Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Within the framework of the international field campaign COPS (Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study), a large suite of state-of-the-art meteorological instrumentation was operated, partially combined for the first time. This includes networks of in situ and remote-sensing systems such as the Global Positioning System as well as a synergy of multi-wavelength passive and active remote-sensing instruments such as advanced radar and lidar systems. The COPS field phase was performed from 01 June to 31 August 2007 in a low-mountain area in southwestern Germany/eastern France covering the Vosges mountains, the Rhine valley and the Black Forest mountains. The collected dataset covers the entire evolution of convective precipitation events in complex terrain from their initiation, to their development and mature phase until their decay. Eighteen Intensive Observations Periods with 37 operation days and eight additional Special Observations Periods were performed, providing a comprehensive dataset covering different forcing conditions. In this article, an overview of the COPS scientific strategy, the field phase, and its first accomplishments is given. Highlights of the campaign are illustrated with several measurement examples. It is demonstrated that COPS research provides new insight into key processes leading to convection initiation and to the modification of precipitation by orography, in the improvement of quantitative precipitation forecasting by the assimilation of new observations, and in the performance of ensembles of convection-permitting models in complex terrain.
ISSN: 0035-9009

hal-00565513
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565513
DOI : 10.1002/qj.752

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article invite à un examen des enjeux du développement durable dans les petites économies insulaires en développement. Notre propos se décline en trois points. Après avoir rappelé les spécificités de ces entités insulaires (exiguïté, éloignement/isolement, vulnérabilité), nous analysons ensuite les caractéristiques sociétales qui leur sont couramment prêtées (qualité du substrat social : homogénéité culturelle, sociabilité, propension à l’action collective, etc.) et leur contribution à la durabilité du développement. Nous nous interrogeons dès lors sur le caractère résilient de ces déterminants sociaux dans la mesure où ils peuvent permettre la mise en place de projets et de stratégies effectives de développement durable. Enfin, notre réflexion prend appui sur quelques exemples concrets dans la Caraïbe mettant en relation le contexte social local et les actions de développement durable engagées. Selon les cas, ce socle social territorial peut être appréhendé comme un facteur de blocage ou un moteur de développement durable.
Our article deals with sustainable development in the context of small islands developping states (SIDS). Our article unfolds in three steps. First, we diagnose the disadvantages SIDS usually face to (small size, remoteness, vulnerability). Second, we analyse some societal features commonly described as strong characteristics of ‘islandness’ (social links, cultural homogeneity, sociability, propensity to collective action etc.) and their contribution to sustainable development. We then consider these social determinants as factors of resilience. Third, we discuss specific management projects in the Caribbean showing the role of local co-ordination in promoting (or hindering) effective sustainable development strategies.
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Jamaïque

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3443

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Mammalian spermatogenesis, which takes place in complex testicular structures called seminiferous tubules, is a highly specialized process controlled by the integration of juxtacrine, paracrine and endocrine information. Within the seminiferous tubules, the germ cells and Sertoli cells are surrounded by testicular fluid (TF), which probably contains most of the secreted proteins involved in crosstalk between these cells. It has already been established that germ cells can modulate somatic Sertoli cell function through the secretion of diffusible factors. We studied the germ cell secretome, which was previously considered inaccessible, by analyzing the TF collected by microsurgery in an "integrative omics" strategy combining proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics and interactomics data. This approach identified a set of proteins preferentially secreted by Sertoli cells or germ cells. An interaction network analysis revealed complex, interlaced cell-cell dialog between the secretome and membranome of seminiferous cells, mediated via the TF. We then focused on germ cell-secreted candidate proteins, and we identified several potential interacting partners located on the surface of Sertoli cells. Two interactions, APOH/CDC42 and APP/NGFR, were validated in situ, in a proximity ligation assay (PLA). Our results provide new insight into the crosstalk between germ cells and Sertoli cells occurring during spermatogenesis. Our findings also demonstrate that this "integrative omics" strategy is powerful enough for data mining and highlighting meaningful cell-cell communication events between different types of cells in a complex tissue, via a biological fluid. This integrative strategy could be applied more widely, to gain access to secretomes that have proved difficult to study whilst avoiding the limitations of in vitro culture.
PLoS ONE

hal-01063901
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063901
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0104418
PUBMED : 25111155

