Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : Approximately 4 yr of campaign and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements across the Dead Sea fault system (DSFS) in Lebanon provide direct measurements of interseismic strain accumulation along a 200-km-long restraining bend in this continental transform fault. Late Cenozoic transpression within this restraining bend has maintained more than 3000 m of topography in the Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges. The GPS velocity field indicates 4-5 mm yr(-1) of relative plate motion is transferred through the restraining bend to the northern continuation of the DSFS in northwestern Syria. Near-field GPS velocities are generally parallel to the major, left-lateral strike-slip faults, suggesting that much of the expected convergence across the restraining bend is likely accommodated by different structures beyond the aperture of the GPS network (e.g. offshore Lebanon and, possibly, the Palmyride fold belt in SW Syria). Hence, these geodetic results suggest a partitioning of crustal deformation involving strike-slip displacements in the interior of the restraining bend, and crustal shortening in the outer part of the restraining bend. Within the uncertainties, the GPS-based rates of fault slip compare well with Holocene-averaged estimates of slip along the two principal strike-slip faults: the Yammouneh and Serghaya faults. Of these two faults, more slip occurs on the Yammouneh fault, which constitutes the primary plate boundary structure between the Arabia and Sinai plates. Hence, the Yammouneh fault is the structural linkage that transfers slip to the northern part of the transform in northwestern Syria. From the perspective of the regional earthquake hazard, the Yammouneh fault is presently locked and accumulating interseismic strain.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00406620
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406620
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03328.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Iran covers a large area limited in longitude by the meridians 44°E and 64°E and in latitude by the parallels 25°N and 40°N. Mapping a new gravity field over Iran is the first important data for geodetic, geophysicaland geodynamical considerations. In this thesis, the gravity measurements are used to determine the gravimetric geoid over Iran. This geoid is coupled with the GPS height and altitude (levelling) to realize an operational vertical surface at the territory of Iran. The contribution of the principal geodetic and gravimetric works realized in recent years are the establishment of: 1) the national absolute gravity network of Iran (NAGNI09), 2) the national gravity calibration line of Iran (NGCLI10) and 3) the multi-observations geodetic and gravimetric network of Iran (MPGGNI10). The absolute gravity network consists in 24 stations where the gravity measurement has been realized with the help of gravimeters FG5, with a precision better than 5μ Gal. The repetition of the observations at two stations between 2000 and 2007 makes obvious the inter-annual variations of gravity in relation of the amount of underground water changes and (or) tectonic deformation. The absolute gravity network has served the base stations for the realization of the MPGGNI10 geodetic and gravimetric network with a mesh of 55 km, at which the gravity is measured with the help of relative gravimeters CG-5 and CG-3/M, the GPS height and the altitude with a precision of 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m, and 3mm km respectively. The remove-restore technique coupled with the Helmert's condensation method is chousen to compute a new gravimetric geoid model, IRGeoid10, with a absolute and relative precision of the order of 0.26 m and 2.8 ppm respectively. The gravimetric geoid is adjusted at the GPS/levelling points to define new vertical reference surface over Iran
L'Iran couvre une grande superficie en longitude entre les méridiens 44°E et 64°E et en latitude entre les parallèles 25°N et 40°N. la cartographie de champ de pesanteur sur l'Iran est de premiére importance pour des considérations d'ordre géodésique, géophysique et geodynamique. Dans cette thèse, les mesures de pesanteur sont utilisées pour déterminer le géoïde gravimétrique sur l'Iran. Ce géoïde est couplé à la mesure de hauteur GPS et d'altitude (nivellement) pour réaliser une surface verticale opérationnelle sur le territoire Iranien. La contribution aux principaux travaux géodésiques et gravimétriques réalisés ces dernières années porte sur l'établissement: 1) du réseau national de gravimétrique absolu de l'Iran (NAGNI09), 2) de la ligne nationale d'étalonnage de gravimétrique de l'Iran (NGCLI10), 3) du réseau multi- observations géodésiques et gravimétriques de l'Iran (MPGGNI10). Le réseau gravimétrique absolu, comporte 24 stations où la mesure de la pesanteur a été réalisée à l'aide de gravimètres FG5, avec une précision meilleure que 5μ Gal. La répétition des observations sur deux sites entre 2000 et 2007 met en évidence des variations inter-annuelles de la pesanteur en relation avec l'évolution du contenu en eau du sous-sol et (ou) la déformation tectonique. Le réseau a servi de point d'appui pour la réalisation du réseau géodésique et gravimétrique MPGGNI10 de maille 55 km sur lequel a été mesuré la pesanteur à l'aide des gravimètres relatifs CG5 et CG-3/M, la hauteur de GPS et l'altitude avec une précision respectivement de 0.010 mGal, 0.03 m et 3mm km . La technique de retrait- restoration couplée à la méthode de condensation de Helmert a permis de calculer un nouveau modèle de géoïde gravimétrique, IRGeoid10, avec une précision absolue et relatif respectivement de l'ordre de 0.26m et 2.8 ppm. Ce géoïde est ajusté aux points GPS nivelés pour définir un nouveau référentiel des altitudes sur l'Iran.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614

