Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Yearly monitoring in one of the most affected coastal zones by the Prestige oil spill, namely Nemiña and O Rostro beaches (NW Spain), has been carried out since 2004. Topographic data of beaches revealed seasonal altimetric changes up to 4 m that would prevent the on shore persistence of oil. However, surficial and subsurficial oil was detected in the intertidal area of both beaches in all campaigns. The hydrocarbon analysis confirmed that this oil corresponded to the Prestige oil, even nine years after the accident. Tar balls were highly biodegraded suggesting that the oil was accumulated on the subtidal sediments for a long time and transported to the coast by the action of waves. The present work provides new evidence of the long term persistence of deep oil spills from wrecks in marine areas where the hydrodynamic conditions play a twofold key role, in determining the exposed coastal area to recurrent contamination and in burying and resurfacing the oil in the intertidal zone.
ISSN: 0304-3894

hal-01071707
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01071707
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.057

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Quasi-3D model SHORECIRC simulates circulation on simple nearshore domains. It is modified in order to handle realistic bathymetries : beaches with complex shoreline and/or emerged structures. Added improvements are validated against other models and measurements on various configurations. New SHORECIRC version is then applied to the study of the circulation dynamics of Leucate, a sandy beach of Languedoc- Roussillon (France) with crescentic bars.
Le modèle numérique de circulation quasi-tridimensionnel SHORECIRC, initialement prévu pour fonctionner sur des bathymétries simples, a été modifié afin de pouvoir prendre en compte les caractéristiques complexes des bathymétries réalistes de la zone littorale : trait de côte irrégulier et présence d'objets émergés. Les modifications apportées ont ´été validées par comparaison avec des résultats d'autres modèles numériques et avec des données mesurées sur plusieurs configurations. Enfin, le modèle modifié a été appliqué à l'étude de la dynamique de la circulation sur une plage sableuse à barres en festons (Plage de Leucate, Languedoc-Roussillon, FR).
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438713

tel-00438713
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438713
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438713/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438713/file/thesebujan.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This manuscript reports on a novel field experiment carried out on a microtidal beach in Camargue, France. For the first time in the field, a comprehensive description of the groundwater dynamics under sandy beach swash zone is presented. A cross-shore network of 15 buried pressure sensors is combined with terrestrial LiDAR measurements to study the swash-groundwater dynamics. The presented data focus on the decay of a moderate storm which allows to monitor the evolution of the groundwater pressure field in response to the retreat of the swash zone. Both horizontal and vertical head gradients are measured within the porous sand soil to estimate the groundwater flow field using Darcy’s law. Time-averaged analysis demonstrates the presence of a rather consistent groundwater circulation pattern under the swash zone, shifting offshore with the swash zone. The main tendency is an offshore directed flow, with infiltration/exfiltration in the upper/lower parts of the swash zone. Time-resolved analysis highlights the typical groundwater response to swash events which consists mainly of an overall infiltration flow during the bed inundation by the swash tongue, a seaward flow during the swash retreat and, for long backwash events, a localized exfiltration flow under the next incoming uprush.
ISSN: 0309-1708

