tillage plots and 8.5 ± 1.3 and 3.6 g N ha−1 day−1, respectively for no tillage plots. Nitrogen inputs (due to the application of fertilizer or due to the mineralization of crop residues) led to higher N2O fluxes, resulting in significantly higher mean N2O emissions from croplands compared to the forest, when only considering land use effect on N2O fluxes in a statistical model. The soil nitrate content, GWC and temperature had a significant positive effect on N2O fluxes. Taking into account these soil parameters in another statistical model, N2O emissions from croplands were not higher than the natural N2O emissions from tropical forest soils. Our results suggest that, if more forest will have to be converted in the course of the expected population growth in French Guiana, it could have low impact on the soil N2O fluxes (similar to natural fluxes from forest) with the improving of farming techniques (for example modification of the splitting of N-fertilizer) in the cropping plots.
ISSN: 0167-8809

hal-01204228
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204228
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2015.04.004
PRODINRA : 307607

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Les dossiers thématiques d'Agropolis, n° 11
Dans le contexte actuel de contraintes climatiques et socioéconomiques, les agricultures des zones sèches doivent évoluer afin de s’adapter et de répondre à un double défi : produire plus pour satisfaire les besoins alimentaires importants de populations en croissance, mais aussi produire mieux de façon viable et durable. Pour cela, les agricultures de ces zones doivent évoluer vers des modes de production à la fois plus productifs, économes en ressources naturelles et résistants aux aléas climatiques.Dans ce cadre, l’ingénierie écologique propose de nouvelles alternatives de gestion des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux caractéristiques des régions arides et semi-arides d’Afrique subsaharienne. Ceci implique de maitriser la complexité des systèmes étudiés et de s’inspirer à la fois du fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels de référence à la région agroécologique concernée — les savanes pour les zones sèches ouest-africaines — et des pratiques traditionnelles et savoir-faire locaux issus d’une longue adaptation face aux contraintes environnementales.À partir des expériences ouest-africaines notamment, différentes options pratiques sont exposées dans ce dossier. On pourra ainsi agir sur la biodiversité des organismes, que ce soit les plantes ou les microorganismes du sol par exemple, favoriser le recyclage des matières organiques et des éléments nutritifs pour les plantes qui sont associées, maitriser les cycles de l’eau et, enfin, agir sur l’organisation des paysages pour favoriser un meilleur contrôle des ravageurs de culture.Cependant, développer une telle approche demande une vision intégrée du fonctionnement et de l’évolution des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux. Les questions sociales — le foncier, l’urbanisation et les migrations — et économiques — les marchés des denrées de première nécessité, la pauvreté, etc. — sont des déterminants essentiels qu’il convient de prendre en compte pour le développement durable des populations dans les zones sèches en Afrique subsaharienne.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01585038