tel-00627614
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627614/file/TheseYaghoubHatamDef.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : The dense hydrous magnesium silicate called the D phase is the most likely candidate to recycle hydrogen into the lower mantle in subduction zones. As seismology represents the preferred method to detect this mineral in subduction zones, the single crystal elastic tensor has been calculated using first principle methods. A triple cell (View the MathML source) was used to account for an ordered ideal composition of the D phase to lower mantle pressures. The elastic tensor of the mineral at ambient conditions is predicted to be C11 = 387.7, C33 = 287.7, C44 = 100.4, C12 = 108.0, C13 = 51.1, C14 = − 14.6 in GPa with bulk modulus at zero pressure Ko = 163 GPa and a statistical error of about 4.0 GPa for all constants. The pressure derivatives of the elastic constants have been determined to pressure of 80 GPa. Our tensor correctly predicts the published experimental measurements of linear compressibility along the a- and c-axes, the logarithmic pressure derivative of the c/a axial ratio and bulk modulus at zero pressure. It contradicts the experimentally measured elastic tensor reported by (Liu, L.-G., Okamoto, K., Yang, Y.-J., Chen, C.-C., Lin, C.-C., 2004. Elasticity of single-crystal phase D (a dense hydrous magnesium silicate) by Brillouin spectroscopy. Solid State Commun. 132, 517–520), which fails to reproduce the experimental compressibility data. Using the elastic constants and density predicted to 85 GPa, the seismic anisotropy of P- and S-waves has been calculated as a function of pressure. The single crystal has high P-wave velocities and shear wave splitting in the basal plane below 20 GPa. At high pressures, the maximum P-wave velocities have threefold symmetry normal to a-axes in the basal plane, whereas the maximum shear wave splitting is parallel to a-axes with twofold symmetry. The D phase has high Vp and Vs anisotropy at ambient pressure, 17.6% for Vp and 19.9% for Vs. The Vp anisotropy decreases with increasing pressure to about 30 GPa, while it remains constant at 8% from 30 to 85 GPa. The Vs anisotropy decreases to 17% at 20 GPa and then increases to 22% at 85 GPa. The isotropic velocity ratios of S to P (Rs/p), bulk sound to S (Rphi/s) and density to S (Rρ/s) are calculated as a function of pressure. The Rs/p shows very little variation with pressure with low value of 0.6, whereas both Rphi/s and Rρ/s increase with pressure to peak values of 2.8 and 2.0 respectively at about 60 GPa. The presence of the D phase in subducted horizontal ‘stagnant' plates in the circum Pacific could contribute to a number of seismic observations, such as the observed velocity heterogeneity at depths between 500 and 1000 km and the fast S-waves travelling horizontally with horizontal polarization in this depth range. Further the lower density of the D phase compared with anhydrous minerals could influence buoyancy of the hydrated ‘stagnant' slabs. The transformation of the D phase to perovskite plus ferripericlase during thermal annealing may be responsible for horizontal slab seismogenesis.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00406379
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406379
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.053

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The allocation and cycling of carbon (C) within forests is an important component of the biospheric C cycle, but is particularly understudied within tropical forests. We synthesise reported and unpublished results from three lowland rainforest sites in Amazonia (in the regions of Manaus, Tapajos and Caxiuana), all major sites of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Programme (LBA). We attempt a comprehensive synthesis of the C stocks, nutrient status and, particularly, the allocation and internal C dynamics of all three sites. The calculated net primary productivities (NPP) are 10.1 +/- 1.4 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) (Manaus), 14.4 +/- 1.3 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) (Tapajos) and 10.0 +/- 1.2 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) (Caxiuana). All errors bars report standard errors. Soil and leaf nutrient analyses indicate that Tapajos has significantly more plant-available phosphorus and calcium. Autotrophic respiration at all three sites (14.9-21.4 Mg C ha yr(-1)) is more challenging to measure, with the largest component and greatest source of uncertainty being leaf dark respiration. Comparison of measured soil respiration with that predicted from C cycling measurements provides an independent constraint. It shows general good agreement at all three sites, with perhaps some evidence for measured soil respiration being less than expected. Twenty to thirty percent of fixed C is allocated belowground. Comparison of gross primary productivity (GPP), derived from ecosystem flux measurements with that derived from component studies (NPP plus autotrophic respiration) provides an additional crosscheck. The two approaches are in good agreement, giving increased confidence in both approaches to estimating GPP. The ecosystem carbon-use efficiency (CUEs), the ratio of NPP to GPP, is similar at Manaus (0.34 +/- 0.10) and Caxiuana (0.32 +/- 0.07), but may be higher at Tapajos (0.49 +/- 0.16), although the difference is not significant. Old growth or infertile tropical forests may have low CUE compared with recently disturbed and/or fertile forests.
ISSN: 1354-1013