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Installation and maintenance of FADs by the Government of Guam began in 1979, initially with funding from the Salstonstall-Kennedy Act through the Pacific Tuna Development Foundation. Current funding for the Guam FAD project is provided through the Dingell-Johnson/Wallop-Breaux Sport Fish Restoration programme, a Federal Aid Project funded by taxes collected on the purchase of fishing equipment and motorboat fuels nationwide. There are now sixteen operational FAD sites in Guam's waters. At a cost of approximately US$10,000 per system, concern for the rising costs of replacing and maintaining FAD systems has prompted the Department of Agriculture's Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (DAWR) to investigate alternative FAD maintenance strategies and system design. Several cost-cutting measures being considered include the use of reliable solar-powered navigation lights to reduce the number of maintenance trips required, and switching to a newer generation of lighter, more durable buoys and mooring systems. Average time on station for a dawr fad system is nearing two years. Interestingly, in most cases where an errant system is recovered, the failure in the mooring system was observed to occur at a depth from 35 to 500 metres. These observations have led to speculation that additional protection of the mooring line down to 500 m may result in doubling the average time on station of most FAD systems.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15324/12650.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15324/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La cinematografía contemporánea es uno de los vehículos de difusión privilegiados en las sociedades de consumo actuales. Se considera relevante reconocer la manera en que esta construye sus mensajes y se posiciona en el imaginario social. Los filmes The Bling Ring (2013) de la norteamericana Sofia Coppola, Les derniers jours du monde (2009) de los hermanos franceses Arnaud y Jean-Marie Larrieu y The Great Gatsby (2013) del australiano Baz Luhrmann, tienen como punto en común la incursión en un mundo de lujos y ostentación. El análisis privilegia determinados pasajes textuales, los cuales permiten identificar los elementos constitutivos, las estrategias visuales y los valores sociales que los tres productos cinematográficos emplean en la representación del campo de la sobreabundancia. A pesar de la diversidad de contextos socioculturales, el objetivo es el de reconocer las afinidades textuales al exponer estos ámbitos exclusivos y señalar qué preocupaciones simbólicas y sociales manifiestan.
In current consumer societies, cinematography plays a privileged role as a spreading vehicle. So, it is relevant to recognize how films build their messages and fix in the social imaginary. The The Bling Ring film (2013), by American Sofia Coppola; Les Derniers Jours du monde (2009), by French brothers Arnaud and Jean -Marie Larrieu; and The Great Gatsby (2013), by Australian Baz Luhrmann, have in common the exploration of a luxurious and ostentatious world. The analysis focusses on certain text passages, allowing the identification of constituent elements, visual strategies and social values used by these three films in the representation of the overabundance field. Despite the diversity of cultural contexts, the goal is to recognize textual affinities on exposing these exclusive spaces, and to point out the expressed symbolic and social concerns.
La cinématographie contemporaine est l'un des modes privilégiés de diffusion dans les sociétés de consommation actuelles. Il est essentiel de connaître la manière dont se construisent ses messages et comment ils se positionnent dans l’imaginaire social. Les films The Bling Ring (2013), de l´Américaine Sofia Coppola, Les derniers jours du monde (2009) des frères français Arnaud y Jean-Marie Larrieu et The Great Gatsby (2013) de l'Australien Baz Luhrmann, ont pour point commun l'incursion dans le monde du luxe et de l’ostentation. L'analyse privilégie des passages textuels déterminés qui permettent d'identifier les éléments constitutifs, les stratégies visuelles et les valeurs sociales que les trois textes cinématographiques emploient dans la construction de la représentation de la surabondance. Après avoir exposé leurs domaines exclusifs et souligné leurs préoccupations symboliques et sociales, l’objectif est d’identifier leurs affinités textuelles à travers la diversité de contextes socioculturels présentés.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7331
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7331