hal-01412450
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01412450
DOI : 10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.09.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
This study highlights the importance of tourism issues for the tropical islands. The singularity of the spaces is too often overlooked because of the strength of fantasized representations of the tropical island which is seen as a paradise, a place of accomplishment desires unlimited with an easy life, with its sunny shores, between coral reefs and white sandy beaches lined with coconut trees. These intangible wealth are based on real resources, abundant and vulnerable, like the emblematic image of coral reefs. Although the tropical island destinations are not supported the weight of the major touristic regions of the world but their flows should be reconsidered in the light of the characteristics of these territories (small size, load population, shortage of land, limits of resources) that require defining specific indicators. But the advent of mass tourism in these last frontiers, these "Pleasure Periphery" needs to question the sustainability of tourism development strategies.
Cette étude souligne l’importance des enjeux touristiques pour les îles tropicales. La singularité des espaces est trop souvent négligée en raison de la vigueur des représentations fantasmées de l’île tropicale qui est perçue tel un lieu paradisiaque, un lieu d’accomplissement de désirs illimités où s’écoule une vie facile, avec ses rivages ensoleillés, entre récifs coralliens et plages de sable blanc bordées de cocotiers. Ces richesses immatérielles reposent sur des ressources bien réelles, abondantes et vulnérables, à l’image des emblématiques récifs coralliens. Certes les destinations insulaires tropicales ne connaissent pas les niveaux de fréquentation des grandes régions du monde, mais leurs flux doivent être reconsidérés au regard des caractéristiques de ces territoires (faible superficie, charge de population, rareté de la terre, limites des ressources) qui nécessitent la définition d’indications spécifiques. Mais l’avènement d’un tourisme de masse dans ces ultimes frontières, ces « Pleasure Periphery » nécessite de s’interroger sur la viabilité des stratégies de développement mises en œuvre autour du tourisme.
ISSN: 1779-0980

hal-01624747
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01624747
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.852

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cette étude souligne l’importance des enjeux touristiques pour les îles tropicales. La singularité des espaces est trop souvent négligée en raison de la vigueur des représentations fantasmées de l’île tropicale qui est perçue tel un lieu paradisiaque, un lieu d’accomplissement de désirs illimités où s’écoule une vie facile, avec ses rivages ensoleillés, entre récifs coralliens et plages de sable blanc bordées de cocotiers. Ces richesses immatérielles reposent sur des ressources bien réelles, abondantes et vulnérables, à l’image des emblématiques récifs coralliens. Certes les destinations insulaires tropicales ne connaissent pas les niveaux de fréquentation des grandes régions du monde, mais leurs flux doivent être reconsidérés au regard des caractéristiques de ces territoires (faible superficie, charge de population, rareté de la terre, limites des ressources) qui nécessitent la définition d’indications spécifiques. Mais l’avènement d’un tourisme de masse dans ces ultimes frontières, ces « Pleasure Periphery » nécessite de s’interroger sur la viabilité des stratégies de développement mises en œuvre autour du tourisme.
This study highlights the importance of tourism issues for the tropical islands. The singularity of the spaces is too often overlooked because of the strength of fantasized representations of the tropical island which is seen as a paradise, a place of accomplishment desires unlimited with an easy life, with its sunny shores, between coral reefs and white sandy beaches lined with coconut trees. These intangible wealth are based on real resources, abundant and vulnerable, like the emblematic image of coral reefs. Although the tropical island destinations are not supported the weight of the major touristic regions of the world but their flows should be reconsidered in the light of the characteristics of these territories (small size, load population, shortage of land, limits of resources) that require defining specific indicators. But the advent of mass tourism in these last frontiers, these "Pleasure Periphery" needs to question the sustainability of tourism development strategies.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.852
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/852