hal-01032150
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032150
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01780.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer/Terra Scientific Publishing Company
Résumé : International audience
We report oil the discovery of magnetite nanoparticles ranging in size from 2 to 14 full in the mineralized zones of the Pena Colorada iron-ore deposit, southern Mexico. Micrometric scale magnetite was magnetically reduced and divided into distinct size ranges: 85-56 mu m, 56-30 mu m, 30-22 mu m, 22-15 mu m, 15-10 mu m, 10-7 mu m and 7-2 mu m. Nanometric-scale magnetite in the size range 2-14 nm was identified. The magnetite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmitted and reflected light microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high angle annular dark field, Mossbauer spectroscopy and its magnetic properties. Crystallographic identification of nanostructures Was performed using high-resolution TEM. Characteristic changes were observed when the particles make the size transition from micro- to nanometric sizes, as follows: (1) frequency-dependent magnetic Susceptibility percentage (chi FD%) measurements Show high Values (13%) for the 2-14 nm fractions attributed to dominant fractions of superparamagnetic particles; (2) variations of chi FD% < 4.5% in fractions of 56-0.2 mu m occur in association with the presence of microparticles formed by magnetite aggregates of nanoparticles (< 15 nm) embedded in berthierine; (3) Mossbauer spectroscopy results identified a superparamagnetic fraction; (4) nanometric and 0.2-3 mu m grain size magnetite particles require a magnetic field up to 152 mT to reach saturation during the isothermal remanent magnetization experiment; (5) coercivity and remanent magnetization of the magnetite increase when the particle size decreases, probably due to parallel Coupling effects; (6) two-magnetic Susceptibility versus temperature experiments of the same 2-14 nm sample show that the reversibility during the second heating is due to the formation of new magnetite nanoparticles and growth of those already present. during the first heating process.
ISSN: 1343-8832

hal-00413053
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413053

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOP Publishing
Résumé : The 8th International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters (ICAG2009) took place at the headquarters of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) from September to October 2009. It was the first ICAG organized as a key comparison in the framework of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM MRA) (CIPM 1999). ICAG2009 was composed of a Key Comparison (KC) as defined by the CIPM MRA, organized by the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) and designated as CCM.G-K1. Participating gravimeters and their operators came from national metrology institutes (NMIs) or their designated institutes (DIs) as defined by the CIPM MRA. A Pilot Study (PS) was run in parallel in order to include gravimeters and their operators from other institutes which, while not signatories of the CIPM MRA, nevertheless play important roles in international gravimetry measurements. The aim of the CIPM MRA is to have international acceptance of the measurement capabilities of the participating institutes in various fields of metrology. The results of CCM.G-K1 thus constitute an accurate and consistent gravity reference traceable to the SI (International System of Units), which can be used as the global basis for geodetic, geophysical and metrological observations of gravity. The measurements performed afterwards by the KC participants can be referred to the international metrological reference, i.e. they are SI-traceable. The ICAG2009 was complemented by a number of associated measurements: the Relative Gravity Campaign (RGC2009), high-precision levelling and an accurate gravity survey in support of the BIPM watt balance project. The major measurements took place at the BIPM between July and October 2009. Altogether 24 institutes with 22 absolute gravimeters (one of the 22 AGs was ultimately withdrawn) and nine relative gravimeters participated in the ICAG/RGC campaign. This paper is focused on the absolute gravity campaign. We review the history of the ICAGs and present the organization, data processing and the final results of the ICAG2009. After almost thirty years of hosting eight successive ICAGs, the CIPM decided to transfer the responsibility for piloting the future ICAGs to NMIs, although maintaining a supervisory role through its Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities.
ISSN: 0026-1394

hal-00795520
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795520
DOI : 10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/666

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Water vapour is highly variable in the atmosphere with concentration reaching saturation in the tropics and with dry areas over elevated continental region. Good knowledge of the amount of integrated water vapour in the air is necessary to predict phase changes and in particular precipitation. Water vapour variability measurements are still insufficient with standard observing systems. Moreover accurate GPS antenna positioning is affected by the refractivity index variation in the troposphere. Consequently, vertical positioning component estimation is difficult. This variation is directly linked to distribution of variables such as pressure, temperature and humidity along the path between satellite and receiver. Here we study more specifically heavy rains et notably Cevenols events. This thesis work consists to check the GPS measurement validity to quantify water vapour in comparison with measurements from radiosoundings and meteorological model outputs. GPS observations and flux surface information have been analysed to see if water vapour quantification by GPS allowed characterising heavy rain events (cumulative rainfall amount greater than 150 mm). Then, we tested the GPS data assimilation impact on cumulative precipitation forecasts using the high resolution Meteo France AROME model (2.5 km). Finally the quality and the contribution of GPS measurement on sea is evaluated for water vapour measurement. This study has been realised in the framework of VAPIMED experiment.
La vapeur d'eau varie largement dans l'atmosphère avec des concentrations allant de la saturation dans les tropiques à des zones presque sèches au-dessus des zones continentales élevées. Une bonne connaissance du contenu en vapeur d'eau dans l'air est nécessaire pour la prévision des changements de phases, notamment les précipitations. La mesure de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau est une lacune des systèmes d'observation. Par ailleurs, il est apparu que le positionnement précis des antennes GPS était affecté par la variation de l'indice de réfraction dans la troposphère, ce qui rend particulièrement difficile l'estimation de la composante verticale. Cette variation est directement liée à la distribution des variables pression, température et humidité sur les trajets satellite-récepteur. On s'intéresse ici à l'étude des précipitations intenses et notamment aux épisodes Cévenols. Ce travail de thèse consiste à vérifier la validité de la mesure GPS pour la quantification de la vapeur d'eau en la comparant avec des mesures issues de radiosondage et des sorties de modèle météorologique. On cherche à analyser si la quantification de vapeur d'eau par GPS permet de caractériser les forts événements précipitants (cumuls supérieurs à 150 mm) à l'aide d'observations conjointes sur les flux de surface. On étudie ensuite l'impact de l'assimilation de données GPS issues d'un réseau GPS dense sur la prévision des cumuls de pluies dans le modèle à hauterésolution (2.5 km) AROME de Météo France. Finalement on évalue la qualité et l'apport de la mesure de vapeur d'eau par GPS en mer dans le cadre d'une campagne de mesure VAPIMED).
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444081

