Éditeur(s) : INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : The importance of longevity as an economically trait gives a picture of the flock efficiency and adaptation in a particular environment. A study was conducted in the experimental herd of Creole goats at INRA in Guadeloupe in order to test environmental (year and season at first kidding, age at first kidding and weight at first mating as well as genetic (index of resistance, sire) factors that affect longevity of does. Lifetime data set of 387 Creole does, reared at pasture all year long, was recorded over a period of 11 years (2001-2012). Does were bred for reproduction at 11months of age. Three mating periods were organized per year, corresponding to 3 climatic seasons, using buck effect. Data were analyzed using survival models (Survival Kit 6.1). The average age for culling was 5.03 years. The culling rate was higher for goats between 2 and 3 years (17 and 24%) and then gradually decreased. Year and season at first kidding did not have a long term influence on does? longevity; neither does age at first kidding. In contrast, weight at first mating had a significant effect and it can be recommended to farmers to mate primiparous goats heavier than 17 kg. Heritability was estimated to 0.16 allowing some genetic progress. No significant correlation was shown with the genetic breeding value of resistance to gastrointestinal parasitism. This study gave indications to breeders to improve their female flock management and increase does? longevity. L'importance de la longévité comme trait économique donne une image de l'efficacité et de l'adaptation de troupeau dans un environnement particulier. Une étude a été entreprise dans le troupeau expérimental de chèvres créoles à l'AICN en Guadeloupe afin d'examiner ambiant (l'année et la saison d'abord badiner, âge d'abord badiner et poids d'abord joindre aussi bien que (index de résistance, de père) les facteurs génétiques affectez dont la longévité fait. L'ensemble de données de vie du Créole 387 fait, élevé au pâturage tout au long de l'année, a été enregistré pendant 11 ans (2001-2012). Fait ont été multipliés pour la reproduction à 11months d'âge. Trois périodes d?accouplement ont été organisées par an, correspondant à 3 saisons climatiques, utilisant l'effet de mâle. Des données ont été analysées utilisant des modèles de survie (trousse de survie 6,1). L'âge moyen pour cueillir était de 5,03 ans. Le taux de cueillage était plus haut pour des chèvres entre 2 et 3 ans (17 et 24%) et alors graduellement diminué. L'année et la saison à premier badiner n'ont pas eu une influence à long terme sur la longévité des does ; ni l'un ni l'autre ne vieillit d'abord badiner. En revanche, le poids au premier accouplement a eu un effet significatif et il peut recommander aux agriculteurs de joindre les chèvres primipares des que 17 kilogrammes plus lourds. L'héritabilité a été estimée à 0,16 permettant du progrès génétique. Aucune corrélation significative n'a été montrée avec la valeur d'élevage génétique de la résistance au parasitisme gastro-intestinal. Cette étude a donné des indications aux éleveurs afin d'améliorer la gestion féminine de troupeau et d'augmenter la longévité de ces dernières.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16262
V16262
V16262