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
(definition, qualities social and/or world) as technological media of the innovation, we shall wonder about the stakes and the impacts of these in the alternative strategies of collective intelligence, as community stand.This brings us to invest more profoundly the community innovation in sustainable development, by a concrete ground : association of ecocitizenship of the Bay of Arcachon., Ecocitizens of the Bay of Arcachon, the association integrated into the CEBA, the Coordination Environment Association of the Bay of Arcachon wich account 29 associations of environnemental protection on the Bay of Arcachon. Our subject is to show from the appropriation of ICTS and new modes of existence of the technical objects that the social innovation is born and diversifies in a intercultural way from complex hybridizations between economic concerns, relations with public authorities and social utility. Does not this define a new imagination of the innovation and the change where the individual via the groups has a renewed responsibility and which sometimes is to be re-qualified ?
Dans cet article, après un état des lectures sur les réseaux, base de notre cadre méthodologique (définition, type, qualités sociaux et/ou mondiaux) en tant que supports technologiques de l’innovation, nous nous interrogerons sur les enjeux et les impacts de ceux-ci dans les stratégies alternatives d’intelligence collective, en tant que prise de position communautaire. Ceci nous amène à investir plus profondément l’innovation communautaire en développement durable, par un terrain concret : association d’écocitoyenneté du Bassin d’Arcachon, Ecocitoyens du Bassin d’Arcachon, association intégrée à la CEBA l’Association Coordination Environnement du Bassin d’Arcachon qui compte 29 associations de protection de l’environnement sur le Bassin d’Arcachon Notre propos est de montrer à partir de l’appropriation des TIC et de nouveaux modes d’existence des objets techniques que l’innovation sociale naît et se diversifie de façon interculturelle à partir d’hybridations complexes entre préoccupations économiques, relations avec les pouvoirs publics et utilité sociale.Ceci ne définit-il pas un nouvel imaginaire de l’innovation et du changement où l’individu via les groupes a une responsabilité renouvelée et qui est parfois à requalifier ?
Les écosystèmes numériques et la démocratisation informationnelle : Intelligence collective, Développement durable, Interculturalité, Transfert de connaissances
Schoelcher, France

hal-01258348
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01258348
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01258348/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01258348/file/Catherine%20PASCAL.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Comme dans d’autres régions du monde, la croissance démographique et l’aménagement côtier sur le littoral acadien au Nouveau-Brunswick contribuent à une plus grande vulnérabilité et à la détérioration des espaces côtiers et environnements littoraux. L’élévation du niveau marin et les effets des changements climatiques rendent les côtes du Nouveau-Brunswick extrêmement sensibles et entrainent des impacts de plus en plus importants. Ainsi, l’adaptation aux changements climatiques constitue un enjeu de taille pour la province.Nous décrivons ici les résultats d’une étude comparative sur les expériences et les stratégies d’adaptation de deux communautés côtières, les communautés de Cocagne - Grande Digue et de Beaubassin-Est - Cap Pelé. Les deux territoires ont en commun d’avoir des littoraux convoités par le tourisme et le secteur immobilier. Des entretiens semi-dirigés et des groupes de discussion (focus groups) ont permis d’obtenir des informations sur les thématiques suivantes : l’expérience des modifications environnementales, les mesures d’adaptation initiées individuellement ou collectivement, les réactions et les besoins futurs. Les résultats de l’étude mettent en évidence l’enchâssement des aspects économiques et sociétaux dans les enjeux environnementaux et le rôle des représentations et des acteurs qui déterminent le niveau de mobilisation. Enfin, le projet souligne l’importance d’une coordination entre les différentes échelles de gouvernance.
As in other parts of the world, population growth and coastal planning on New Brunswick’s Acadian coastline are contributing to greater vulnerability and deterioration of the natural environment. The rise in sea level and the effects of climate change make the coasts of New Brunswick extremely sensitive, leading to impacts that are increasingly larger. Thus, adaptation to climate change is a major challenge for the province.Here, we describe the results of a comparative study of the experiences and coping strategies of two coastal communities: Cocagne – Grande-Digue and Beaubassin East – Cap-Pelé. Both these territories attract tourism and real estate investors. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were used to obtain information on the following topics: the experience of environmental change, adaptation measures initiated individually or collectively, reactions and future needs. Results of the study highlight the entrenchment of economic and societal aspects of environmental issues and the role of representations and stakeholders that determine the level of mobilization. Finally, the project emphasizes the importance of coordination between the different levels of governance.
Acadie
Nouveau-Brunswick

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6663
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6663

Résumé : This guide is intended to facilitate the implementation of specifications for marine environmental monitoring in New Caledonia. It is intended for public or private environmental actors. He provides a set of information on marine monitoring: summary of environmental regulations and the practical implications, definitions of terms, proposed general approach for the establishment of a monitoring, sampling strategy elements, method to develop reference frames, recommendations for the management and exploitation of data collected. The guide also provides lists of suggested environmental parameters to monitor for different pressures and general state of the environment, as well as, a set of methodology sheets for parameters and (when available) the reference values. This guide produced in 2011 based on technical and scientific knowledge that can evolve and is intended to be updated in the future.
Ce guide est destiné à faciliter la réalisation de cahiers des charges pour les suivis environnementaux marins en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Il s’adresse aux acteurs environnementaux publics ou privés. Il leur fournit un ensemble d’informations relatives aux suivis marins : résumé de la réglementation environnementale et de ces implications concrètes, définitions de termes, proposition de démarche générale pour la mise en place d’un suivi, éléments de stratégie d’échantillonnage, méthode pour concevoir des grilles de lecture, préconisations en matière de gestion et de valorisation des données récoltées. Le guide fournit également des listes de paramètres conseillés pour suivre différentes pressions et l’état général du milieu ainsi qu’une série de fiches méthodologiques pour les paramètres et (quand elles existent) des valeurs de référence. Ce guide produit en 2011 s’appuie sur des techniques et des connaissances scientifiques qui peuvent évoluer et est destiné à subir des modifications dans les années à venir.