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-00444081
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444081
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444081/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444081/file/These_KBoniface.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Advances in groundwater storage monitoring are crucial for water resource management and hydrological processes understanding. The evaluation of water storage changes (WSC) often involve point measurements (observation wells, moisture probes, etc.), which may be inappropriate in heterogeneous media. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of gravimetry for hydrological studies. In the framework of the GHYRAF (Gravity and Hydrology inAfrica) project, 3 yr of repeated absolute gravity measurements using a FG5-type gravimeter have been undertaken at Nalohou, a Sudanian site in northern Benin. Hydrological data are collected within the long-term observing system AMMA-Catch. Once corrected for solid earth tides, ocean loading, air pressure effects, polar motion contribution and non-local hydrology, seasonal gravity variations reach up to 11 μGal, equivalent to a WSC of 260-mm thick infinite layer of water. Absolute temporal gravity data are compared to WSC deduced from neutron probe and water-table variations through a direct modelling approach. First, we use neutronic measurements available for the whole vertical profile where WSC occur (the vadose zone and a shallow unconfined aquifer). The RMSD between observed and modelled gravity variations is 1.61 μGal, which falls within the error bars of the absolute gravity data. Second, to acknowledge for the spatial variability of aquifer properties, we use a 2-D model for specific yield (Sy) derived from resistivity mapping and Magnetic Resonance Soundings (MRS). The latter provides a water content (θMRS) known to be higher than the specific yield. Hence, we scaled the 2-D model of θMRS with a single factor (α). WSC are calculated from water-table monitoring in the aquifer layer and neutronic measurements in the vadose layer. The value of α is obtained with aMonte-Carlo sampling approach, minimizing the RMSD between modelled and observed gravity variations. This leads to α = Sy/θMRS = 0.63 ± 0.15, close to what is found in the literature on the basis of pumping tests experiments, with a RMSD value of 0.94 μGal. This hydrogeophysical experiment is a first step towards the use of time-lapse gravity data as an integrative tool to monitor interannual WSC even in complicated subsurface distribution.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00821181
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00821181
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggt146

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
Résumé : In this report we present the results of laboratory measurements carried out to explore the electrical properties of gabbroic and troctolitic samples from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole U1309D in the Atlantis Massif, an oceanic core complex located at 30°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Oceanic core complexes are presumably localized in portions of heterogeneous oceanic crust that are relatively rich in igneous rocks and are the locus of significant hydrothermal activity. Electrical properties of igneous rocks are used to discuss the rocks' porosity structure as a function of mineralogy, alteration processes, and deformation. Electrical properties of the gabbroic suites sampled during IODP Expedition 304/305 can contribute to the understanding of these processes in the Atlantis Massif. We present the full suite of electrical data together with density and porosity measurements on the same suite of samples.
ISSN: 1930-1014

hal-00464179
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00464179
DOI : 10.2204/iodp.proc.304305.204.2009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Previous work has demonstrated that geoelectrical measurements, acquired either along the Earth’s surface or in boreholes, can be sensitive to the presence of fractures. However, a lack of numerical approaches that are well suited to modelling electric current flow in fractured media prevents us from systematically exploring the links between geoelectrical measurements and fractured rock properties. To address this issue, we present a highly computationally efficient methodology for the numerical simulation of geoelectrical data in 2.5-D in complex fractured domains. Our approach is based upon a discrete-dual-porosity formulation, whereby the fractures and rock matrix are treated separately and coupled through the exchange of electric current between them. We first validate our methodology against standard analytical and finite-element solutions. Subsequent use of the approach to simulate geoelectrical data for a variety of different fracture configurations demonstrates the sensitivity of these data to important parameters such as the fracture density, depth, and orientation.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01622151
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622151
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622151/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622151/file/sanzGJI2017.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggx080