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : The Gold Coast in Australia is one of these coastal places, which developed through taking advantage of its environmental assets, such as direct access to the sea, a white sandy shoreline, an extensive and naturally protected broadwater and several large accessible rivers. While many other coastal cities relied on port facilities to develop commercial and naval activities, the City of Gold Coast emerged and grew as a tourism destination. Largely because of this phenomenon, the pattern of settlement and subsequent development of the city differs from most traditional Australian settlement and development patterns. Today, the Gold Coast is one of the most famous tourist cities in Australia and it accommodates more than ten million visitors annually.In the wider Australian context, 85% of the population lives within 50 km of the beach, evidencing popular lifestyle cultural preferences of many Australians. Given this preoccupation with the coast, one may expect that Australia would be at the forefront of coastal tourism developments and coastal protection. There is, however, no overriding jurisdiction covering planning law enforcement in maritime areas and, this situation has led to many social and environmental conflicts. The City of Gold Coast is a case in point and no more so than currently (2017) with proposals to build a cruise terminal or/and a casino, and high rise residential towers on its protected coastal strip (the Spit).This paper demonstrates how the evolution and resolution of development conflicts on the Spit (Gold Coast) are symptomatic of the evolution of place values and the national coastal management and how, this informs a shift towards coastal protection.
La ville côtière de Gold Coast, en Australie, s’est développée grâce à un environnement naturel exceptionnel, qui comprend un accès direct à la mer, un littoral de sable blanc, une large baie naturellement protégée et plusieurs rivières. Si la plupart des autres villes du littoral australien se sont appuyées sur leur port pour développer leurs activités commerciales et navales, la ville de Gold Coast est, depuis ses débuts, une ville touristique. De ce fait, son mode et ses formes de développement se différencient de ceux que l’on rencontre traditionnellement dans les autres villes. Aujourd’hui la ville de Gold Coast est l’une des principales destinations touristiques australiennes et accueille plus de dix millions de visiteurs par an.En Australie, 85% de la population habite dans un rayon de 50km de la plage, avec les préférences de style de vie qui y sont associées. Vu cette attraction pour le littoral, on pourrait présumer que l’Australie soit à l’avant-garde des développements touristiques et de la protection de son littoral. Cependant, du point de vue national, comme, historiquement, il n’y a eu qu’une faible jurdiction concernant l’aménagement et la protection des zones maritimes et du littoral, de nombreux conflits sociaux et environmentaux ont vu le jour. La ville de Gold Coast concentre malheureusement nombre de ces conflits ; le dernier en date concernant le projet de construction d’un terminal de bateaux de croisière et/ou d’un casino avec quelques tours residentielles sur une langue de terre protégée (le Spit).L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment l’évolution et la résolution des conflits sur le Spit de Gold Coast, tous liés à des projets de développements touristiques, reflètent non seulement l’évolution de la valeur d’un lieu et l’approche nationale du développement du littoral, mais aussi le changement vers une meilleure protection du littoral.
Australie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10496
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10496

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Coastal Education and Research Foundation
Résumé : Nearshore bars are generally present on sandy coasts and play a significant role in wave breaking and sediment exchange between beach and shoreface. The study area is located on the Languedoc-Roussillon coast in the Gulf of Lions (southern part of the French Mediterranean coast). This microtidal environment is classified as a wave-dominated coast. The sand coast displays different bar systems (single or multiple; straight or crescentic). The alongshore variability of bar morphology in the nearshore zone was investigated in August 2009 during one week, using a topo-bathymetric LIDAR data set (300 km(2)). LIDAR makes it possible to cover a large area in a very short time with a high resolution. The topo-bathymetric LIDAR offers the added benefit of morphological information about the beach-sea transition in very shallow water (below I in), data often difficult if not impossible to obtain with traditional techniques. The purpose of this paper is 1) to depict the distribution of bars and their characteristics along the 180 km coast of the Gulf of Lions; 2) to update the classifications of sand bars typologies in Languedoc-Roussillon; 3) to pay particular attention to the description of the intricate inner system. Globally, cross-shore distribution of subtidal morphologies is characterized by both an outer and an inner system. The outer system is crescent-shaped in the south and straight in the northern part with a distinctive regional delimitation. The inner system comprises an inner bar and, near the coast, a complex fluctuating bar called Low Bar Beach (LBB). Several intermediate states were identified and added to the new classification proposed in this paper. These results clearly emphasize the importance of LIDAR technology for a better understanding of bar behaviour and single and/or multi-bar beach organisation.
ISSN: 0749-0208