Droits : 2011 Ifremer, Melanopus, IRD
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16163/13647.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16163/

Résumé : L’ingénierie agroécologique vise à produire des savoirs actionnables, pour concevoir des systèmes de cultures économiquement et écologiquement performants, par la valorisation de régulations naturelles. Notre problématique est centrée sur la santé des cultures, et plus particulièrement sur la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum, agent du flétrissement bactérien alors qu’une souche extrêmement agressive menace la production de tomates en plein champ en Martinique. La nécessité d’explorer et de développer des alternatives aux méthodes conventionnelles de protection des plantes (variétés résistantes, pesticides), actuellement inefficaces, invite à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de conception innovante. Nos travaux montrent que la mobilisation d’une barrière rhizosphérique est une stratégie de régulation biologique alternative. Différents processus y contribuent, telle que la mycorhization, symbiose entre racines et champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules, présents dans la plupart des sols. Nous montrons que la mobilisation de réseaux de mycorhizes indigènes à partir d’un sol agricole permet une mycorhization précoce de la tomate. De plus, l’association de plantes aux propriétés mycorhizotrophes et assainissantes en conditions contrôlées montre des effets bioprotecteurs partiels et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de combinaisons entre processus. Ces combinaisons sont mobilisables par des leviers d’actions multi-scalaires. Nous avons produit une grille d’analyse générique de ces leviers d’action pour la conception, par des trajectoires d’innovation multidirectionnelles, de « systèmes de culture bioprotégés ». Dans le contexte agricole martiniquais, une démarche d’apprentissage permet en effet l’émergence d’une dynamique de co-conception de systèmes de cultures recourant aux plantes mycorhizotrophes. Nos travaux proposent des outils pour une exploration collective de nouvelles stratégies de gestion durable de la santé des cultures.
Agroecological engineering aims to produce actionable knowledge to design economically and environmentally efficient cropping systems, based on the exploitation of natural regulation mechanisms. Our issue is centered on crop health, especially on the plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt agent), of which an extremely aggressive strain threatens field tomato production in Martinique. The need to explore and develop alternatives to conventional methods of plant protection (resistant varieties, pesticides), ineffective in our case, calls for the implementation of an innovative design approach. Our work shows that the protection of the roots via the formation of a self-sustaining rhizospheric barrier may be an alternative biological control strategy. Different processes contribute, such as mycorrhizal symbiosis between roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are present in most soils. We show that the mobilization of indigenous mycorrhizal networks from an agricultural soil allows early mycorrhization of tomatoes. In addition, the association of plants with mycorrhizal and sanitizing properties in controlled conditions showed partial bioprotective effects and opens up new prospects for combinations between processes. These combinations may be exploited in various ways. We produced a generic analysis grid of key levers to design "healthy cropping systems " through multi-directional innovation trajectories. In Martinique's agricultural context, a learning process allows the emergence of a dynamic co-design of cropping systems using mycorrhizal plants. Our work thus provides tools for collective exploration of new sustainable management strategies for crop health.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0828/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Women of reproductive age can be exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at work, and exposure to EDCs in pregnancy may affect fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether maternal occupational exposure to EDCs during pregnancy as classified by application of a job exposure matrix was associated with birth weight, term low birth weight (LBW), length of gestation, and preterm delivery. METHODS: Using individual participant data from 133,957 mother-child pairs in 13 European cohorts spanning births from 1994 through 2011, we linked maternal job titles with exposure to 10 EDC groups as assessed through a job exposure matrix. For each group, we combined the two levels of exposure categories (possible and probable) and compared birth outcomes with the unexposed group (exposure unlikely). We performed meta-analyses of cohort-specific estimates. RESULTS: Eleven percent of pregnant women were classified as exposed to EDCs at work during pregnancy, based on job title. Classification of exposure to one or more EDC group was associated with an increased risk of term LBW [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.49], as were most specific EDC groups; this association was consistent across cohorts. Further, the risk increased with increasing number of EDC groups (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06 for exposure to four or more EDC groups). There were few associations (p < 0.05) with the other outcomes; women holding job titles classified as exposed to bisphenol A or brominated flame retardants were at higher risk for longer length of gestation. CONCLUSION: Results from our large population-based birth cohort design indicate that employment during pregnancy in occupations classified as possibly or probably exposed to EDCs was associated with an increased risk of term LBW.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-01405823
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01405823
DOI : 10.1289/EHP208
PUBMED : 27152464