Éditeur(s) : CARDI : Caribbean Agricultural Rechearch and Development Institute Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Banana and plantain (Musa spp) are important foreign exchange earners in Guyana and the Windward Islands of the Caribbean. Black Sigatoka Disease (BSD) also referred to as black leaf streak disease is one of the most destructive diseases of banana and plantain and is present within the region. In Guyana within two years following its introduction in 2008, the industry was totally decimated, recording a 100% decline, turning the country to a net banana importer. Also, from 2009 ? 2012 the disease spread in the Windward Islands causing as much as 100% decrease in the export of banana. The disease is caused by the ascomycete fungus, Mycosphaerella fijiensis (anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis) and is aggressive, challenging to control and results in enormous crop damage if left uncontrolled. In an effort to develop an integrated management approach to the disease the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) with financial assistance from the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) is evaluating five FHIA banana and plantain accessions and eight IITA plantain accessions for tolerance to BSD. The evaluation is presently conducted in four Caribbean countries, Dominica, Guyana, St Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines. In each country, four distinct agro- ecological zones were selected for the trial evaluation blocks and using a randomized block design, four blocks were established in each country. Five FHIA accessions: FHIA-01, FHIA-03, FHIA-18, FHIA-21 and FHIA-23 are being evaluated in Dominica, St Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines whereas, plantain accessions: PITA-17, PITA-21, PITA-22, PITA-23, PITA-24 and PITA-26 are to be evaluated in Guyana for tolerance to the disease. Cavendish are used as regional controls and as borders rows to increase disease pressure. The disease parameters evaluated are youngest leaf spotted (YLS), disease development time (DDT), leaf emission rate (LER), disease severity at 6 months, bunch emergence and harvest, and index of standing leaves. Agronomic data; days from planting to flowering, bunch weight, number of hands in bunch, average weight of hands and average number of fingers per hand and bunch, as well as organoleptic characteristics of both cooked and ripe fruits are also evaluated. The early data collection, of the FHIA only accessions, show trends in the disease tolerance and agronomic performance as well as their adaptability in the different agro-ecological zone. The trends indicate better disease tolerance of FHIA varieties with higher leaf counts before, at bunching and at harvest. The organoleptic test shows a preference to FHIA 03 and FHIA 21. La banane et le plantain (espèces de Musa) sont les acquéreurs de devises étrangères importants en Guyane et en Îles du Vent des Caraïbe. La maladie noire de Sigatoka (schéma) également désignée sous le nom de la maladie noire de filet de feuille est l'une des maladies les plus destructives de la banane et du plantain et est présente dans la région. En Guyane dans un délai de deux ans après son introduction en 2008, l'industrie a été totalement décimée, enregistrant une baisse de 100%, tournant le pays à un importateur net de banane. En outre, à partir de 2009-2012 la propagation de maladie en Îles du Vent causant pas moins de la diminution de 100% de l'exportation de la banane. La maladie est provoquée par le champignon d'ascomycète, fijiensis de Mycosphaerella (fijiensis anamorph de Pseudocercospora) et est agressive, contestant pour commander et les résultats dans l'énorme culture endommagent si laissé incontrôlé. Dans un effort de développer une approche intégrée de gestion à la maladie l'institut agricole des Caraïbes de recherche et développement (CARDI) avec l'aide financière de la banque de développement des Caraïbes (BDC) évalue des adhésions de banane et de plantain de cinq FHIA et huit adhésions de plantain d'IITA pour la tolérance au schéma. L'évaluation est actuellement effectuée quatre pays des Caraïbes, Dominique, Guyane, St Lucia et Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines. Dans chaque pays, quatre agro zones écologiques distinctes ont été sélectionnées pour les blocs d'essai d'évaluation et employant une conception de bloc randomisé, quatre blocs ont été établis dans chaque pays. Cinq adhésions de FHIA : FHIA-01, FHIA-03, FHIA-18, FHIA-21 et FHIA-23 sont évalués en Dominique, au St Lucia et au Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines tandis que, des adhésions de plantain : PITA-17, PITA-21, PITA-22, PITA-23, PITA-24 et PITA-26 doivent être évalués en Guyane pour la tolérance à la maladie. Cavendish sont employés en tant que contrôles régionaux et comme rangées de frontières pour augmenter la pression de la maladie. Les paramètres de la maladie évalués sont la plus jeune feuille repérée (YLS), le temps d'élaboration de la maladie (DDT), le taux d'émission de feuille (LER), la sévérité de la maladie à 6 mois, émergences et récoltes de groupe, et index des feuilles debout. Données agronomiques ; des jours de la plantation à la floraison, du poids de groupe, nombre de mains dans le poids de groupe et moyen des mains et du nombre moyen de doigts par main et groupe, aussi bien que les caractéristiques organoleptiques des fruits cuits et mûrs sont également évalués. La collecte de données tôt, des adhésions de FHIA seulement, exposition tend dans la tolérance de maladie et la représentation agronomique aussi bien que leur adaptabilité dans la zone agro-écologique différente. Les tendances indiquent qu'une meilleure tolérance de maladie des variétés de FHIA avec une plus haute feuille compte avant, à se rassembler et à la récolte. L'essai organoleptique montre une préférence à FHIA 03 et à FHIA 21.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16266
V16266

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Herbivorous (20% vegetable protein, 40% carbohydrate) and carnivorous diets (40% marine animal protein, 20% carbohydrate) were experimentally tested to assess their effect on the energy balance and energetic substrates utilized by postlarvae (PL's /15 days) and juvenile shrimp (3-6 g) of Litopenaeus vannamei. Postlarval stage 60 (PL60, early juveniles) shrimps fed HeD and CaD diets, then late juveniles (3-6 g) acclimated to the same diets were tested for their respective energy partitioning potential. No significant differences (p>0.05) on growth were obtained in early juveniles (mean final wet weight of 0.19 g). However in late juvenile stages a significant difference (p<0.05) in growth rate was observed. In terms of energy partitioning, both early and late juveniles seem to spend more energy in respiratory metabolism than in the elimination of excretion products. A change in feed composition based on quality protein sources induced some modifications on shrimp's activity measured by heat increment. Shrimps fed with an herbivorous diet showed a higher heat increment. Interestingly, the early stages of L vannamei display a remarkable capacity to assimilate a plant protein-based and a high carbohydrate level diet. Such capacity with a stimulation of genes would lead to a good adaptation of juveniles receiving all-plant diets to sustain growth performances up to a marketable size. The implications of these findings for the shrimp farming feeding costs are briefly discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2009-11 , Vol. 296 , N. 1-2 , P. 123-128

Droits : 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-7402.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/7402/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD ACSM
Résumé : International audience
PURPOSE AND METHODS: This study was designed to compare the physiological responses and performance of well trained cyclists riding with two different chainring designs, round or eccentric, during a brief and intense cycling exercise: an "all-out" 1-km laboratory test. The eccentrically designed chainring was made of two crank arms sliding into each other, with the inside arm fixed on the center of the arm of a circular chainring and the outside arm sliding along the inside and revolving around an elliptical cam. This design increases crank arm length at the downstroke and decreases it during the upstroke, thus increasing and decreasing the torque. In terms of the chainring's revolution, the crank arm length at 0 degrees and 180 degrees is similar to the arm length of circular chainrings (175 mm). However, during the downstroke (0-180 degrees ), it increases to its maximum length of 200 mm at 90 degrees and then returns to its original length of 175 mm at 180 degrees. During the upstroke, it decreases to a minimum length of 150 mm at 270 degrees and then increases to 175 mm at 360 degrees. Eleven cyclists performed an all-out 1-km laboratory test using each chainring. The study was conducted over two consecutive weeks with the order of chainring use randomized. During all trials, ventilatory data were collected every minute using an automated breath-by-breath system. Heart rate was measured using a telemetry system. RESULTS: None of the cardiorespiratory variables showed significant differences between chainring trials. Performance, however, was significantly improved using the eccentric design (64.25 +/- 1.05 vs 69.08 +/- 1.38 s, P < 0.004, with the eccentric and the round design, respectively). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the eccentric chainring significantly improved the cycling performance during an all-out 1-km test. Further testing with indoor cycling specialists performing on a velodrome would be helpful to define the maximal possibilities of such a chainring.
Medicine & Science in Sports & exercise

