Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : The area of forest plantations is increasing worldwide helping to meet timber demand and protect natural forests. However, with global change, monospecific plantations are increasingly vulnerable to abiotic and biotic disturbances. As an adaption measure we need to move to plantations that are more diverse in genotypes, species, and structure, with a design underpinned by science. TreeDivNet, a global network of tree diversity experiments, responds to this need by assessing the advantages and disadvantages of mixed species plantations. The network currently consists of 18 experiments, distributed over 36 sites and five ecoregions. With plantations 1-15 years old, TreeDivNet can already provide relevant data for forest policy and management. In this paper, we highlight some early results on the carbon sequestration and pest resistance potential of more diverse plantations. Finally, suggestions are made for new, innovative experiments in understudied regions to complement the existing network.
ISSN: 0044-7447

hal-01204232
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204232
DOI : 10.1007/s13280-015-0685-1
PRODINRA : 324368
PUBMED : 26264716

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 1354-1013

hal-01107919
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01107919
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02432.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The marine Messinian deposits of Tunisia cover a narrow littoral strip some 300 km long between the northern Bizerte and Cap Bon areas and the central-eastern Sahel region. Litho- and biofacies analysis of six stratigraphic sections reveals the distinctive features of these deposits.;The lower Messinian deposits are characterized by ubiquitous siliciclastics and abundant oolitic/bioclastic limestones organized in an eastward facing ramp. Westward (landward), this ramp changes into coastal lagoons, sometimes containing evaporites. Eastward, the ramp passes to the reefal Pelagian Platform extending as far as Lampedusa.;Two main sedimentary cycles are distinguished: 1) an early Messinian siliciclastic retrogradational then oolitic/bioclastic progradational cycle (Beni Khiar Formation and lower Oued bel Khedim Formation): 2) a late Messinian brackish to continental cycle that probably accumulated in rapidly subsiding lagoons (Cued el Bir Formation and upper Oued bel Khedim Formation). The Tunisian early Messinian cycle is partly eustatically controlled, but the late Messinian cycle cannot be confidently correlated to other well-known Messinian series because of tectonic movements.;The lower Messinian deposits of Tunisia are also characterized by abundant suspension-feeding organisms (molluscs and bryozoans) and rare corals, calcareous algae, echinoids, and larger benthic foraminifers. The proposed palaeoenvironmental model shows that the lower Messinian ramp of Tunisia was located on a current-protected margin and subjected to continent-derived sediment and nutrient supply. Eastward, nutrient influx diminished and a shallow-water isolated carbonate platform with coralgal facies developed between the western and the eastern Mediterranean basins. The main hydrological connection between these two basins occurred through a narrow seaway situated to the northeast of the Pelagian Platform, south of Sicily and Malta.
ISSN: 0031-0182

hal-00475583
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475583
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.10.028

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Orogenic wedges locally present chaotic tectonostratigraphic units that contain exotic blocks of various size, origin, age and lithology, embedded in a sedimentary matrix. The occurrence of ophiolitic blocks, sometimes huge, in such “mélanges” raises questions on (i) the mechanisms responsible for the incorporation of oceanic basement rocks into an accretionary wedge and (ii) the mechanisms allowing exhumation and redeposition of these exotic elements in “mélanges” during wedge growth.To address these questions, we present the results of a series of analogue experiments performed to characterize the processes and parameters responsible for accretion, exhumation and tectonosedimentary reworking of oceanic basement lithospheric fragments in an accretionary wedge.The experimental setup is designed to simulate the interaction between tectonics, erosion and sedimentation. Different configurations are applied to study the impact of various parameters, such as irregular oceanic floor due to structural inheritance, or the presence of layers with contrasted rheology that can affect deformation partitioning in the wedge (frontal accretion vs basal accretion) influencing its growth. Image correlation technique allows extracting instantaneous velocity field, and tracking of passive particles. By retrieving the particle paths determined from models, the pressure-temperature path of mélange units or elementary blocks can be discussed. The experimental results are then compared with observations from ophiolite-bearing mélanges in Taiwan (Lichi and Kenting mélanges) and Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM) Thermometry data on rocks from the northern Apennines (Casanova mélange). A geological scenario is proposed following basic observations. The tectonic evolution of the retroside of doubly vergent accretionary wedges is mainly controlled by backthrusting and backfolding. The retro wedge is characterized by steep slopes that are prone to gravitational instabilities. It triggers submarine landslides inducing huge mass transfers. This erosion combined with backthrusting could favour exhumation of the ophiolitic fragments formerly accreted at the base of the wedge along the rough seafloor-sediments interface. Such an exhumed material can be reworked and deposited as debris- flows in proximal basins located at the foot of the retrowedge slope forming a tectono-sedimentary mélange. These syntectonic basins are continuously deformed and involved in prograding backthrusting-induced deformation.
ISSN: 0264-3707