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Tropical forests are predicted to harbor most of the insect diversity on earth, but few studies have been conducted to characterize insect communities in tropical forests. One major limitation is the lack of consensus on methods for insect collection. Deciding which insect trap to use is an important consideration for ecologists and entomologists, yet to date few study has presented a quantitative comparison of the results generated by standardized methods in tropical insect communities. Here, we investigate the relative performance of two flight interception traps, the windowpane trap, and the more widely used malaise trap, across a broad gradient of lowland forest types in French Guiana. The windowpane trap consistently collected significantly more Coleoptera and Blattaria than the malaise trap, which proved most effective for Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera. Orthoptera and Lepidoptera were not well represented using either trap, suggesting the need for additional methods such as bait traps and light traps. Our results of contrasting trap performance among insect orders underscore the need for complementary trapping strategies using multiple methods for community surveys in tropical forests.
Zookeys

hal-01032428
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032428
DOI : 10.3897/zookeys.216.3332

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Since its apparition at the end of the second world word, the practice of sport for people suffering with motor deficiency has known numerous and quick evolutions. Initially conceived in the science of rehabilitation therapy, it now integrates more and more the principle of performance by getting closer to “ordinary” sport movements. However, this process of sportivisation is variable depending on the social and cultural context in which it is taking place. Initiated at the start of the 1970’s, Guadeloupe’s Movement for Sport for People with motor impairments has been meeting recurring difficulties in how to organise and federate itself. During this work, we have conducted a survey directly with the local disabled sport associations. Meetings with the principal actors of this movement had been taking place, archives had been gathered and both direct and participative observations had been carried out in order to retrace the collective history and to identify the individual theories utilised in the formation of Guadeloupe’s Movement for Sport for Disabled People. For this we have used the tools of the socio-history and of the organizational analysis and handled the speeches with an analyse of the relationship by opposition (ARO). The main results bring to light that the associative dynamics which structure the sport practices of Guadeloupe’s disabled people are impregnated by a sport logic combined with social, cultural and identity stakes. Therefore the principal thesis defended in the process of the research is that the organisation of Guadeloupe’s Movement for Sport for Disabled People is impregnated by the highly contextual strategies where the identities -sport, Caribbean, disabled- produces some very particular adjustments.
Depuis son apparition à la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, la pratique sportive des personnes atteintes de déficiences motrices a connu de nombreuses et rapides évolutions. Conçue initialement dans une logique rééducative, elle intègre de plus en plus le principe de performance en se rapprochant du mouvement sportif « ordinaire ». Toutefois, ce processus de sportivisation est variable selon l’espace social et culturel dans lequel il se réalise. Initié dans les années 1970, le mouvement handisportif guadeloupéen rencontre des difficultés récurrentes à s’organiser et à se fédérer. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons réalisé une enquête de terrain auprès des associations handisportives locales. Des entretiens avec les acteurs principaux de ce mouvement ont été conduits, des archives recueillies et des observations directes et participantes effectuées afin de retracer l’histoire collective et de repérer les logiques individuelles mobilisées dans la structuration du mouvement handisport en Guadeloupe. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des outils de la socio-histoire et de l’analyse organisationnelle et traité les discours au travers d’une analyse des relations par opposition (ARO). Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence que les dynamiques associatives structurant la pratique sportive des personnes handicapées motrices en Guadeloupe sont imprégnées par une logique sportive doublée d’enjeux sociaux, culturels et identitaires. Ainsi, la thèse principale défendue au terme de cette recherche est que l’organisation du mouvement handisport en Guadeloupe est marquée par des stratégies fortement contextualisées où la conjugaison des identités – sportive, antillaise, de personne handicapée - produit des ajustements singuliers.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-01682717
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717/file/Approche%20socio-historique%20du%20mouvement%20handisport%20en%20Guadeloupe.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : Tree mortality in tropical forests is a complex ecological process for which modelling approaches need to be improved to better understand, and then predict, the evolution of tree mortality in response to global change. The mortality model introduced here computes an individual probability of dying for each tree in a community. The mortality model uses the ontogenetic stage of the tree because youngest and oldest trees are more likely to die. Functional traits are integrated as proxies of the ecological strategies of the trees to permit generalization among all species in the community. Data used to parametrize the model were collected at Paracou study site, a tropical rain forest in French Guiana, where 20,408 trees have been censused for 18 years. A Bayesian framework was used to select useful covariates and to estimate the model parameters. This framework was developed to deal with sources of uncertainty, including the complexity of the mortality process itself and the field data, especially historical data for which taxonomic determinations were uncertain. Uncertainty about the functional traits was also considered, to maximize the information they contain. Four functional traits were strong predictors of tree mortality: wood density, maximum height, laminar toughness and stem and branch orientation, which together distinguished the light-demanding, fast-growing trees from slow-growing trees with lower mortality rates. Our modelling approach formalizes a complex ecological problem and offers a relevant mathematical framework for tropical ecologists to process similar uncertain data at the community level.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01190561
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190561
PRODINRA : 208582
PUBMED : 23675500
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0063678