Éditeur(s) : Universite Montpellier II
Résumé : Since 1980, the expansion of a green macro-alga: Valonia aegagropila (C Agardh) is observed in Salses-Leucate lagoon (France). It is currently distributed in the north of the lagoon with important biomasses (40 gDW/m²) eroding the cover of Zostera noltii. The free form of the alga can be transported with the surface or bottom currents depending on seasons. It multiplies mainly by vegetative reproduction. There are few studies on the ecophysiological capacities of V. aegagropila. This work tries to answer why (physiological adaptation) and how (mechanical process of transport) the alga invaded the lagoon, with an approach including observations, experiments in controlled environment and biological and hydrodynamic models. The growth capacities depend on temperature and light intensities, the nutrients absorption rates and internal nitrogen and phosphorus internal quotas were measured and modelled using a Droop model based on internal quota. Vertically transport was studied with laboratory experiments and measurements of biomass transport were made into the lagoon. The biological model (growth, vertical transport, mortality) was coupled to the MARS 3D hydrodynamic model with a meshgrid of 160m. The results show an adaptation of the alga to low availability of phosphorus and an annual growth of biomass controlled by the availability of nutrient during winter. The alga seems to occupy the whole zones where growth is optimal and the risk of invasion of the southern part of the lagoon is limited. This work opens on research prospects on an ecological model (confronting physiological capacities and competition of V. aegagropila, Zostera noltii, green algae and primary production), new physiological experiments, ecological observations and potential valorisation of V. aegagropila.
Depuis 1980, est observée dans l'étang de Salses-Leucate l'expansion d'une macro-algue verte : Valonia aegagropila (C. Agardh). En 2004, elle était présente sur la presque totalité de la moitié nord de la lagune avec des biomasses importantes (jusqu'à 600 gPS/m²). L'algue envahit et érode également la couverture d'herbiers garant de la biodiversité, de la productivité et de la stabilité de l'écosystème. V. aegagropila se reproduit essentiellement de manière végétative (fragmentation des thalles) et possède la particularité de retenir de l'oxygène de la photosynthèse dans sa structure sphérique. Cet oxygène piégé lui donne la possibilité de mouvement sur la verticale et d'être transportée dans le domaine par les courants. Les conditions physico-chimiques de l'étang présentent de fortes variations saisonnières en salinité, en température et en turbidité, ainsi que des apports nutritifs faibles : la production primaire est principalement limitée par le phosphore. Il existe malheureusement peu d'informations sur V. aegagropila ainsi que trop peu de connaissances sur son écophysiologie. Elle semble vivre dans des milieux plutôt oligotrophe dans des régions tropicales à sub-tropicales. Ce travail basé sur une approche d'observations de terrain, d'expérimentations en milieu contrôlé (en laboratoire) et de modélisation des processus, a permis d'une part d'explorer les capacités adaptatives physiologiques de V. aegagropila aux conditions environnementales de l'étang et d'autre part de mettre à jour les modes de fonctionnement de la dynamique spatio-temporelle de la population. Les capacités de croissance ont été mesurées sur un large spectre de température et de lumière. Les capacités d'absorption des sels nutritifs dans l'eau et les facultés de l'algue à stocker l'azote et le phosphore dans ses tissus ont également été étudiées. D'autre part, un modèle de dynamique des populations a été conceptualisé puis développé. Les processus pris en compte dans ce modèle sont la croissance de l'algue (modèle à quota interne), la flottabilité de l'algue et la mortalité par surdensité. Ces processus ont été paramétrés en majeure partie par des expérimentations réalisées en laboratoire. Ce modèle 0D a par la suite était couplé au modèle hydrodynamique MARS3D (modèle Ifremer) mis en place sur la lagune de Salses-Leucate, utilisant deux grilles de calcul (160m ou de 80m de résolution). Les simulations réalisées permettent d'appréhender les capacités spatio-temporelles de la croissance de l'algue dans l'étang, le turnover annuel de la biomasse totale et les attracteurs de biomasse du système sous différents évènements météorologiques. Ces résultats sont comparés avec les répartitions cartographiques de la population observées in situ en 1999 et 2004 et des flux de biomasses mesurés au cours d'observations de terrain entre juin 2003 et septembre 2004. L'ensemble des résultats montre d'une part une adaptation de l'algue à évoluer dans un milieu pauvre en phosphore et d'autre part une croissance annuelle de la biomasse totale qui est principalement contrôlée par les apports hivernaux en sels nutritifs dans la lagune. Les résultats des simulations montrent également que V. aegagropila semble occuper à présent la majeure partie des zones favorables à sa croissance. Il est également montré que si sa capacité de mouvement peut favoriser la dispersion d'individus dans la lagune et accélérer la croissance de la population pour de faibles biomasses initiales, cette même capacité de mouvement joue plutôt un rôle de régulation de la population lorsque la biomasse totale devient importante. On peut penser que le risque de colonisation de l'herbier à zostère de la partie sud de la lagune (bassin de Salses) est limité. Ce travail ouvre enfin des perspectives de recherche sur l'amélioration du modèle de dynamique des populations de l'espèce, sur de nouvelles expérimentations à réaliser ou encore sur la surveillance écologique du milieu. Des propositions sont faites pour concevoir un modèle écologique confrontant les capacités physiologiques des macrophytes (algues vertes, Valonia et zostères) afin d'apréhender les phénomènes de compétitions et les modes de fonctionnement du réseau trophique de la lagune de Salses- Leucate. Des pistes sur la valorisation de la matière algale de V. aegagropila sont enfin proposées.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/these-2453.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2453/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Mongolia represents the northernmost area affected by the India–Asia collision, and it is actively deformed along transpressive belts closely associated with large-scale strike-slip faults. The active and past mantle flow beneath this region is, however, poorly known. In order to investigate deep mantle deformation beneath central Mongolia and its relation with the surrounding major structures such as the Siberian craton, the Gobi–Altay belt and the Baikal rift, a NS-trending profile of broadband seismic stations has been deployed in the summer 2003 from the southern Siberian craton to the Gobi–Altay range, crossing the entire Hangay dome. Mantle flow is deduced from the splitting of teleseismic shear waves such as SKS phases. In eastern Mongolia, the permanent station ULN in Ulaanbaatar reveals the presence of two anisotropic layers, the upper one being oriented NE–SW, close to the trend of lithospheric structures and the lower one NW–SE, close to the trend of Eurasia absolute plate motion. Along the NS profile in central Mongolia, seismic anisotropy deduced from SKS splitting reveals a homogeneous NW–SE trending structure, fully consistent with the observations made in the Altay–Sayan in western Mongolia. The observed delay times of 1.5 to more than 2.0 s favor consistent mantle flow over large mantle thicknesses. Since the lithosphere is less than 100 km thick beneath central Mongolia and since the observed fast directions are parallel to the trend of the lithospheric structures but also close to the trend of the absolute plate motion, we propose that both the lithosphere and the asthenosphere may join their anisotropic effects beneath central Mongolia to explain the large delay times. Although GPS vectors represent the instantaneous displacement of the Earth's surface and SKS splitting the time and vertical integration of finite strain at depth, we use the opportunity of the dense geodetic measurements available in this region to discuss the anisotropy pattern in term of present-day deformation. In the Eurasia-fixed reference frame, GPS and SKS both depict a similar trend beneath central Mongolia, suggesting a lithospheric block “escaping” toward the east that could orient olivine a-axes in the upper mantle, within a transpressive tectonic regime. A different behaviour is observed in western Mongolia: the GPS vectors trend NS, close to the regional compression direction, whereas the fast SKS directions trend EW, suggesting a tectonic regime close to a mode of axial shortening, generating the development of an EW-trending foliation at depth. We therefore propose that Mongolia is a place where active and frozen lithospheric deformation may add their effects, together with the sublithospheric flow. In the three sources of anisotropy inferred, a fundamental role is played by the Siberian craton that acted as an undeformable core of the continent through time: the frozen Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures wrap around the craton, building up the fast anisotropic direction pattern; the present-day sublithospheric flow induced by the plate motion is likely deflecting around its deep roots; finally, the present-day tectonic regime appears to be controlled by the presence of the craton to the north.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00407853
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407853
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407853/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407853/file/Barruol_SKS_Mongolia_EPSL2008_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.027