hal-01585038
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01585038

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Juin 2003
Dans le contexte actuel de mondialisation, de changement climatique et de forte anthropisation de la biosphère, les Petites Antilles s'érigent en monde marginal ou encore en anti-monde. Fracturées du point de vue politique, économique, linguistique et à certains égards culturel, ces territoires insulaires du Bassin caraïbe recèlent de richesses environnementales (physiques, écosystèmiques et paysagères). Comme partout ailleurs dans le monde humanisé, la survie de ces sociétés implique le rétablissement des grands équilibres écologiques consubstantiels à une articulation efficiente entre le naturel, l'urbain et l'agricole. Compte tenu de la pression démographique, variable d'une île à l'autre, la pérennité des écosystèmes en covariance avec un développement économique profitant au plus grand nombre ne peut se concevoir à l'échelle insulaire. Il semble judicieux d'imaginer un développement à l'échelle de l'archipel basé sur la complémentarité, puisque au sein de chaque composante les diverses ressources biologiques terrestres et marines sont insuffisantes pour assurer une autosuffisance en termes de produits de premières nécessités et d'énergie. Le développement des Petites Antilles s'il doit être durable et prendre comme ossature les directives de Rio (Brésil, 1992) et de Johannesburg (Afrique du Sud, 2002), il devra s'inscrire dans une gestion administrative, scientifique, technique et agricole commune dans le cadre d'une Caraïbe fonctionnellement unifiée. A l'unité floristique, faunistique et biocénotique doivent correspondre des stratégies et donc des politiques, similaires mais diversifiées, d'utilisation des ressources abiotiques (énergie éolienne, hydroélectrique et photovoltaïque) et biotiques (écosystèmes terrestres et marins, flore, faune, sols). Malheureusement dans le présent, la compartimentation économique et politique de la Caraïbe rend ces propos profondément utopiques. Néanmoins dans le futur la survie des peuples des Petites Antilles, impliquera un développement durable signifié par des rapports équilibrés entre hommes et milieux.
–––––
In the nowadays context of "globalization", climatic variation and great anthropization of the biosphere, the Lesser Antilles appear as a marginal world. In a political point of view, those islands offer a greatly distinct and fractured image. The same fact can also be observed in an economic, linguistic and, in a certain measure, cultural perspective. Despite of such a statement, those territories of the Caribbean basin keep economic and landscape resources whom survival depends on the re-establishment of the great ecologic structures implying a productive articulation between the natural, the urban and the agricultural. It seems pertinent to imagine a development on the level of the archipelago based upon complementarity since each constituent presents a limited number of earth and marine biologic reserves which do not guarantee an autosubsistance in energy and first nessecity productivity. A lasting development of the Lesser Antilles supposes a necessary and commun administrative, scientific, technical and agricultural management within the setting of a Caribbean functionally unified. Facing the biocenotic unity, a useful strategy, based on a similar and diversified organization in the exploitation of biophisic resources, must be erected. Such statements could be considered as utopic, regarding the situation of politic and economic division in the Caribbean nowadays. However, in the future, the survival of those insular societies will imply a lasting development lying upon an efficient relationship between Man and environment.
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
halshs-00003054
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054/file/Devpt-durable_JOSEPH-PHILIPPE.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera has the specific ability to produce pearls with the widest range of coloursamong all pearl oyster species. This pearl colour diversity originates from the mantle biomineralising tissue(graft) of the donor oyster, which is originally responsible for the variety of colours of the inner shell surface.This study aimed to: 1) assess the geographic distribution and establish a first stocklist of the colourful oysterphenotypes used as donors in French Polynesia, and 2) investigate the phenotypic relation between inner shellcolouration and the corresponding colour of harvested pearls. With the support of a pearl farmers' network,we investigated the different donor phenotype frequencies among five collection sites (Ahe, Apataki, Takaroa,TakumeandMangareva). This donor evaluation was made during grafting of pearl oysters (N=49,938) obtainedfrom collector stations. Results showed that pearl production is mainly based on six common colourful donorphenotypes classified as monochromatic and polychromatic profiles, which shown different frequenciesamong the collection sites. Experimental grafts (N=4640)were then realised and subsequent culture conductedat a single site in order to avoid pearl colour variation due to environmental influences. Traceability between donors(N=232) and pearls (N=2776), revealed that: 1) yellow (gold) and aubergine (reddish) pearls could bemostly obtained by using the monochromatic yellowand red donor phenotypes, respectively, and 2) one third toone quarter of grey pearlswas inevitably harvested, whatever the polychromatic phenotype chosen as the donor,which leaves at least half the harvest composed of the attractive green and peacock colours. This preliminarystocklist of colour range together with analysis of the colour phenotype transmission between inner shell andpearl provide the basis for producing multiple pearl oyster “colour lines” through hatchery propagation andwould be helpful for future selective breeding programs.Statement of relevance: Donor shell colour selection predict colours of pearls
ISSN: 0044-8486

hal-01489153
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01489153
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.017

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : Herbivory is viewed as a major driver of plant evolution and the mostimportant energy pathway from plants to higher trophic levels. Therefore, understandingpatterns of herbivory on plants remains a key focus in evolution and ecology. Theevolutionary impacts of leaf herbivory include altering plant fitness, local adaptation, theevolution of defenses, and the diversification of plants as well as natural enemies. Leafherbivory also impacts ecological processes such as plant productivity, communitycomposition, and ecosystem nutrient cycling. Understanding the impact of herbivory onthese ecological and evolutionary processes requires species-specific, as opposed tocommunity-level, measures of herbivory. In addition, species-specific data enables the use ofmodern comparative methods to account for phylogenetic non-independence. Althoughhundreds of studies have measured natural rates of leaf consumption, we are unaware of anyaccessible compilation of these data. We created such a data set to provide the raw dataneeded to test general hypotheses relating to plant–herbivore interactions and to test theinfluence of biotic and abiotic factors on herbivory rates across large spatial scales. A largerepository will make this endeavor more efficient and robust. In total, we compiled 2641population-level measures for either annual or daily rates of leaf herbivory across 1145 speciesof vascular plants collected from 189 studies. All damage measures represent naturaloccurrences of herbivory that span numerous angiosperm, gymnosperm, and fern species. Toenable researchers to explore the causes of variation in herbivory and how these mightinteract, we added information about the study sites including: geolocation, climateclassification, habitat descriptions (e.g., seashore, grassland, forest, agricultural fields), andplant trait information concerning growth form and duration (e.g., annual vs. perennial). Wealso included extensive details of the methodology used to measure leaf damage, includingseasons and months of sampling, age of leaves, and the method used to estimate percentagearea missing. We anticipate that these data will make it possible to test important hypothesesin the plant–herbivore literature, including the plant apparency hypothesis, the latitudinalherbivorydefense hypothesis, the resource availability hypothesis, and the macroevolutionaryescalation of defense hypothesis.
ISSN: 0012-9658