hal-00720551
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720551
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720551/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720551/file/Article.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Tropical climate imposes a high level of physiological stress, which could modify the target heart rate in training load prescription, as the recommendations are often determined by maximal oxygen uptake testing in temperature-neutral laboratories. To test this hypothesis, 7 highlevel cyclists performed two randomised maximal tests in neutral (19.2±0.9 ◦C; 51.7±1.3% RH) and Tropical environment (25.8±1.1 ◦C; 63.7±2.3% RH). Neither maximal oxygen uptake nor ventilatory threshold was influenced by the environmental conditions. However, ventilation (p < 0.005) and the respiratory equivalent in O2 (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the Tropical environment, whereas maximal power output and the time to attain maximal oxygen uptake were significantly lower (p < 0.05 for both). Moreover, the ventilatory cost of cycling (expressed in LW−1) was significantly greater in the Tropical condition (0.40±0.03 LW−1 vs. 0.32±0.05 LW−1, in Tropical vs. Neutral; condition effect: p < 0.005; condition×time: p < 0.001). Rectal temperature was influenced by neither the environmental conditions nor exercise (36.7±0.1 and 37.0±0.1 ◦Cvs. 36.8±0.1 and 37.1±0.2 ◦C, in Tropical vs. Neutral, before and after exercise) but was influenced by condition×time (p < 0.05). The heart rate (HR) values usually used for training prescription were not significantly different (154±5 bpm vs. 156±4 bpm and 172±4 bpm vs. 167±4 bpm in Tropical vs. Neutral climate, for the first and second thresholds, respectively). We concluded that the usual parameters measured during maximal exercise to establish training programs are not impaired in moderate Tropical environment. Nevertheless, the thermal stress attested by the increased ventilatory cost of cycling could have prevented the cyclists from performing a true maximal test in Tropical conditions.
ISSN: 1440-2440

hal-00703461
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00703461
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.11.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : Tropical plant diversity is extraordinarily high at both local and regional scales. Many studies have demonstrated that natural enemies maintain local diversity via negative density dependence, but we know little about how natural enemies influence beta-diversity across habitats and/or regions. One way herbivores could influence plant beta-diversity is by driving allocation trade-offs that promote habitat specialization across resource gradients. We therefore predicted that increasing resource availability should be accompanied by increasing herbivory rates and decreasing plant allocation to defense. Second, relative abundances within plant lineages are predicted to reflect patterns of habitat specialization and allocation trade-offs. A phylogenetic context is vital not only to compare homologous plant traits (including defense strategies) across habitat types, but also to connect evolutionary trade-offs to patterns of species diversification in each phylogenetic lineage. We tested these predictions for trees in white-sand, clay terra firme, and seasonally flooded forests in Peru and French Guiana that represent the range of soil fertility, forest structure, and floristic compositions found throughout the Amazon region. We established 74 0.5-ha plots in these habitats and sampled all trees. Within 12 representative plots we marked newly expanding leaves of 394 saplings representing 68 species, including the most abundant species in each plot in addition to species from five focal lineages: Swartzia and Inga (Fabaceae), Protieae (Burseracaeae), Bombacoideae (Malvaceae), and Micropholis (Sapotaceae). We measured total leaf production rates for each sapling and calculated relative herbivory impact as the ratio between herbivory rate and leaf production rate. Herbivory rates averaged 2.1% per month, did not correlate with leaf production rate, and were similar across habitats. Relative herbivore impacts exceeded leaf production rates for most species. Leaf production rate averaged 2.8%, was significantly higher in seasonally flooded forests than the other two habitats, and exhibited significant correlations with specific leaf area. Species with high herbivory rates exhibited significantly lower relative abundances in terra firme forests. Overall, focal species within lineages present contrasting patterns regarding their herbivory rates and leaf production rate within habitats. These results highlight why a lineage-based approach is necessary when attempting to connect hypotheses regarding evolutionary trade-offs to community assembly patterns.
ISSN: 0012-9658

hal-01032418
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032418

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Few studies have been undertaken to assess the possible effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on the reproductive hormone balance in animals or humans with often contradictory results. We investigated possible direct endocrine disruption by BPA of the fetal testes of 2 rat strains (14.5-17.5 days post-coitum) and humans (8-12 gestational weeks) and under different culture conditions. BPA concentrations of 10-8M and 10-5M for 72h reduced testosterone production by the Sprague-Dawley fetal rat testes, while only 10-5M suppressed it in the Wistar strain. The suppressive effects at 10-5M were seen as early as 24h and 48h in both strains. BPA at 10-7-10-5M for 72h suppressed the levels of fetal rat Leydig cell insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3). BPA exposure at 10-8M, 10-7M, and 10-5M for 72h inhibited testosterone production in fetal human testes. For the lowest doses, the effects observed occurred only when no gonadotrophin was added to the culture media and were associated with a poorly preserved testicular morphology. We concluded that (i) BPA can display anti-androgenic effects both in rat and human fetal testes; (ii) it is essential to ascertain that the divergent effects of endocrine disruptors between species in vitro do not result from the culture conditions used, and/or the rodent strain selected; (iii) the optimization of each in vitro assay for a given species should be a major objective rather than the search of an hypothetical trans-species consensual model-system, as the organization of the testis is intrinsically different between mammalian species; (iv) due to the uncertainty existing on the internal exposure of the human fetal testis to BPA, and the insufficient number of epidemiological studies on the endocrine disruptive effects of BPA, caution should be taken in the extrapolation of our present results to the human reproductive health after fetal exposure to BPA.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01121759
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121759
PUBMED : 25706302
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0117226