hal-00783187
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00783187

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Maguelone shore extends along the northern coast of the Gulf of Lions, west of the Rhone Delta and east of high-gradient coastal streams that have provided most of the clastic sediments to the Gulf of Lions margin since the early Miocene. This 10 km-wide area is constituted by a small coastal watershed (15 km long) in low-lying carbonate hills, a kilometre-wide marsh, a sandy beach barrier and a shoreface experiencing local low sedimentation rates. This onshore-offshore transition zone is a key area to understand the relationships between erosion, by-pass, deposition and preservation processes. Unlike the neighbouring Rhone deposits that display numerous thick deltaic sequences related to a continuous sediment flux, the Maguelone shore exhibits peculiar sedimentary bodies. The analysis of about 250 km of new VHR seismic profiles acquired over the study area, 9 short cores and outcrops data allowed us to determine the three-dimensional high-resolution geometry of the coastal system tracts from Quaternary to present-day. This revealed dominant denudation processes in the Upstream catchments associated with the formation of incised valleys during Quaternary lowstands. In addition, this study investigates the erosion and deposition mechanisms controlled by littoral hydrodynamics that have been taken place on this shore since the last transgression. In particular, metre-high and hundreds of metre-long sandy bodies constructed by alongshore hydrodynamics were identified and their effect on the morphodynamics of the whole littoral system is discussed. The Maguelone shore can be used as an experimental study for onshore/offshore dynamics under the influence of microtidal wave/current hydrodynamics and very low river-derived sediment flux during a eustatic cycle. Geometry of system tracts across flood plain to shoreface is usually considered to be controlled by relative sea-level changes, and is successfully analysed with 2D sequence stratigraphy cross-shore models. It is observed that in areas like the Maguelone shore, traditional sequence stratigraphy methods might not be fully relevant and need to integrate alongshore hydrodynamical processes.
ISSN: 0025-3227

hal-00421060
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00421060
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.06.008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The sandy coasts of Languedoc-Roussillon are a zone vulnerable to erosion and flooding. These hazards are generally associated with a combination of natural factors such as waves, wind, rising sea levels and the importance of sediment supply, and are therefore worsened during storms. For the management of such risks, a better knowledge of the hydrodynamic phenomena occuring from the surf zone through to the coastal scale is essential. This need led to the development of a numerical modelling platform consisting of the 3D ocean circulation model Symphonie, usually dedicated to regional and coastal scales, which was modified to include the wave forcing, modeled by the WaveWatch III or Swan models. Using this platform the entire littoral and coastal regions can be accurately represented. The model was tested in several academic cases. Measurements on the barred beach of Sète during the winter of 2008-2009 served to refine the model, which is able to successfully reproduce the characteristics of the currents in coastal areas, drifts or rip currents over more complex bathymetries and also the vertical profiles of currents. To validate the model on the inner-shelf, we compared the simulations with measurements taken during a winter storm in 2004 around the mouth of the Têt river, as well as during storms in 2007 and 2008 in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes. Currents are generally well reproduced. However, the scope of wave action seems limited to a depth of 30m. The characteristics of our model allow a good reproduction of the currents at all scales and the 3D nature of the model permits a more precise calculation of the shear stress and bottom current responsible, respectively, for the suspension and advection of sediments.
Le littoral sableux du Languedoc-Roussillon est un système vulnérable aux risques d'érosion et de submersion. Ces aléas sont liés à la conjonction des facteurs naturels que sont les vagues, vent, élévation du niveau de la mer et apports sédimentaires et sont donc aggravés en période de tempête. En vue d'une gestion des risques, une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes hydrodynamiques de l'échelle littorale à l'échelle côtière est essentielle. Ce travail a conduit à la réalisation d'une plateforme de modélisation numérique composée du modèle de circulation océanique 3D Symphonie, traditionnellement dédié aux échelles régionales et côtières, qui a été modifié pour inclure le forçage par les vagues, modélisées par les modèles Wavewatch III ou Swan, et ainsi étendre sa validité au littoral. Le modèle a été testé sur des cas académiques littoraux. Des mesures sur la plage à double barres de Sète pendant l'hiver 2008-2009, ont également servi à parfaire le modèle qui reproduit ainsi avec succès les caractéristiques des courants en zone littorale : la dérive, les courants sagittaux sur des bathymétries plus complexes et les profils verticaux des courants. Pour valider le modèle à des échelles plus côtières, nous avons confronté ses résultats à des mesures réalisées pendant une tempête hivernale en 2004 aux alentours de l'embouchure de la Têt, mais également sur des tempêtes de 2007 et 2008 dans le Golfe d'Aigues-Mortes. Les courants sont globalement bien reproduits. Les zones d'action des vagues semblent limitées aux zones de profondeur inférieure à 30 m. Notre modèle autorise une reproduction correcte des courants à toutes les échelles et sa nature 3D permet un calcul plus précis de la tension de cisaillement de fond et du courant près du fond, responsables respectivement de la mise en suspension et de l'advection des sédiments.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405