hal-01395127
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395127
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2016.05.008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : We examined tree-soil habitat associations in lowland forest communities at Paracou, French Guiana. We analyzed a large dataset assembling six permanent plots totaling 37.5 ha, in which extensive LIDAR-derived topographical data and soil chemical and physical data have been integrated with precise botanical determinations. Map of relative elevation from the nearest stream summarized both soil fertility and hydromorphic characteristics, with seasonally inundated bottomlands having higher soil phosphate content and base saturation, and plateaus having higher soil carbon, nitrogen and aluminum contents. We employed a statistical test of correlations between tree species density and environmental maps, by generating Monte Carlo simulations of random raster images that preserve autocorrelation of the original maps. Nearly three fourths of the 94 taxa with at least one stem per ha showed a significant correlation between tree density and relative elevation, revealing contrasted species-habitat associations in term of abundance, with seasonally inundated bottomlands (24.5% of species) and well-drained plateaus (48.9% of species). We also observed species preferences for environments with or without steep slopes (13.8% and 10.6%, respectively). We observed that closely-related species were frequently associated with different soil habitats in this region (70% of the 14 genera with congeneric species that have a significant association test) suggesting species-habitat associations have arisen multiple times in this tree community. We also tested if species with similar habitat preferences shared functional strategies. We found that seasonally inundated forest specialists tended to have smaller stature (maximum diameter) than species found on plateaus. Our results underline the importance of tree-soil habitat associations in structuring diverse communities at fine spatial scales and suggest that additional studies are needed to disentangle community assembly mechanisms related to dispersal limitation, biotic interactions and environmental filtering from species-habitat associations. Moreover, they provide a framework to generalize across tropical forest sites.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01260289
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01260289
PRODINRA : 342930
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0141488

Éditeur(s) : American Geophysical Union
Résumé : The Fairway Ridge is a buried continental structure that separates the Fairway Basin from the New Caledonia Basin. The proposed Cretaceous age of the Fairway Basin has remained highly hypothetical to date. Deep offshore petroleum exploration wells revealed well-dated Mesozoic carbonaceous sedimentary rocks in the Taranaki Basin at the southern end of the Aotea Basin. In this paper we use geophysical data to confirm the continuity of the 2000 km long Fairway-Aotea Basin connecting New Caledonia to New Zealand and prove its early Late Cretaceous age. Analysis of seismic reflection profiles together with newly compiled gravity and magnetic maps reveals Late Cretaceous NE–SW trending lineaments projecting northeastward from major Tasman Sea fracture zones and the Bellona Trough, which demonstrate that the opening of the Fairway-Aotea Basin predates the opening of the Tasman Sea. This result combined with observations of the Mesozoic regional geology suggests that the Lord Howe, Fairway, and Norfolk ridges are part of a remnant late Early Cretaceous continental arc, which was fragmented into three pieces by the late Early to early Late Cretaceous. This event might be contemporaneous with a plate motion change between the Gondwana and Pacific plates and/or the arrival of the Hikurangi plateau in the subduction zone around 105 Ma, which caused the cessation of subduction along this plate boundary. We interpret either of those two events as being possible trigger events for the post–Early Cretaceous fragmentation of the eastern Gondwana margin in a slab retreat process.
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems - G3 (1525-2027) (American Geophysical Union), 2009-12 , Vol. 10 , N. 12 , P. 1-24

Droits : 2009 American Geophysical Union
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-7322.pdf
DOI:10.1029/2009GC002612
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/7322/