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’application de modèles macro-économiques à l’analyse et la conception de politique économique ainsi qu’à la maitrise des déséquilibres macro-économiques est encore à un stade précoce dans les petits états insulaires en développement. La présente étude tente de combler cette lacune en proposant un modèle macro-économique applicable à chacun de ces territoires et destiné à l’analyse, la prévision et l’impact de chocs sur leurs économies. La Dominique, petit État insulaire en développement de la Caraïbe, a été choisie comme étude de cas pour un tel exercice. Ce modèle s’appuie sur les techniques analytiques de la cointégration et du modèle à correction d’erreur. Les équations du modèle sont spécifiées et leur performance prévisionnelle évaluée. Une fois élaboré et estimé, ce modèle est ensuite utilisé à des simulations de chocs issues de scénarios alternatifs afin de fournir des enseignements sur la trajectoire future des principales variables économiques de ce pays. L’un des principaux scénarios de l’étude consiste à déterminer le taux de croissance économique que la Dominique devrait cibler pour atteindre l’objectif de réduction de la pauvreté de moitié d’ici à 2015 et ce, conformément aux Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD), et de déterminer la politique budgétaire et monétaire compatible avec cet objectif. Enfin, l’intérêt d’une telle étude réside dans le fait qu’elle peut servir à réaliser les cadrages macro-économiques des stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté. Sa flexibilité peut en faire un instrument de décloisonnement administratif, favorisant ainsi la discussion avec toutes les parties prenantes de l’élaboration des politiques économiques.
The application of macroeconomic models to analyse and conceptualize the economic policy, as well as controlling macroeconomic imbalances, is still at an early stage in small islands developing states. This article tries to fill in this gap by proposing a macroeconomic model for analyzing, forecasting, and testing the effects of shocks to the economy, applicable for each of these territories. The case of Dominica, a small island developing state of Caribbean area, has been approched. This model draws on the analytical techniques of cointegration and error correction. The single equations are specified and their forecasting performance is assessed. Then, the model is constructed and shock simulations are performed and different scenarios are developed to give further insight in the future path of the main economic variables.One of the main scenarios of this study will determine in comparison of Millennium development goals (MDG), the economic growth rate of Dominica which would help to attain the objective of reduction poverty in half by 2015, as well as the fiscal and monetary policy compatible with this goal. Finally, it helps to make macroeconomic frameworks for strategy reduction of poverty. Its flexibility serves to aid the discussion with all parties.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6283
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6283

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : The advantages of FLOC over clear water (CW) in rearing juvenile L. vannamei and its effects on Vibrio communities were evaluated. Survival rate in FLOC and clear water were recorded and a probiotic was tested under both conditions. Daily growth rate (DGR) was higher in FLOC (p < 0.05) than in CW. Survival in each system increased significantly when a probiotic was included in the diet (p < 0.05). The Vibrionaceae community from the hepatopancreas (HP) and the culture medium did not differ between the two culture media. Nevertheless, a novel group of Vibrio strains was found to be unique to FLOC. No high level of lesions was observed in shrimp tissues from the FLOC + probiotic treatment; it suggests that the probiotic contributed to homeostasis and prevented outbreak of opportunistic pathogenic species.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-03 , Vol. 424 , P. 215-219

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00173/28379/26694.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.008
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00173/28379/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Federation of American Society of Experimental Biology
Résumé : International audience
Testes of most male mammals present the particularity of being externalized from the body and are consequently slightly cooler than core body temperature (4-8 degrees C below). Although, hypothermia of the testis is known to increase germ cells apoptosis, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms, including cold sensors, transduction pathways, and apoptosis triggers. In this study, using a functional knockout mouse model of the cold and menthol receptors, dubbed transient receptor potential melastatine 8 (TRPM8) channels, we found that TRPM8 initiated the cold-shock response by differentially modulating cold- and heat-shock proteins. Besides, apoptosis of germ cells increased in proportion to the cooling level in control mice but was independent of temperature in knockout mice. We also observed that the rate of germ cell death correlated positively with the reactive oxygen species level and negatively with the expression of the detoxifying enzymes. This result suggests that the TRPM8 sensor is a key determinant of germ cell fate under hypothermic stimulation.Borowiec, A.-S., Sion, B., Chalmel, F., Rolland, A. D., Lemonnier, L., De Clerck, T., Bokhobza, A., Derouiche, S., Dewailly, E., Slomianny, C., Mauduit, C., Benahmed, M., Roudbaraki, M., Jegou, B., Prevarskaya, N., Bidaux, G. Cold/menthol TRPM8 receptors initiate the cold-shock response and protect germ cells from cold-shock-induced oxidation.
ISSN: 0892-6638

hal-01390973
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390973
DOI : 10.1096/fj.201600257R
PUBMED : 27317670