tel-00680405
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405v2/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405/file/2011_MICHAUD.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : In the bay of Aigues-Mortes, the managers of the co astal cities try to preserve the socio-economic and patrimonial stakes against the coastal hazards, such as contamination, storm surge and erosion. In this context, a massive beach nourishment of sand (1 million of m3 for 10km of coastline) was made at the beginning of year 2008 to reduce erosion. The REPBAM project (REchargements et Panaches sédiment aires dans la Baie d'Aigues-Mortes) aims to qualify and quantify by in-situ measurements and numerical modelling: 1. the geomorphological evolution of this modified coast and 2. the impact of the sediment's resuspension on the coastal ecosystems, in particular the one of the Posidonia oceanica seagrass. A numerical modelling "wave/current/sediment" is first implemented for December 2008. Nested and curvilinear grids allow a very high resolution for the beach area but also include the inner shelf where the seagrasses are located. Hydrodynamic and topo-bathymetric measurements were acquired from January to May 2012. Model and measurements results show the same trends during storms: strong currents, seaward migrationof the innerbar, sediment resuspension and turbid on the inner shelf.
Coastal Dynamics 2013
Arcachon, France

hal-00908082
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00908082

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le tourisme balnéaire joue un rôle fondamental dans le développement économique des pays des deux rives du bassin méditerranéen. Climat tempéré, plages sablonneuses et beauté du paysage naturel côtier représentent le support à cette nouvelle activité. Si dans beaucoup de pays, comme l’Espagne, le Maroc, la Tunisie, la France, etc., une large surface du littoral est mise en tourisme, les aménagements touristiques restent en Algérie très ponctuels et en décalage avec la demande réelle de la population. La volonté de l’Etat algérien de faire du tourisme balnéaire une activité génératrice de richesse dans l’objectif d’atténuer la dépendance de l’économie au secteur des hydrocarbures, rencontre beaucoup de difficultés telles la question des enjeux fonciers et les dysfonctionnements entre les outils d’aménagement et ceux de protection de la nature. Dans cet article, l’objectif est, à travers le cas du littoral mostaganemois, d’analyser l’évolution des dispositions institutionnelles en matière du tourisme balnéaire et de leurs mises en œuvre sur le terrain toute en analysant les spécificités du contexte socioéconomique et naturel à une échelle locale.
The seaside tourism plays a fundamental role in the economic development of the Mediterranean countries. Temperate climate, sandy beaches and natural coastal landscape are the support to this new activity. If in many countries such as Spain, Morocco, Tunisia and France, etc., the tourism development is diffused over a wide area of the coast, it remains very limited phenomenon in Algeria and out of step with real request of the population. The will of the Algerian state to make of the seaside tourism a generative financial activity with the objective to limit the dependence of the energy income, faced many difficulties such land issues and dysfunctions between development tools and those of nature protection.In this article, the objective is, through the case of the Mostaganem coast, to discuss the evolution of the institutional capacities regarding the seaside tourism and his implementation on the ground while analyzing the specifities of socioeconomic and natural context in a local scale.
Algérie
Monstaganem

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.9305
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/9305