Résumé : À la Martinique au XVIIIe siècle, les « libres de couleur », qu’ils soient nés libres ou affranchis, noirs ou métis, forment une catégorie juridique distincte des Blancs et des esclaves. L’étude comparée, avec les territoires espagnols ou anglais, montre qu’aucune réglementation légale n’a officialisé un passage de la catégorie Libre de couleur à celle de Blanc dans les colonies françaises de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française. Aussi, cette thèse se propose de montrer les processus officieux qui ont permis à certaines personnes – les « assimilés » – de franchir la barrière de couleur. Une réflexion a été menée sur le préjugé de couleur, système raciste dont l’idéologie, soutenue par la réglementation locale, a légitimé la construction collective d’un ordre public et social. Puis, on a examiné l’élaboration de la barrière de couleur. Les libres de couleur ont été les premiers à faire les frais de l’imperméabilisation de la ligne de démarcation et des problèmes posés par la pureté de sang ; mais les Blancs mésalliés, dans le cadre d’unions interraciales, et les Amérindiens ont aussi été visés. Enfin nous avons réfléchi à ce qui faisait la blancheur et aux stratégies adoptées pour réussir ce changement de statut. Le notariat et les 33 000 actes des registres paroissiaux traités ont donné lieu à la reconstitution de généalogies pour examiner des individus et des familles sur plusieurs générations ; on a ainsi observé l’importance du phénotype, le blanchiment, la légitimité des relations, les conjoints privilégiés, le choix des réseaux, les niveaux de fortune et l’usage de l’espace.
In Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0847/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The increased use of pesticides has caused concern over the possible direct association of exposure to combinations of these compounds with bee health problems. There is growing proof that bees are regularly exposed to mixtures of agrochemicals, but most research has been focused on managed bees living in farmland, whereas little is known about exposure of wild bees, both in farmland and urban habitats. To determine exposure of wild bumblebees to pesticides in agricultural and urban environments through the season, specimens of five different species were collected from farms and ornamental urban gardens in three sampling periods. Five neonicotinoid insecticides, thirteen fungicides and a pesticide synergist were analysed in each of the specimens collected. In total, 61% of the 150 individuals tested had detectable levels of at least one of the compounds, with boscalid being the most frequently detected (35%), followed by tebuconazole (27%), spiroxamine (19%), carbendazim (11%), epoxiconazole (8%), imidacloprid (7%), metconazole (7%) and thiamethoxam (6%). Quantifiable concentrations ranged from 0.17 to 54.4 ng/g (bee body weight) for individual pesticides. From all the bees where pesticides were detected, the majority (71%) had more than one compound, with a maximum of seven pesticides detected in one specimen. Concentrations and detection frequencies were higher in bees collected from farmland compared to urban sites, and pesticide concentrations decreased through the season. Overall, our results show that wild bumblebees are exposed to multiple pesticides when foraging in agricultural and urban landscapes. Such mixtures are detected in bee tissues not just during the crop flowering period, but also later in the season. Therefore, contact with these combinations of active compounds might be more prolonged in time and widespread in the environment than previously assumed. These findings may help to direct future research and pesticide regulation strategies to promote the conservation of wild bee populations.
ISSN: 0269-7491

hal-01477203
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477203
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477203/file/Quantifying%20exposure%20of%20wild%20bumblebees_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.001
PUBMED : 28087090