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The effect of the 2 pesticides most frequently used against mosquitoes was tested on a number of marine organisms. Growth inhibition was tested using Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Gyrosigma spencer (algae). To 0.5 ml of culture inoculum containing similar to 100000 cells in exponential growth phase, 9.5 ml of insecticide in varying concentrations were added and the growth was recorded every 48 hour; LG sub(50) was determined. Muscular activity and filtration rate of Crassostrea angulata were tested. The acute toxicity was tested using 4 species of gastropods, 2 lamellibranchs, 5 crustaceans, 1 coelenterate and 3 fishes; the species used were: Gibbula umbilicalis, Purpura lapillus, Littorina littorea, Patella vulgata, Mytilus edulis, Cardium edule, Artemia salina, Clinabarius misanthropus, Carcinus maenas, Crangon crangon, Palaemonetes varians, Actinia equina, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Pomatoschistus minutus and Anguilla anguilla. The LD sub(50) was determined for each concentration at intervals of 48 hour and 96 hour. It was noted that Abate was distinctly less toxic than Fenitrothion and that the crustaceans were extremely sensitive to Fenitrothion; a marginal security was found to exist in the oysters between the doses used in practice and those used in the test.
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1973-03 , Vol. 37 , N. 1 , P. 137-144

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1973/publication-2229.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2229/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Spermatogenesis in mammals is a complex biological function including cellular processes such as proliferation, meiosis and differentiation, aiming to the production of male gametes in the testis. If the seminiferous epithelium is well described in terms of organization and cellular morphology of cells that compose it, the processes by which undifferentiated diploid germ cells enter meiosis and give haploid cells that undergo many morphological transformations, are not fully decrypted. These processes rely on the coordinated and sequential expression of genes, including specific products for each stage of germ cell development These gene products are essential at each key stage of spermatogenesis. Transcriptomics since the 1990s, and proteomics since the 2000s have contributed to the improved. understanding of these mechanisms. A long term proteomic study aiming at characterizing the proteomes of Sertoli cells and germ cells, and a recent study that characterized and quantified the transcriptome of isolated rat testicular cells at high resolution using de novo sequencing of transcripts (RNA-Seq), have been the basis of my thesis work. The latter study showed the accumulation of long non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and testicular unannotated transcripts (TUTs) at meiotic and post-Meiotic stages of spermatogenesis in the rat. In this context, my thesis work aimed at validating the coding potential of many genes expressed in germ cells using RNA-Seq combined with shotgun proteomics, a so-Called PIT (Proteomics Informed by transcriptomics) approach. In this approach, the protein sequences translated from the transcripts assembled by RNA-Seq in the different testicular cell types are integrated into a custom database of protein sequences used to query mass spectrometry data obtained from proteins of meiotic and post-Meiotic cells. The PIT approach showed that 69 TUTs or lncRNA (corresponding to 44 loci) code for proteins in meiotic cells and post meiotic cells, and we confirmed experimentally the meiotic and post-Meiotic expression for two new transcripts encoding for VAMP9, a protein of the SNARE family, and a new testicular enolase T-ENOL. The post-Meiotic expression of T-ENOL protein was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody raised against the recombinant protein. This approach also allowed us to identify new isoforms of known proteins, specific to each stage of spermatogenesis. Germ cells and Sertoli cells maintain a dialogue which is necessary to the success of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Another part of my work aimed at identifying membrane proteins, in germ cells and residual bodies, that may be involved in the dialogue between Sertoli cells and germ cells, using a ICPL relative quantification proteomic approach. The ICPL analysis enabled us to establish a list of 166 proteins whose expression is differential between pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids and residual bodies. Their differential expression suggests that these proteins may play a role in spermiogenesis. Thanks to the Gene Ontology annotations, a list of 8 proteins with a putative role in signal transduction, cell recognition or differentiation, thus potentially involved in the dialogue between Sertoli and germ cells was drawn. In addition, I provided a first proteome of rat Sertoli cells, germ cells and residual bodies obtained by shotgun proteomics.
La spermatogenèse chez les mammifères est une fonction biologique complexe incluant des processus de prolifération cellulaire, de méiose et de différenciation uniques visant à la production des gamètes mâles au sein du testicule. Si l’épithélium séminifère est bien décrit sur le plan de son organisation et de la morphologie des cellules qui le composent, les processus par lesquels les cellules germinales diploïdes indifférenciées entrent en méiose pour donner ensuite des cellules haploïdes subissant par la suite de nombreuses transformations morphologiques, ne sont pas totalement décryptés. Ils reposent sur l’expression coordonnée et séquentielle de gènes dont les produits spécifiques de chaque stade de développement des cellules germinales sont essentiels aux étapes clés de la spermatogenèse. La transcriptomique depuis les années 1990 et la protéomique depuis les années 2000 ont contribué à l’amélioration de la connaissance de ces mécanismes. Une étude protéomique visant à caractériser par des approches systématiques et différentielles les protéomes des cellules de Sertoli et de la lignée germinale, et d’autre part une étude récente, réalisée dans notre unité, qui a permis de caractériser et de quantifier le transcriptome des cellules testiculaires isolées de rat en utilisant le séquençage de novo des transcrits (RNA-Seq), ont été à la base de mes travaux de thèse. Cette dernière étude a mis en évidence l’accumulation de longs ARNs non codants (lncRNAs) et de transcrits testiculaires non annotés (TUTs) aux stades méiotique et post- méiotique de la spermatogenèse chez le rat. Dans ce contexte, mon travail a consisté à valider le potentiel codant de nombreux gènes exprimés dans les cellules germinales par une approche dite PIT (Proteomics Informed by Transcriptomics) couplant protéomique Shotgun et RNA-Seq. Dans ce type d’approche, les séquences protéiques déduites des transcrits des différents types cellulaires, assemblés par RNA-Seq, sont intégrées dans une base personnalisée de séquences protéiques utilisée pour interroger les données de spectrométrie de masse obtenues à partir de protéines de cellules méiotiques et post-Méiotiques. L’approche PIT a permis de montrer que 69 TUTs ou lncRNA (correspondant à 44 loci) codent pour des protéines dans les cellules méiotiques et post méiotiques. L’expression post-Méiotique de deux nouveaux transcrits, l’un codant pour la protéine VAMP9, une protéine de la famille SNARE, et l’autre pour une nouvelle énolase T-ENOL a pu être confirmée. L’expression post-Méiotique de T-ENOL a été confirmée par immunohistochimie à l’aide d’un anticorps polyclonal produit contre la protéine recombinante. Cette approche nous a également permis d’identifier de nouvelles isoformes de protéines connues spécifiques de chaque stade de la spermatogenèse. Les cellules germinales et les cellules de Sertoli entretiennent le dialogue nécessaire au bon déroulement de la spermatogenèse. Une autre partie de mon travail a consisté à identifier des protéines membranaires des cellules germinales et des corps résiduels, susceptibles d’intervenir dans le dialogue entre les cellules de Sertoli et les cellules germinales, par une approche protéomique de quantification relative ICPL. Cette approche a permis d’établir une liste de 166 protéines différentiellement exprimées entre les spermatocytes pachytène, les spermatides rondes et les corps résiduels, qui sont susceptibles de jouer un rôle dans la spermiogénèse. Grâce aux annotations de le Gene Ontology, j’ai pu établir une liste de 8 protéines ayant un rôle supposé dans la transduction du signal, la reconnaissance cellulaire ou bien la différenciation. Par ailleurs, j’ai pu établir par protéomique Shotgun un premier protéome des cellules de Sertoli, des cellules germinales et des corps résiduels chez le rat.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127389