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD European Geosciences Union
Résumé : International audience
The Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory Cévennes-Vivarais (OHM-CV) coordinates hydrometeorological observations (radars, rain gauges, water level stations) on a regional scale in southeastern France. In the framework of OHM-CV, temporary GPS measurements have been carried out for 2 months in autumn 2002, when the heaviest rainfall are expected. These measurements increase the spatial density of the existing permanent GPS network, by adding three more receivers between the Mediterranean coast and the Cévennes-Vivarais range to monitor maritime source of water vapour flow feeding the precipitating systems over the Cévennes-Vivarais region. In addition, a local network of 18 receivers covered an area of 30 by 30 km within the field of view of the meteorological radar. These regional and local networks of permanent and temporary stations are used to monitor the precipitable water vapour (PWV) with high temporal resolution (15 min). Also, the dense local network provided data which have been inverted using tomographic techniques to obtain the 3-D field of tropospheric water vapour content. This study presents methodological tests for retrieving GPS tropospheric observations from dense networks, with the aim of assessing the uncertainties of GPS retrievals. Using optimal tropospheric GPS retrieval methods, high resolution measurements of PWV on a local scale (a few kilometres) are discussed for rain events. Finally, the results of 3-D fields of water vapour densities from GPS tomography are analysed with respect to precipitation fields derived from a meteorological radar, showing a good correlation between precipitation and water vapour depletion areas.
ISSN: 1867-1381