hal-01601627
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01601627
DOI : 10.1890/13-1741.1
PRODINRA : 397136
PUBMED : 24870043

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : Industrial agriculture has clearly reached its limits. Industrial agriculture is not able anymore to satisfy the basic needs of the growing worldwide population while ensuring the conditions of reproduction of natural assets. New production models have to be designed to protect and reclame polluted and degraded agricultural areas. Agroecology is considered as a promising way to achieve ecologically-intensive agrosystems, since the seminal contribution of Altieri in 1995. Nevertheless agroecology has not fully emerged as a scientific discipline yet. Agroecology is more that a traditional scientific discipline because agroecology breaks the frontiers between biophysical sciences and social sciences. This chapter reviews the roots and evolution of agroecology in the first section. Here we propose a mathematical theory of viability to handle uncertainty and complexity within agrosystems. This theory allows to define a kern of viability in which the agrosystem stay viable in the long term (section “Scientific stakes: New frontiers”). However, agroecological innovations create new uncertainties and controversies that must be solved. Some solutions can be found individually while other solutions must by co-constructed using innovative collective actions and hydrid forums (Callon et al. 2001, section “Scientific controversy and uncertainty”). Such collective knowledge makes agroecology as the starting point of a representative democracy by setting up adaptive governance on territories (section “How to manage agrosystems in the context of global changes?”).
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01195372
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195372
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_1
PRODINRA : 270790

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article étudie l’évolution de la Consommation énergétique des ménages à La Réunion entre 1980 et 2005, en mettant l’accent sur le domaine de la consommation domestique d’électricité. Il montre que cet espace, autonome sur un plan énergétique au début des années 1980, a connu une dépendance de plus en plus forte vis-à-vis des approvisionnements en ressources fossiles durant les deux dernières décennies, sous la pression des mutations démographiques, économiques et sociologiques engagées. Depuis le début des années 2000, sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques, essentiellement fiscales, La Réunion s’engage dans le développement des énergies renouvelables, essentiellement le photovoltaïque, en s’affichant en tête des régions françaises et européennes dans la maîtrise de cette production énergétique.
This article aims at studying the evolution of the domestic consumption of energy in Reunion island between 1980 and 2005 (electricity consumption). It shows that this area which reached its energetic autonomy at the beginning of the 80’s has known a strong dependency from fossil resources for the last two decades, due to the increasing pressures of demographic, economic and sociological factors. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, as a result of public policies impulsion (mainly fiscal policies), Reunion island has developed the use of renewable resources (essentially photovoltaic). It tends to be now one of the first French and European regions mastering this energy production process.
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3519
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3519