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2014REN1S064
tel-01127389
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127389
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127389/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127389/file/2014REN1S064.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD AGU and the Geochemical Society
Résumé : International audience
1] Recent statistical analysis by Lallemand et al. (2008) of subduction zone parameters revealed that the back-arc deformation mode depends on the combination between the subducting (nu(sub)) and upper (nu(up)) plate velocities. No significant strain is recorded in the arc area if plate kinematics verifies nu(up) = 0.5 vsub - 2.3 (cm/a) in the HS3 reference frame. Arc spreading ( shortening) occurs if nu(up) is greater ( lower) than the preceding relationship. We test this statistical law with numerical models of subduction, by applying constant plate velocities far away from the subduction zone. The subducting lithosphere is free to deform at all depths. We quantify the force applied on the two converging plates to sustain constant surface velocities. The simulated rheology combined viscous (non-Newtonian) and brittle behaviors, and depends on water content. The influence of subduction rate vs is first studied for a fixed upper plate. After 950 km of convergence ( steady state slab pull), the transition from extensional to compressive stresses in the upper plate occurs for vs similar to 1.4 cm/a. The effect of upper plate velocity is then tested at constant subduction rate. Upper plate retreat ( advance) with respect to the trench increases extension ( compression) in the arc lithosphere and increases ( decreases) the subducting plate dip. Our modeling confirms the statistical kinematic relationship between vsub and nu(up) that describes the transition from extensional to compressive stresses in the arc lithosphere, even if the modeled law is shifted toward higher rates of upper plate retreat, using our set of physical parameters ( e. g., 100 km thick subducting oceanic plate) and short- term simulations. Our results make valid the choice of the HS3 reference frame for assessing plate velocity influence on arc tectonic regime. The subduction model suggests that friction along the interplate contact and the mantle Stokes reaction could be the two main forces competing against slab pull for upper mantle subductions. Besides, our simulations show that the arc deformation mode is strongly time dependent.
ISSN: 1525-2027

hal-00412328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412328/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412328/file/arcayG32008.pdf
DOI : 10.1029/2007GC001875

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Variation of dead wood decay rates among tropical trees remains one source of uncertainty in global models of the carbon cycle. Taking advantage of a broad forest plot network surveyed for tree mortality over a 23-year period, we measured the remaining fraction of boles from 367 dead trees from 26 neotropical species widely varying in wood density (0.23–1.24 g cm-3) and tree circumference at death time (31.5–272.0 cm). We modeled decay rates within a Bayesian framework assuming a first order differential equation to model the decomposition process and tested for the effects of forest management (selective logging vs. unexploited), of mode of death (standing vs. downed) and of topographical levels (bottomlands vs. hillsides vs. hilltops) on wood decay rates. The general decay model predicts the observed remaining fraction of dead wood (R2 = 60%) with only two biological predictors: tree circumference at death time and wood specific density. Neither selective logging nor local topography had a differential effect on wood decay rates. Including the mode of death into the model revealed thatstanding dead trees decomposed faster than downed dead trees, but the gain of model accuracy remains rather marginal. Overall, these results suggest that the release of carbon from tropical dead trees to the atmosphere can be simply estimated using tree circumference at death time and wood density.
ISSN: 0029-8549