hal-01022833
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01022833
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01022833/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01022833/file/amt-7-553-2014.pdf
DOI : 10.5194/amt-7-553-2014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The kinetics of hydrogenation of dry iron-bearing olivine single crystals was determined by performing hydration experiments under hydrothermal conditions at high pressure. The experiments were performed in a multi-anvil press at 3 GPa, for a temperature range between 900 and 1200 °C and for various durations. The oxygen fugacity was buffered along Ni-NiO joint. Polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and recent empirical calibration were used to quantify the hydroxyl distributions in the samples along crystallographic axes after the experiments. The chemical diffusion coefficients are similar (barely slower) than in olivine hydrated at lower pressure (0.2 and 0.3 GPa) for the same diffusion mechanism. Under the given experimental conditions, the anisotropy of diffusion is the same as for proton-vacancy mechanism, with diffusion along the [0 0 1] axis faster than along the [1 0 0]. However, the anisotropy at 3 GPa is weaker compared to measurements at lower pressures and the analysis of concentration profiles using 3D models shows that an isotropic solution could also be relevant. Fits of the diffusion data to an Arrhenius law yield activation energies for the slightly faster [0 0 1] axis of the crystallographic axes around 198 ± 5 kJ mol−1, a value only slightly lower than the results from previous experimental studies for natural iron-bearing olivine hydrogenated at lower confining pressure. At 3 GPa, hydrogenation can be well approximated by a single mechanism controlled by coupled diffusion of protons and octahedral vacancies (di- and tri-valent ions). The diffusion rates are fast enough to alter hydrogen concentration within olivine in xenoliths ascending from the mantle or experiencing hydrogen-rich metasomatism events, but too slow to permit complete homogenization of hydrogen in olivine-rich rocks at kilometer scale in less than one My.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-01412663
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01412663
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2016.08.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
P>The Strait of Hormuz area is a transition zone between the continental collision of the Zagros (west) and the subduction of an oceanic part of the Arabian Plate beneath the Makran wedge (east). Geology and recent GPS measurements indicate that about 15 mm yr-1 of relative motion in N10 degrees E direction is accommodated by two major fault systems: (1) the NNW-trending Minab-Zendan-Palami (MZP) fault system that connects the Main Zagros Thrust (MZT) to the inner Makran thrust system and the Frontal subduction thrust and (2) the N-trending Sabzevaran-Kahnuj-Jiroft (SKJ) fault system that bounds the Jazmurian depression to the west. We use dense GPS measurements along four transects across these fault systems in order to determine the strains spatial distribution. The northern GPS transect confirms the total fault slip rates for both fault systems estimated by the tectonic analyses (about 10 and 7.3 mm yr-1 in N10 degrees direction across the MZP and SKJ fault systems, respectively). For both fault systems, the elastic deformation spreads over shear zones that are several tens of kilometres wide. However, transects located close to latitude 27 degrees N reveal a much narrower shear zone (similar to 10 km) for the MZP fault system. Moreover, we confirm that most of the present-day strain is transferred towards the frontal subduction thrust rather than towards the inner Makran thrusts. In order to complement this new GPS velocity field with spatially dense measurements, we processed a set of ERS radar images by the radar interferometry (InSAR) technique. We used both a 'stacking' and a 'persistant-scatterers' approach to differentiate the ground deformation signal which spatial gradient is expected to be very low, from the atmospheric signal. Results from these interferograms appear to be relatively in agreement with the GPS-determined strain distribution. Nevertheless, they confirm the absence of any superficial creep behaviour since no sharp discontinuity on interferometric phase can be noted on any interferogram. Finally, we use a purely kinematic 'block model' inversion process to calculate slip rates and locking depths for each fault system from our GPS measurements. These models suggest that the relative quiescence over the last 200 yr has certainly produced a slip deficit as high as 2 m. So, we may wonder if the MZP fault system is not late in the interseismic phase of its earthquake cycle.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00429386
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00429386
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04321.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
We examine absolute gravity (AG) and vertical Global Positioning System (GPS) time series between 1995 and 2010 at eight collocated sites in mid-continent North America. The comparison of AG and GPS rates aligned to ITRF2005 yields a gravity/uplift ratio of -0.17 +/- 0.01 mu Gal mm(-1) (1 mu Gal = 10 nm s(-2)) and an intercept of -0.1 +/- 0.5 mm yr(-1). In contrast, aligning the GPS velocities to ITRF2000 results in a gravity/uplift intercept of -1.3 +/- 0.5 mm yr(-1). The near-zero gravity/uplift offset for the ITRF2005 (or ITRF2008) results shows a good alignment of the GPS vertical velocities to Earth's center of mass, and confirms that GPS velocities in this reference frame can be compared to predictions of geodynamic processes such as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) or sea-level rise. The observed gravity/uplift ratio is consistent with GIA model predictions. The ratio remains constant in regions of fast and slow uplift, indicating that GIA is the primary driving process and that additional processes such as local hydrology have a limited impact on a decadal time-scale. Combining AG and GPS measurements can provide significant constraints for geodetic, geodynamic, and hydrological studies. Citation: Mazzotti, S., A. Lambert, J. Henton, T. S. James, and N. Courtier (2011), Absolute gravity calibration of GPS velocities and glacial isostatic adjustment in mid-continent North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24311, doi:10.1029/2011GL049846.
ISSN: 0094-8276

hal-00689010
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00689010
DOI : 10.1029/2011GL049846