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Local variation in the density of Anopheles mosquitoes and the risk of exposure to bites are essential to explain the spatial and temporal heterogeneities in the transmission of malaria. Vector distribution is driven by environmental factors. Based on variables derived from satellite imagery and meteorological observations, this study aimed to dynamically model and map the densities of Anopheles darlingi in the municipality of Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock (French Guiana). Longitudinal sampling sessions of An. darlingi densities were conducted between September 2012 and October 2014. Landscape and meteorological data were collected and processed to extract a panel of variables that were potentially related to An. darlingi ecology. Based on these data, a robust methodology was formed to estimate a statistical predictive model of the spatial-temporal variations in the densities of An. darlingi in Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock. The final cross-validated model integrated two landscape variables—dense forest surface and built surface—together with four meteorological variables related to rainfall, evapotranspiration, and the minimal and maximal temperatures. Extrapolation of the model allowed the generation of predictive weekly maps of An. darlingi densities at a resolution of 10-m. Our results supported the use of satellite imagery and meteorological data to predict malaria vector densities. Such fine-scale modeling approach might be a useful tool for health authorities to plan control strategies and social communication in a cost-effective, targeted, and timely manner.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01383486
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01383486
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01383486/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01383486/file/Adde_et_al_PlosONE_2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0164685

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
BackgroundTree above ground biomass (AGB) is currently estimated by tree-level allometrical models that take into account, tree volume estimated from proxy variables of tree size (DBH) and species average wood specific gravity (WSG). These methods are common and realistic from a practical point of view. However, they do not take into account deviance from fixed allometrical trajectories and species or tree level WSG variations. Here, we present Xtrawood software that allows computation of tree AGB according to structure and WSG variations.MethodXtrawood reconstructs tree structure and integrates WSG variations by merging tree structure and WSG data measured at different position in trees, leading to the computation of global AGB and visualization of WSG variation along tree structure. Tree structure is measured according to stem dimensions (length, diameter) and positions within tree, and encoded in Multiscale Tree Graph format (MTG). WSG data is made of radial WSG profiles (1 measure each 0,5 cm from pith to bark) sampled at different heights within whole tree. Xtrawood output are illustrated using a dataset collected on an Amazonian forest ‘biomass dominant species’, Dicorynia guianensis Amsh., also known to exhibit substantial WSG gradients along both radial and vertical axis. 9 trees ranging from 15 to 60 cm DBH were measured by climbers. Each tree was felled and samples were collected at different positions (3 in trunk, 1 to 5 in crown) to record WSG radial profiles.ResultsXtrawood allows computation of tree volume, but also visualization of WSG variations in tree as well as inference of WSG radial profiles at different heights. Output variables are decomposed according to different tree scale and locations (axis, trunk/crown) and easy to extract. Xtrawood results will be compared to those of standard estimation method and can be used to identify positions in trees where WSG value leads to the better estimate of tree AGB.Conclusion/perspectiveXtrawood produces AGB estimate with data from intensive measurements practices. The sampling protocol, used here, remains destructive and time-consuming because Xtrawood is not directly dedicated to forest managers, but to help calibration of realistic sampling strategies. Moreover, Xtrawood offers a way to understand relationships between tree development, WSG variations within tree structure and biomass accumulation in the context of natural forests or plantations. A software demo is available at coffee break.
53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC 2016)
Montpellier, France

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01349613
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01349613