hal-01094187
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01094187
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-010-1602-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Human Kinetics
Résumé : International audience
In order to study the acclimatization process over 14 days of exposure to tropical climate, 9 triathletes performed 4 outdoor indirect continuous multistage tests in both thermoneutral and tropical conditions. The thermoneutral test (TN, 14 C, 45% rh) was performed before traveling to the tropical area (Martinique, FWI). The tropical tests were performed 2, 8, and 14 days after arrival (32.9 C, 78% rh). During each trial, we measured tympanic temperature, sweat rate, body mass loss, heart rate (HR), and performance. The results showed that 1) the mean tympanic temperature was greater in T2 (P < .001), T8 (P < .01) and T14 (P < .01) than in TN and significantly lower in T14 than in T2 (P < .05); 2) the mean sweat rate was significantly greater (P < .001) in T2, T8 and T14 than in TN and significantly greater (P < .05) in T8 and T14 than in T2; 3) the body mass loss after trials was significantly greater (P < .001) in T2, T8 and T14 than in TN and significantly greater (P < .05) in T8 and T14 than in T2; 4) the mean HR and HR at rest were significantly higher (P < .005) in T2 than in TN, T8, T14 and the mean HR was significantly lower (P < .05) in T14 than in the other trials; and 5) the performance time was significantly lower in T2 (P < 0.02), T8 (P < 0.03) and T14 (P < 0.05) than in TN. We concluded that 14 days of exposure.
ISSN: 1066-7814

hal-00720075
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720075
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720075/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00720075/file/02.Voltaire_551_.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : [b]1.[/b] Plant functional traits, in particular specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and seed mass, are often good predictors of individual tree growth rates within communities. Individuals and species with high SLA, low wood density and small seeds tend to have faster growth rates.[br/][br/][b]2.[/b] If community-level relationships between traits and growth have general predictive value, then similar relationships should also be observed in analyses that integrate across taxa, biogeographic regions and environments. Such global consistency would imply that traits could serve as valuable proxies for the complex suite of factors that determine growth rate, and, therefore, could underpin a new generation of robust dynamic vegetation models. Alternatively, growth rates may depend more strongly on the local environment or growth–trait relationships may vary along environmental gradients.[br/][br/][b]3.[/b] We tested these alternative hypotheses using data on 27 352 juvenile trees, representing 278 species from 27 sites on all forested continents, and extensive functional trait data, 38% of which were obtained at the same sites at which growth was assessed. Data on potential evapotranspiration (PET), which summarizes the joint ecological effects of temperature and precipitation, were obtained from a global data base.[br/][br/][b]4.[/b] We estimated size-standardized relative height growth rates (SGR) for all species, then related them to functional traits and PET using mixed-effect models for the fastest growing species and for all species together.[br/][br/][b]5.[/b] Both the mean and 95th percentile SGR were more strongly associated with functional traits than with PET. PET was unrelated to SGR at the global scale. SGR increased with increasing SLA and decreased with increasing wood density and seed mass, but these traits explained only 3.1% of the variation in SGR. SGR–trait relationships were consistently weak across families and biogeographic zones, and over a range of tree statures. Thus, the most widely studied functional traits in plant ecology were poor predictors of tree growth over large scales.[br/][br/][b]6.[/b] Synthesis. We conclude that these functional traits alone may be unsuitable for predicting growth of trees over broad scales. Determining the functional traits that predict vital rates under specific environmental conditions may generate more insight than a monolithic global relationship can offer.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01204226
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204226
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2745.12401
PRODINRA : 307144

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
We present a set of single-well injection withdrawal tracer tests in a paleoreef porous reservoir displaying important small-scale heterogeneity. An improved dual-packer probe was designed to perform dirac-like tracer injection and accurate downhole automatic measurements of the tracer concentration during the recovery phase. By flushing the tracer, at constant flow rate, for increasing time duration, we can probe distinctly different reservoir volumes and test the multiscale predictability of the (non-Fickian) dispersion models. First we describe the characteristics, from microscale to meter scale, of the reservoir rock. Second, the specificity of the tracer test setup and the results obtained using two different tracers and measurement methods (salinity-conductivity and fluorescent dye­optical measurement, respectively) are presented. All the tracer tests display strongly tailed breakthrough curves (BTC) consistent with diffusion in immobile regions. Conductivity results, measured over 3 orders of magnitude only, could have been easily interpreted by the conventional mobile-immobile (MIM) diffusive mass transfer model of asymptotic log-log slope of 2. However, the fluorescent dye sensor, which allows exploring much lower concentration values, shows that a change in the log-log slope occurs at larger time with an asymptotic value of 1.5, corresponding to the double-porosity model. These results suggest that the conventional, one-slope MIM transfer rate model is too simplistic to account for the real multiscale heterogeneity of the diffusion-dominant fraction of the reservoir.
ISSN: 0043-1397

insu-00373695
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00373695
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00373695/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00373695/file/Gouze_et_al-2008-Water_Resources_Research.pdf
DOI : 10.1029/2007WR006278