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
The benefit of assimilating high spatial and temporal resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) observations within a high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) system is evaluated during IOP 9 of the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) campaign. In the framework of the international COPS field experiment, which took place from June to August 2007, a dense GPS network was deployed in the Vosges mountain region in eastern France and in the Black Forest region in southwestern Germany. GPS ZTD observations collected during the COPS field campaign, in addition to the European operational GPS data, are assimilated into the AROME/3D-Var system. We investigate the impact of assimilating these GPS ZTD observations on the forecast of convective systems that travelled over eastern France during the three days of COPS IOP 9 (18-20 July 2007). The results show a clear positive impact on short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts when GPS ZTD observations are assimilated. The impact is most important on 19 July 2007 (IOP 9b). The present study benefits from additional validation measurements collected during the COPS campaign. In particular we find that the assimilation of ZTD data induces changes in the low-to-middle tropospheric water vapour vertical structure that are consistent with water vapour measurements from radiosonde and airborne lidar. As most of the improvement is gained by assimilating GPS ZTD observations from the European operational GPS network, this study opens up encouraging horizons for the assimilation of GPS ZTD in new high-resolution operational NWP systems
ISSN: 0035-9009

hal-00424350
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00424350
DOI : 10.1002/qj.508

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We present a new set of brittle microtectonic measurements carried out in the Pliocene and Quaternary rocks outcropping in several key sectors of the western Betic and Rif orogen, the so-called Gibraltar orogenic arc. This data set, along with available earthquake focal mechanisms and borehole breakouts, allowed us to compile the Pliocene and Quaternary stress map of this area. This map provides new constraints for tectonic models and the present-day tectonic activity of the proposed active eastward subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the Gibraltar Arc and roll-back. The horizontal maximum compressive stress (S-Hmax) is NW-SE in the Betic Orogen and N-S/NNW-SSE in the southern Rif Cordillera. There is a significant consistency between S-Hmax and the displacement field deduced from GPS measurements with respect to the African plate: both appear to reflect the NW-SE convergence between the African and the European plates that is perturbed in the Rif. We propose that part of the eastern Rif behaves as a quasi-rigid block welded to the stable African plate. This block is bounded by important faults that localized most of the deformation disturbing the stress and surface displacement field. Pliocene to Quaternary N-S to NW-SE Africa-Europe plate convergence seem to be associated to the reorganization of the remnant Early Miocene subduction system in a continental-continental collision framework. Three-dimensional reconstruction of available seismic tomography plotted against the intermediate seismicity shows that only part of the old subduction system, whose orientation ranges from N20 degrees E to N100 degrees E, remains active: the portion ranging from N30 degrees E to N40 degrees E, orthogonal to the regional convergence. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0264-3707

hal-00671033
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00671033
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2010.12.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany) Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Recent mathematical calculations allow us to define set fracture intensity (I), i.e., the amount of rock mass affected by fracture sets, independently of the investigation mode. This parameter, characteristic of each rock mass, is of much interest to describe the mechanical response of the rock mass to external influences. The aim of this work is to apply these mathematical equations on one site using measurements of three distinct fracture sets: (1) on a plane surface, (2) along a scanline, and (3) using borehole imaging, in order to evaluate and explain variability in collected data. Even if the three types of measurements give differences on absolute intensity values, they still define similar trends, i.e., the order of the fracturing impact of joint sets is the same from the three measurement methods, irrespective of the fact that obtained values are quite different from one survey method to another. We discuss the possible origins of these biases.
ISSN: 1435-9529

hal-01121556
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121556
DOI : 10.1007/s10064-014-0572-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Résumé : International audience
We describe the structure, microstructure, and petrophysical properties of fault rocks from two normal fault zones formed in low-porosity turbiditic arkosic sandstones, in deep diagenesis conditions similar to those of deeply buried reservoirs. These fault rocks are characterized by a foliated fabric and quartz-calcite sealed veins, which formation resulted from the combination of the (1) pressure solution of quartz, (2) intense fracturing sealed by quartz and calcite cements, and (3) neoformation of synkinematic white micas derived from the alteration of feldspars and chlorite. Fluid inclusion microthermometry in quartz and calcite cements demonstrates fault activity at temperatures of 195degC to 268degC. Permeability measurements on plugs oriented parallel with the principal axes of the finite strain ellipsoid show that the Y axis (parallel with the foliation and veins) is the direction of highest permeability in the foliated sandstone (10-2 md for Y against 10-3 md for X, Z, and the protolith, measured at a confining pressure of 20 bars). Microstructural observations document the localization of the preferential fluid path between the phyllosilicate particles forming the foliation. Hence, the direction of highest permeability in these fault rocks would be parallel with the fault and subhorizontal, that is, perpendicular to the slickenlines representing the local slip direction on the fault surface. We suggest that a similar relationship between kinematic markers and fault rock permeability anisotropy may be found in other fault zone types (reverse or strike-slip) affecting feldspar-rich lithologies in deep diagenesis conditions.
ISSN: 0149-1423

hal-00903428
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903428
DOI : 10.1306/03071312127