Résumé : A travers diverses sources et particulièrement des sources orales recueillies auprès d’anciens militants communistes simples adhérents ou responsables et d’articles de la presse communiste martiniquaise, cette thèse cherche à éclairer sur la ferveur militante d’hommes et de femmes de la Martinique, d’une famille politique essentielle dans le courant du XXe siècle.Cette étude parcourt une longue période s’étendant principalement de 1920 à 1971, montrant les débuts balbutiants du communisme à la Martinique, son ascension, sa période florissante et les débuts de son lent déclin. La problématique est d’abord de faire découvrir des Martiniquais dans leur vécu de militant communiste, montrer comment ces hommes et ces femmes s’approprièrent une doctrine, la transformèrent peut-être pour l’adapter à leurs besoins, à leur culture. Il s’agit également d’examiner quelle structure communiste fut mise en place en Martinique, cette organisation était-elle à l’image des fédérations métropolitaines ou était-ce une formation politique spécifique au milieu martiniquais?Ensuite pour mieux appréhender les choix et les parcours, il a fallu arriver à l’identification des modèles, des origines de ce militantisme et la formation des militants. Les référents furent tant des figures propres au marxisme et au socialisme international et national que des personnalités contestataires du milieu politique martiniquais.Puis proposer une lecture des pratiques et des stratégies militantes pour évaluer la qualité et la particularité de cette militance ainsi que les conséquences de l’engagement de ces militants dans différentes sphères. Quelles étaient leurs propositions, pourquoi leurs revendications politiques différaient-elles de celles des autres communistes coloniaux ? Comment expliquer leurs choix d’une nouvelle société plus égalitaire dans un État socialiste mais toujours associé à la France ?Ce travail de recherches positionne cette militance au centre d’une analyse qui explore l’histoire politique et sociale d’une population, en s’appuyant sur d’autres disciplines comme la sociobiographie et les sciences politiques. Il examine le façonnement d’une société par un groupe politique prégnant entre 1920 et 1971, ainsi que les réponses de ce groupe face à différents problèmes politiques et sociaux en privilégiant une approche par les acteurs.
Through various sources, particularly oral sources collected from ancient communists, ordinary members or officials, and articles of martinican Communist press, this thesis shows about the militant fervor of martinican men and women and essential political family in the course of the twentieth century. This study covers a long period extending mainly from 1920 to 1971 showing the early stuttering of communism in Martinique, his ascension, his prosperous period and the beginning of his slow decline. The issue is first to make discover Martinicans in their experience of communist militant, present how these men and women appropriated a doctrine, transformed it perhaps to suit at their needs, at their culture. It is also to consider what communist structure was put in place in Martinique; this organization was it like the metropolitan federations or was it a specific political party? Then to better understand the choices and paths, it’s necessary arrive at identifying mentors, origins of this activism and training of militants. Referents were as figures specific to Marxism and international and national socialism as figures as specific martinican politics. Then offer a reading of practices and activist strategies for assessing the quality and uniqueness of this militancy and the consequences of the commitment of these activists in different spheres. What were their political choices, why their political demands did they differ from others colonial Communists? How to explain their choice of a new society more egalitarian in a socialist state, but always associated with France? This research study positions that militancy in the center of an analysis that explores the political and social history of a population, based on other disciplines such as socio-biography and political-sciences. It examines the shaping of a people by a political significant group between 1920 and 1971, and the proposals of this group face different political and social problems in promoting an approach by the actors.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0800

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : Industrial agriculture has clearly reached its limits. Industrial agriculture is not able anymore to satisfy the basic needs of the growing worldwide population while ensuring the conditions of reproduction of natural assets. New production models have to be designed to protect and reclame polluted and degraded agricultural areas. Agroecology is considered as a promising way to achieve ecologically-intensive agrosystems, since the seminal contribution of Altieri in 1995. Nevertheless agroecology has not fully emerged as a scientific discipline yet. Agroecology is more that a traditional scientific discipline because agroecology breaks the frontiers between biophysical sciences and social sciences. This chapter reviews the roots and evolution of agroecology in the first section. Here we propose a mathematical theory of viability to handle uncertainty and complexity within agrosystems. This theory allows to define a kern of viability in which the agrosystem stay viable in the long term (section “Scientific stakes: New frontiers”). However, agroecological innovations create new uncertainties and controversies that must be solved. Some solutions can be found individually while other solutions must by co-constructed using innovative collective actions and hydrid forums (Callon et al. 2001, section “Scientific controversy and uncertainty”). Such collective knowledge makes agroecology as the starting point of a representative democracy by setting up adaptive governance on territories (section “How to manage agrosystems in the context of global changes?”).
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01195372
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195372
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_1
PRODINRA : 270790

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The French-Dutch island of St Martin, of which the French part became a French Overseas Collectivity on 14 July 2007, is characterized by a multilingual environment and presents the question of which educational and didactic strategies to adopt for French language teaching in these linguistic circumstances. Non-French-speaking children are assessed by the educational team and are given elementary language teaching in CLIN (beginners’ classes for non-French-speaking children). The CLIN teaching relies on methods based on the discipline of French as a Second Language and is presented as a transitional discipline which is needed to ensure comprehension across all educational disciplines. As the CLIN is not in a position to avoid the differences in language, it needs to reinforce the bridges between languages, not only to help the pupils to understand their plural identity but also to reinforce their L1 and TL practices. In these circumstances it is essential to consider the use of multilingual teaching methods.
Interplay : A journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literature

hal-01532982
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532982