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La République de Trinidad-et-Tobago, située à l’extrême sud de l’arc des Petites Antilles fait figure d’exception dans la région Caraïbe. En effet, l’économie de l’île dépend presque exclusivement du secteur industriel et gazier, alors que le tourisme et l’agriculture participent peu au produit intérieur brut du pays, au contraire des autres îles caribéennes. Profitant d’un contexte international favorable, Trinidad connaît depuis deux décennies une croissance économique continue qui lui permet d’afficher des indices sociaux élevés, mais son économie garde les caractéristiques d’un Petit État Insulaire en Développement et elle doit faire face à des problèmes persistants de chômage et de pauvreté. C’est dans ce contexte que le gouvernement a initié une politique de diversification économique identifiant plusieurs domaines d’intervention, dont le tourisme, susceptible de réduire la pauvreté. L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser les impacts et les limites d’actions touristiques pro-pauvres dans un petit état insulaire au travers d’une expérience menée dans le village de Matura, au nord-est de Trinidad.
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, located in the extreme south of the Lesser Antilles, is an exception in the Caribbean region. Indeed, unlike other Caribbean islands, the economy of Trinidad and Tobago depends almost exclusively on industrial and gas sector, while tourism and agriculture involved a small share of gross domestic product of the country.Taking advantage of a favorable international context, Trinidad known for two decades continued economic growth that allows it to display high social indices, but its economy keeps the characteristics of a Small State Islander Developing and faces problems of unemployment and poverty. It’s in this context that the government has initiated a policy of economic diversification identifying several areas of activity, including tourism, likely to reduce poverty. The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts and limitations of pro-poor tourism actions in a small island state through an experiment conducted in the village of Matura in the Northeast of Trinidad.
Trinité

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6535
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6535

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Carbon isotopic signature has been measured at the different stages of the soil CO2 efflux production in trenched and control plots to improve the knowledge about the physical and biochemical processes of the soil respiration. All the measurements of d13C have been performed using a mass-spectrometer. We have compared the isotopic signatures of the CO2 going out of the soil, the CO2 of the soil atmosphere, the organic carbon in the material that could be considered as the main soil respiration sources (live and dead roots, soil organic matter, aerial litter) and the CO2 produced by these sources in incubation jars. The aims of this study were to evaluate the possibilities to combine these different data sets to estimate the partitioning of soil respiration between its autotrophic and heterotrophic components, and to get more insight into potential fractionation during biochemical or diffusion processes. Measurements were conducted in a beech forest located at Hesse in the North East of France (site equipped with a flux tower and belonging to the CarboEurope network) and in a neotropical primary rainforest located at Paracou (French Guiana). Preliminary results show first a very tenuous difference between CO2 isotopic signatures of efflux coming from the trenched and control plots and, secondly, d13C significant divergences between bulk organic material and CO2 produced in the corresponding incubation jars. Our ability to use this kind of data for partitioning soil respiration into its main components will be discussed.
AGU Fall Meeting
San Francisco, United States

hal-01032042
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032042

Éditeur(s) : University of West Indies, Barbados Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Practical uses for Sargassum are sought regionally as our coastlines continue to be flooded by sargassum blooms floating ashore. This study investigated the potential benefits of Sargassum (Sargassum spp.) mulch in sweet potato production at Golden Ridge, St. George, Barbados, during a drought period (November 2015-March 2016). Treatment consisted of combinations of two cultivars of sweet potato (?E? and ?CBS 32?, main-plots) and washed/unwashed Sargassum mulches (sub-plots) of different ages (approximately 4 weeks old and fresh, sub-sub-plots) with four replications. Sargassum mulch was applied to the furrows of plots (6m2) four weeks after planting at a rate of 10 t ha-1 and yield, growth and soil parameters were monitored at periodic intervals. Yield (t ha-1) was highest for the 4-weeks old Sargassum mulch treatment, and the number of marketable tubers was highest for the unwashed 4-weeks old Sargassum treatment. The number of tubers with Euscepes postfaciatus (Scarabee) pest damage was decreased by the Sargassum mulch treatments especially for the 4-weeks old unwashed Sargassum. Vine growth was taller for cultivar ?E? and for the washed Sargassum treatments. Chlorophyll indices were higher in ?CBS 32? than in cultivar ?E? and were lower in Sargassum treated plots. Moisture content in the top 10cm of soil was consistently low and greater in plots of cultivar ?E? than in those of ?CBS 32?. There appears to be some potential for the use of aged Sargassum mulches for improving growth, pest management and yields of sweet potato and further investigations are needed.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16270
V16270

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Si l’île d’Anguilla, dans le nord des Petites Antilles, est une destination secondaire en matière d’arrivées touristiques (moins de 150 000 visiteurs en 2005), il n’en reste pas moins que l’étude des conditions d’émergence du tourisme y est intéressante. Car en la matière, Anguille fait figure d’originalité au sein de son bassin géographique. En revanche, l’analyse des évolutions de la capacité d’hébergement, d’une part, puis des flux de visiteurs, d’autre part, démontre un trait commun à la plupart des îles des Petites Antilles, à savoir une certaine vulnérabilité face à des événements exogènes (catastrophes naturelles et crises géopolitiques). Cet article vise donc à faire le point sur le phénomène touristique (origine, évolution, contraintes) dans une île jusque-là peu étudiée.
Anguilla (91 square kilometres, less than 12 000 inhabitants, 143 200 tourists arrivals in 2005) is a secondary destination in the Lesser Antilles compare to Sint Maarten, Antigua or Barbados. Netherless, tourism development in Anguilla is interesting because it shows that this product is both original (choice of "small and exclusive", majority of excursionnists) and vulnerable (influence of events like cyclone Luis and Lenny in 1995 and 1999, and the terrorist attack of the 2001 september 11th).
Anguilla