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
o abstract
Coastal Engineering Proceedings

hal-01426586
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01426586

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : The Maguelone shore extends along the northern coast of the Gulf of Lions margin, West of the Rhone delta and East of some high gradient coastal streams that have been providing most of the elastic sediments to the Gulf of Lions margin since the early Miocene. This 10 km wide area comprises an onshore small coastal watershed (15 km long) in low-lying carbonate hills, kilometer wide marshes, sandy beach and shoreface featuring local low sedimentation. Deposit architecture in such a coastal zone records dynamics of incised valley fill under the influence of rivers and wave/current hydrodynamics in a microtidal environment during an eustatic cycle.;A detailed analysis of about 250 km of very high resolution seismic profiles, tens of cores and outcrops data revealed the evolution of the Maguelone coastal system from Late-Quaternary to present-day. It highlighted also dominant denudation processes in the upstream catchments associated to the formation of incised valley seaward during Quaternary. Combination of this inherited morphology together with hydrodynamics controlled the lagoonal environment evolution since the last transgression. In particular, the Maguelone shore is characterized by the formation of built-over-rias lagoonal systems and records an evolution from partially protected lagoon to isolated lagoon environment. These two stages of lagoon evolution correspond to distinct deposit environments. Correlation of fauna contents with deposit geometry improves lagoonal environment models.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00486370
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00486370
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.181.2.211

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : The tropical coast of Queensland, Australia is experiencing rapid population and tourism growth. Heavy development pressure is being placed on the biophysical environment, which includes the largest sand island in the world (World Heritage listed), Fraser Island. Despite the existence of State planning legislation oriented towards environmental sustainability, it is apparent that little, if any, regard is being paid to the long-term effects of resort and canal-estate development on the underlying biophysical environment of the coast and islands. While the remarkable surface features of the tropical coastal environment such as the surf beaches, the unique dune lakes, and the coastal vegetation, as well as the prolific wildlife, are used as selling points for new settlement and above all tourism, little is known or apparently of major concern with respect to the long term environmental impact of coastal development. While the crowding effect of large numbers of visitors and their impact on the natural environment - through significant degradation, site hardening or lack of proper on-site management – has been identified as a particular problem in certain areas, there is little knowledge of impacts on the underlying coastal geomorphology. In particular, developmental choices are often made in ignorance of, or disregard of, the widespread existence of tropical acid sulfate soils in that coastal environment. Reactive soils such as these can, and do, greatly affect the biophysical outcomes of a development if they are exposed. This paper documents such impacts in the form of a case study of the acid sulfate soil problem in relation to the development of tourist resorts, and suggests that part of the solution is for the State Government to insist on enforceable standards relating to their development for tourism in the coastal zone. These would reduce the use by many resort owners of fancy golf course developments as an environmental cover up to make it look as if they put a lot of effort into protecting the environment….
La côte tropicale du Queensland est confrontée à un accroissement rapide de la population. Les fortes pressions anthropiques pèsent sur le milieu biophysique, qui comprend notamment a plus grande île de sable du monde, un site classé Patrimoine de l’Humanité, Port Hinchinbrook et Fraser Island. Malgré l’existence d’une législation nationale orientée vers la préservation de l’environnement, il est manifeste que peu d’attention est accordée aux effets à long terme des sites touristiques et du développement de l’urbanisation sur ces franges côtières sensibles. L’aspect massif des flux de visiteurs et leurs impacts sur le milieu naturel a été identifié comme un sujet d’inquiétude particulier dans certaines régions. La connaissance des impacts sur la géomorphologie côtière souterraine est très réduite et les choix de développement sont souvent faits dans l’ignorance ou au mépris de la présence répandue de terrains de sulfate d’acide dans ce milieu côtier. Des sols réactifs comme ceux-là peuvent affecter, et affectent, grandement les résultats géophysiques d’un développement lorsqu’ils sont connus. Des études de cas sur le problème des sols de sulfate d’acide suggèrent qu’une partie de la solution pour le gouvernement de l’Etat du Queensland est d’imposer des normes obligatoires pour le développement du tourisme dans la zone côtière.
Australie
Queensland

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.1272
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/1272