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : We studied the effects of a lactic acid bacterium, Pediococcus acidilactici (strain MA 18/5M, CNCM), as a dietary probiotic on growth performance and some nutritional and microbiological aspects of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Experimental shrimp culture was carried out over 10 weeks, using floating cages of 14 m(2) each set in earthen ponds, in a New Caledonia farm affected by "Summer syndrome", a septicaemic vibriosis caused by Vibrio nigripulchritudo. The experiment design testing probiotic-coated pellets against control was replicated in two earthen ponds. High mortalities, characteristic of Summer syndrome, were observed during the first 2 weeks of the trial. The probiotic improved production in the treated cages from both ponds with increases in the survival rate (7% and 15% respectively) and final biomass (8% and 12% respectively). No differences were recorded among treatments on growth performances, but significant lower food conversion ratios were obtained with probiotic treatment. After 5 weeks of rearing, the Hepatosomatic Index and the adjusted dry weight of the digestive gland were significantly increased by 10% and by 9% respectively in shrimps treated with probiotic. In the meantime, the specific activities of alpha amylase and trypsin in the digestive gland showed a significant effect of the probiotic treatment with respective increases by 35% and 55%. The rise in total trypsin activity following morning feeding was also enhanced by the probiotic treatment (P < 0.001). The highest concentration of probiotic (between 10(4)-10(5) CFU g(-1) of fresh gut) in the shrimp gut was obtained 2 h after feeding. The concentration remained high for 4 h after feeding before decreasing until the next meal. Total bacterial counts on Marine agar and TCBS in the gut were significantly lowered by the probiotic treatment over the 10 weeks of the experiment. Additionally, during the first 2 weeks, prevalence and load of V nigripulchritudo strains in haemolymph was lower in animals fed with the probiotic diet. This study demonstrated, under pond conditions, that feeding shrimp with live terrestrial lactic acid bacteria can be an effective treatment for improving shrimp culture affected by vibriosis. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2008-03 , Vol. 275 , N. 1-4 , P. 182-193

Droits : 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4079.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4079/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Transmission electron microscopy observations on olivine crystals deformed at moderate (≤1273 K) temperature evidenced dislocations interactions explaining the hardening observed in the experiments, but also recovery mechanisms by the absorption or emission of point defects. Thus we investigate the possibility that, at geological strain-rates, these recovery processes allow steady-state deformation by dislocation creep at low to moderate temperatures in the lithospheric mantle. We test this hypothesis using a 2.5-D dislocation dynamics (DD) model, which combines dislocation glide and recovery by climb. This model shows that diffusion-controlled recovery processes allow for steady-state deformation by dislocation creep in the lithospheric mantle at stresses <500 MPa. For stresses of 50–200 MPa, steady-state strain-rates of 10−15 s−110−15 s−1 may be attained at temperatures as low as 900 K. Fitting of the DD model produces a flow law, which represents a lower bound for the lithospheric mantle strength, since the models describe the deformation of an olivine single crystal in an easy slip orientation. Comparison of strain-rates and Moho temperatures inferred for different geodynamic environments and the predictions of this model-based flow law implies, nevertheless, that, except in incipient rifts, most of the observed deformation may be produced by stress levels ≤200 MPa, consistent with those inferred to be produced by convection. This convergence suggests that the present models, which explicitly calculate the time-dependent dislocation dynamics, may provide a correct first order estimate of the mechanical behaviour of the lithospheric mantle, which cannot be derived directly from any existing data.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/file/Boioli.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : Herbivory is viewed as a major driver of plant evolution and the mostimportant energy pathway from plants to higher trophic levels. Therefore, understandingpatterns of herbivory on plants remains a key focus in evolution and ecology. Theevolutionary impacts of leaf herbivory include altering plant fitness, local adaptation, theevolution of defenses, and the diversification of plants as well as natural enemies. Leafherbivory also impacts ecological processes such as plant productivity, communitycomposition, and ecosystem nutrient cycling. Understanding the impact of herbivory onthese ecological and evolutionary processes requires species-specific, as opposed tocommunity-level, measures of herbivory. In addition, species-specific data enables the use ofmodern comparative methods to account for phylogenetic non-independence. Althoughhundreds of studies have measured natural rates of leaf consumption, we are unaware of anyaccessible compilation of these data. We created such a data set to provide the raw dataneeded to test general hypotheses relating to plant–herbivore interactions and to test theinfluence of biotic and abiotic factors on herbivory rates across large spatial scales. A largerepository will make this endeavor more efficient and robust. In total, we compiled 2641population-level measures for either annual or daily rates of leaf herbivory across 1145 speciesof vascular plants collected from 189 studies. All damage measures represent naturaloccurrences of herbivory that span numerous angiosperm, gymnosperm, and fern species. Toenable researchers to explore the causes of variation in herbivory and how these mightinteract, we added information about the study sites including: geolocation, climateclassification, habitat descriptions (e.g., seashore, grassland, forest, agricultural fields), andplant trait information concerning growth form and duration (e.g., annual vs. perennial). Wealso included extensive details of the methodology used to measure leaf damage, includingseasons and months of sampling, age of leaves, and the method used to estimate percentagearea missing. We anticipate that these data will make it possible to test important hypothesesin the plant–herbivore literature, including the plant apparency hypothesis, the latitudinalherbivorydefense hypothesis, the resource availability hypothesis, and the macroevolutionaryescalation of defense hypothesis.
ISSN: 0012-9658

hal-01601627
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01601627
DOI : 10.1890/13-1741.1
PRODINRA : 397136
PUBMED : 24870043