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3492
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3492

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The mechanism for tree orientation in angiosperms is based on the production of high tensile stress on the upper side of the inclined axis. In many species, the stress level is strongly related to the presence of a peculiar layer, called G-layer, in the fibre wall. The structure of G-layer has been recently described as a hydrogel thanks to N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of supercritically dried samples showing a high mesoporosity (pores size from 2 to 50 nm). This led us to revisit the concept of G-layer that was until now only described from anatomical observation. Adsorption isotherms of both normal wood and tension wood have been measured on six tropical species. Measurements show that mesoporosity is high in tension wood with typical thick G-layer while it is much less with thinner G-layer, sometimes no more than normal wood. The mesoporosity of tension wood species without G-layer is as low as in normal wood. Not depending on the amount of pores, the pore sizes distribution are always centred around 6-12 nm. These results suggest that, among species producing fibres with G-layer, large structural differences of G-layer exist between species
ISSN: 0022-0957

hal-00387861
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00387861
DOI : 10.1093/jxp/erp133

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IWA Publishing
Résumé : International audience
The widely occurring degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is a result of glyphosate and amino-polyphosphonate degradation. Massive use of the parent compounds leads to the ubiquity of AMPA in the environment, and particularly in water. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss current insights into AMPA formation, transport, persistence and toxicity. In agricultural soils, AMPA is concentrated in the topsoil, and degrades slowly in most soils. It can reach shallow groundwater, but rarely managed to enter deep groundwater. AMPA is strongly adsorbed to soil particles and moves with the particles towards the stream in rainfall runoff. In urban areas, AMPA comes from phosphonates and glyphosate in wastewater. It is commonly found at the outlets of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). Sediments tend to accumulate AMPA, where it may be biodegraded. Airborne AMPA is not negligible, but does wash-out with heavy rainfall. AMPA is reported to be persistent and can be biologically degraded in soils and sediments. Limited photodegradation in waters exists. AMPA mainly has its sources in agricultural leachates, and urban wastewater effluents. The domestic contribution to urban loads is negligible. There is a critical lack of epidemiological data - especially on water exposure - to understand the toxicological effects, if any, of AMPA on humans. Fortunately, well operated water treatment plants remove a significant proportion of the AMPA from water, even though there are not sufficient regulatory limits for metabolites.
ISSN: 0043-1354

hal-01516026
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01516026
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01516026/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01516026/file/Grandcoin%20et%20al.%20-%20AminoMethylPhosphonic%20acid%20%28AMPA%29%20in%20natural%20water.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.055

Éditeur(s) : ICES 2008 Annual Science Conference, 22-26 september 2008, HALIFAX, CANADA
Résumé : Since 2000, Ifremer has been implemented a Fisheries Information System (FIS), in strong collaboration with the DPMA (Direction of fisheries and aquaculture of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries). The FIS aims at building an operational and multidisciplinary monitoring network for scientific purposes, allowing a comprehensive view of fishery systems including their biological, technical, environmental and economical components. The objectives of the FIS are (i) to provide the specifications and methodologies for the collection, storage and processing of fisheries data, with the constant concern to harmonise all these procedures on a national scale, (ii) to improve data management system and access to data for a wide-spread public, and (iii) to produce and distribute relevant datasets, indicators and synthesis, for understanding and evaluation, including bio-economic diagnostics of the fisheries, and assessment of the short and long-term impacts of fisheries management scenario and measures. The FIS covers all the French fisheries, including overseas territories and small-scale fisheries, for which data are often hardly available or missing, whereas two thirds of the French vessels are less than 12 meters long. The challenge was to establish a statistical and an integrated approach supporting bio-ecological and economic issues. To further an integrated analysis of the fishery systems, the wide range kinds of data - including acoustic surveys, biological in-situ observations, environmental observations, as well as fishing statistics (landings and efforts) or economic data - are managed in a single data management system, based on an integrated relational data base with geographical facilities.

Droits : 2008 ICES
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00059/17002/14504.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00059/17002/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Semantic web standards, tools, ontologies and related technologies have considerably matured in the recent years. Nowadays, accessing a wide catalogue of biological, social, environmental, and ecological data sources helps stakeholders working on biodiversity to answer their complex questions. Will the real time access to web resources effectively support the definition of strategies to conserve and manage biodiversity? How might semantic web technologies help us to handle the complex and heterogeneous big data related to biodiversity? The workshop aims to identify the key challenges faced by the bioinformatics community, discuss potential solutions and identify the opportunities emerging from the trans-disciplinary interactions between Plant Science and Informatics experts. Therefore, we expect the bioinformatics experts to explain how they apply semantic web standards and tools to their scientific topic, from biology, agriculture, agro-ecology, genomics, environmental studies, to social sciences, citizen sciences. Research papers presenting various aspects of semantic web technologies applied to biodiversity data, ranging from position papers to implemented systems descriptions and their evaluation, will be selected. We are particularly interested in the use of the semantic technologies to design and develop systems that supports research on agricultural and wild biodiversity conservation and management for food security. Examples may include strategies for resilience to climate change pressures, sustainability of productive ecosystems, ecosystems services monitoring or territories management, rather than systems supporting only research on climate patterns or soil erosion.
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757

lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757/document

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’image idyllique du tourisme de luxe dans certains territoires de la Caraïbe, de l’océan Indien et du Pacifique fait souvent rêver et attire depuis longtemps une clientèle fortunée. Pour autant, les dépenses effectuées sur place par cette clientèle induisent-elles véritablement des retombées positives sur la croissance et le développement économique de ces territoires, sur le niveau de vie de la population, contribue-t-il à combattre le chômage et à réduire la pauvreté ? Quels en sont les impacts au plan environnemental et humain ? En deux mots, les principes du développement durable trouvent-ils sur place un terrain d’application favorable et conforme à ce concept ? Pour y répondre, Anguilla, petite destination touristique de luxe de la Caraïbe, fréquentée majoritairement par une clientèle de séjour en provenance des États-Unis est utilisée comme étude de cas. Aussi, cette étude a pour but d’analyser les relations complexes entre le tourisme et la problématique du développement local dans ce microterritoire, en se fixant deux objectifs : en premier lieu, voir si l’hypothèse de la croissance tirée par le tourisme est une option concevable dans cette petite destination touristique. En second lieu, vérifier si l’activité touristique exerce un impact positif sur le développement économique inclusif d’Anguilla, par sa capacité ou non à stimuler les autres secteurs d’activité. À cet effet, deux modèles de régression employés dans un cadre de cointégration sont utilisés successivement. D’une part, les résultats montrent qu’un accroissement de 1 % de la recette touristique à Anguilla se traduit à long terme par une augmentation de 0,6 % de son PIB, confirmant ainsi l’hypothèse de la croissance tirée par le tourisme. De plus, les tests de causalité de Granger révèlent l’existence d’une causalité bidirectionnelle entre activité touristique et croissance économique. D’autre part, ces résultats montrent que la croissance du secteur touristique s’accompagne par une contraction de l’activité agricole à Anguilla, engendrant de ce fait une perte de ressources pour le pays, ainsi qu’un accroissement de « fuites » liées aux importations dérivées. En conséquence, le potentiel du tourisme en tant que facteur de développement inclusif devient une hypothèse irrecevable dans ce petit territoire, et ce, en raison des effets multiplicateurs et de liaison limités sur les producteurs locaux.
The romantic image of luxury tourism in Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and pacific islands make you often dream and attracts for many years a high profile customer. Would the expenses incurred by the visitors lead to a positive impacts on economic growth? What are the impacts on environment and human aspects? Briefly, does the principles of sustainable and inclusive development a concept applicable in these islands? Anguilla, a small luxury island in the Caribbean area is used as case study. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of tourism in the economy of Anguilla. More specifically, this investigation attempts to verify the presence of the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH) in the case of Anguilla, also to explore the nature of the linkage between the tourism sector and the agriculture, manufacturing and other service industries in the long-run and the short-run. In so doing, two regression models are used in a cointegration framework. The long-run relation indicates that a 1% change in tourism revenues in Anguilla would lead to a 0.6% increase in real GDP in the long-run, ceteris paribus. Our findings have also empirically verified the presence of the tourism-led growth hypothesis. However, the application of the error-correction methodology, produced results which suggested that the agriculture sector has contracted as the tourism sector expanded. In conclusion, the economic growth in Anguilla is positively affected by growth in the tourism sector as the latter sector loses resources to the expanding sector.
Anguilla
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7409
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7409

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Diffuse contamination of surface water by veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) has been poorly studied in intensive breeding context. Recycling animal waste on soil is supported to fertilize crops and reduce utilization of mineral fertilizer but may have some environmental impact by recycling pollutants on soils and transferring pollutants from soils to rivers. Most of pharmaceuticals are consumed indifferently by human and animal, especially antibiotics. This study aims to quantify veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) in superficial water in two agricultural catchments. One is dedicated to the production of drinkable water. Agriculture but also waste water treatment plant may contribute to the contamination of water and it is difficult to distinguish animal versus human source of contamination
1ere conférence internationale sur l’évaluation des risques des résidus de médicament dans l’environnement
Paris, France

insu-01467591
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01467591

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
L’inégalité économique est dans un rapport de 1 à 50 entre les PNB par habitant d’Haïti et des Etats-Unis. Cette faiblesse économique est liée à la faible productivité agricole, à l’absence de matières premières et d’industries et à l’instabilité des différents régimes politiques. La société repose sur une majorité de pauvres. Dans ces conditions le rapport à l’environnement est très différent de celui que l’on trouve dans le reste des Antilles à niveau de vie plus élevé.Pour le Haïtien, le milieu est un moyen de production qui peut être utilisé dans l’immédiat. C’est ce milieu dans sa globalité qui est alors exploité; le sous-sol pour la construction, le sol quand il existe pour l’agriculture, les arbres pour le charbon de bois ou les poteaux de construction et quand la faim persiste : les eaux littorales. Il n’existe aucune limite à l’exploitation des écosystèmes. La misère se vit à l’instant. L’idée de protection durable n’a pas de sens en période de crise. Les pressions exercées par les populations littorales sont diverses et d’intensité variée. Ces atteintes aux milieux littoraux et marins augmentent et couvrent des étendues croissantes.Les littoraux supportent ainsi un grand nombre d’activités ; les unes sont liées à la mer (la pêche, le cabotage), les autres reposent sur l’exploitation de la bordure terrestre (l’extraction de matériaux, l’exploitation des mangroves et l’agriculture, le tourisme).
ISSN: 1779-0980

hal-01174348
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174348

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Because earthworms sustain soil functioning and fertility, there is a need to advance the knowledge of their adaptation potential to chemicals in anthropogenic landscapes. Our hypothesis is that there is acclimation to organic chemicals (pesticides) in earthworms that durably persist under conventional farming in anthropogenic landscapes. The adaptation capability of two populations of earthworms (Aporectodea caliginosa) having a different chemical exposure history, - one originating from 20 years of organic farming (naïve population) and another from 20 years of conventional farming (pre-exposed population) - to cope with soil organic pollutant (Opus®, epoxiconazole a worldwide used fungicide) were investigated. Several complementary metabolic and energetic endpoints were followed, and cast production was assessed as a behavioural biomarker related to earthworms ecological role for the soil. Basal metabolism reflected by respiration rate was increased in both fungicide-exposed worms compared to controls. Glycogen resources were decreased in the same proportion in the two populations but more rapidly for the naïve (7 days) than for the pre-exposed population (28 days). Soluble protein and most amino-acids contents increased in the pre-exposed population only, suggesting a detoxification mechanism. Metabolomic profiles showed a cut-off between fungicide-exposed and control groups in the pre-exposed earthworms only, with an increase in most of the metabolites. Exposure to a low dose of epoxiconazole increased cast production of pre-exposed earthworms, and this resulted in an increase in pesticide disappearance. As far as we know, this is the first study which evidenced there is an acclimation to an agricultural chemical in earthworms derived from conventional farming that also relates to a change in their burrowing behaviour, and for which larger consequences for the soil ecosystem need to be addressed. This original finding is of major interest in the frame of ecosystem resilience to global changes. Whether this physiological adaptation is a general pattern of response against fungicides or other pesticides would need to be confirmed with other molecules and agricultural contexts.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry

hal-01005821
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01005821
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01005821/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.032