Résumé : Le présent rapport est constitué de six parties. Dans la 1ère partie, nous donnons quelques généralités introductives sur la mangrove, et plus spécifiquement sur la mangrove de Nouvelle-Calédonie, ainsi que sur notre site d’étude. La 2nde partie est consacrée à l’évaluation de la biodiversité végétale ainsi qu’à la caractérisation de la structure de la formation de mangrove étudiée. La 3ème partie est consacrée à l’étude de la géochimie des sédiments de mangrove, cette section est divisée en 2 sous-parties, l’une concernant les formes azotées, l’autre concernant le carbone et les métaux lourds. La 4ème partie concerne l’étude des assemblages meïobenthiques, qui réagissent fortement à des perturbations de type organique. La 5ème partie est dédiée à la crevetticulture et à l’inventaire de solutions de gestion des effluents. Cette partie comprend quatre sections. La 1ère section a pour vocation de présenter les caractéristiques de la filière crevettière de Nouvelle-Calédonie. La 2nde section donne les caractéristiques des effluents crevettiers. La 3ème section est le résultat des recherches bibliographiques sur les moyens de gestion des effluents. Enfin la 4ème section est une discussion de faisabilité sur ces moyens de gestion. La 6ème partie de ce rapport, intègre les aspects sociologiques des connaissances et des perceptions des éleveurs à propos de la mangrove et des effluents. Dans la synthèse générale de ce rapport, nous proposerons dans un premier temps des conclusions à propos de la géochimie des sédiments des sédiments de mangrove et des différents facteurs forçants. Dans un second temps, nous serons amenés à prendre en compte les résultats de l’étude sociologique dans le but de mener une réflexion sur les différents moyens de gestion des effluents applicables en Nouvelle-Calédonie.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30917/29288.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30917/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD MDPI
Résumé : International audience
Canopy height is a key variable in tropical forest functioning and for regional carbon inventories. We investigate the spatial structure of the canopy height of a tropical forest, its relationship with environmental physical covariates, and the implication for tropical forest height variation mapping. Making use of high-resolution maps of LiDAR-derived Digital Canopy Model (DCM) and environmental covariates from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired over 30,000 ha of tropical forest in French Guiana, we first show that forest canopy height is spatially correlated up to 2500 m. Forest canopy height is significantly associated with environmental variables, but the degree of correlation varies strongly with pixel resolution. On the whole, bottomland forests generally have lower canopy heights than hillslope or hilltop forests. However, this global picture is very noisy at local scale likely because of the endogenous gap-phase forest dynamic processes. Forest canopy height has been predictively mapped across a pixel resolution going from 6 m to 384 m mimicking a low resolution case of 3 points·km −2. Results of canopy height mapping indicated that the error for spatial model with environment effects decrease from 8.7 m to 0.91 m, depending of the pixel resolution. Results suggest that, outside the calibration plots, the contribution of environment in shaping the global canopy height distribution is quite limited. This prevents accurate canopy height mapping based only on environmental information, and suggests that precise canopy height maps, for local management purposes, can only be obtained with direct LiDAR monitoring.
ISSN: 2072-4292

hal-01590726
https://hal-univ-guyane.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01590726
https://hal-univ-guyane.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01590726/document
https://hal-univ-guyane.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01590726/file/remotesensing-08-00747.pdf
DOI : 10.3390/rs8090747

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
Crustal-scale models for the Pyrenees based on ECORS reflection profileshave around 20 years now. In recent years, new understandingswere gained on the reconstruction to the preorogenic times, namelya scenario of extreme crustal attenuation and mantle exhumation ; inturn, this has implications on the interpretation of the present-day structure,as new models for the chain must consider feedbacks between themid-Cretaceous hyperextension and the Pyrenean inversion. On the WcentralPyrenean traverse, the southern part comprises 3 S-vergent basementthrust units, the Lakora, Gavarnie and Guarga units, flanked by thedetached cover of the Jaca piggyback basin and the Ebro basin, wherethe Mesozoic is thin and Late Cretaceous-Tertiary synorogenic carbonateand detrital sequences record a southward depocenter migration.To the N, the Chaînons Béarnais belt (CB) is a system of Jurassic to LowerCretaceous carbonate anticline ridges separated by synclines withthick Albian-Cenomanian flysch, covered to the north by Upper Cretaceousflysch sequences. The CB is thrust southwards together with theLakora thrust unit and northwards onto the Aquitaine basin. CB foldinglargely results from the rising and squeezing of diapirs initiated duringthe Jurassic-Early Cretaceous extension. Pieces of crust and mantle liftedin the diapirs attest that the CB derive from a Cretaceous domainof hyperextended continental crust and exhumed mantle. Moho reflectionsin the ECORS-Arzaq profile constrain the present deep structure.Restoration leads to a Mesozoic cover detachment over the N-Iberianand S-European margins. Inversion began by subduction of the exhumedmantle and folding and pop-up thrusting of the CB cover onto themargins. From the mid-late Eocene onwards, continental collision wasaccommodated by wedging and thrust stacking in the Iberian crust, involvingthe piggyback formation of S-vergent basement thrusts in theupper crust, and the northward subduction of the lower crust.
24 ème Réunion des sciences de la Terre 2014
Pau, France

insu-01080831
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01080831

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : absent
Ecology and Management of a Neotropical Rainforest. Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana

ISBN : 2-84299-455-8
hal-01189178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189178
PRODINRA : 12114

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : The distribution of summer phytoplankton across the Straits of Magellan (SOM) was studied with the aims of tracing differences among the distinct subregions of the area and contributing to the knowledge of its biodiversity. Samples collected at 25 stations were observed and counted in light microscopy. Selected samples were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The main unifying feature of the phytoplankton in the SOM was the high abundance and numerical dominance of small-sized (<10 μm) eukaryotic species, among which coccoid cells of <3 μm size were predominant (56.2 ± 30.6 of the total phytoplankton abundance). They mostly belonged to the prasinophyte Pycnococcus provasolii, which was abundant (0.8–6,834 cells × 103 ml−1) at all stations with the exception of those in proximity to the Atlantic entrances, where it was not recorded. Small-sized (<3 and 3–5 μm) diatoms (Minidiscus trioculatus, Lennoxia faveolata and other undetermined centric species) attained high densities (<3,757 cells 103 ml−1) especially at stations of the Patagonian sectors, whereas microplanktonic diatoms were only found at the two entrances of the Straits. Dinoflagellates were constituted mainly by >10 μm forms in the Andean subregion and <10 μm naked species in the Patagonian subregion, contributing up to 75.9 and 41.8% of the total carbon in these two areas, respectively. In the Patagonian subregion, flagellates mainly constituted by <5 μm forms and by cryptomonads <10 μm comprised up to 53.9% of the total biomass. Several species identified in this study have never been reported in other investigations in the SOM, while others, including Pycnococcus provasolii and Lennoxia faveolata, have rarely been recorded elsewhere. Overall, the summer phytoplankton of the Straits does not resemble that of any other region of the world’s seas. Although some of the predominant species might have been overlooked elsewhere, their abundance and relative importance apparently constitute a distinctive feature of the SOM.
Polar Biology (0722-4060) (Springer), 2011 , Vol. 34 , N. 9 , P. 1269-1284

Droits : The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00026/13722/10828.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00300-010-0937-2
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00026/13722/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Sediment cores acquired in 2004 off the Rhone prodelta show consistent anomalous methane concentrations of up to 87,440 ppm. Methane compositional and isotopic data support a biogenic origin, although there are a few sites that show strongly depleted delta C-13 values (-53%o PDB) suggesting a mixed source for the gas (biogenic and thermogenic). Anomalous methane concentrations (samples with more than 90 ppm) are discussed and integrated with organic carbon data, sedimentary rates and ADCP profiles. Highest gas concentrations were found directly off the river mouth (20-40 m water depth) and where the IFREMER models point to the thickest accumulation (> 2 m) in response to the Rhone flood event. In areas unaffected by the high flux of organic matter and rapid/thick flood deposition, or in between flood events, the conditions for methanogenesis and gas accumulation have not been met; in these areas, the physical and biological reworking of the surficial sediment may effectively oxidize and mineralize organic matter and limit bacterial methanogenesis in the sub-surface. We propose that in the Rhone prodelta flood deposits deliver significant amounts of terrigenous organic matter that can be rapidly buried, effectively removing this organic matter from aerobic oxidation and biological uptake and leading to the potential for methanogenesis with burial.
Marine Geology (0025-3227) (Elsevier), 2006-12 , Vol. 234 , N. 1-4 , P. 215-231

Droits : 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-2396.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2396/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Roussillon sedimentary Basin (South France) is a complex multi-layered aquifer, close to the Mediterranean Sea facing seasonally increases of water abstraction and salinization issues. We report geochemical and isotopic vertical variability in this aquifer using groundwater sampled with a Westbay System® at two coastal monitoring sites: Barcarès and Canet. The Westbay sampling allows pointing out and explaining the variation of water quality along vertical profiles, both in productive layers and in the less permeable ones where most of the chemical processes are susceptible to take place.The aquifer layers are not equally impacted by salinization, with electrical conductivity ranging from 460 to 43,000 μS·cm− 1. The δ2H–δ18O signatures show mixing between seawater and freshwater components with long water residence time as evidenced by the lack of contribution from modern water using 3H, 14C and CFCs/SF6. S(SO4) isotopes also evidence seawater contribution but some signatures can be related to oxidation of pyrite and/or organically bounded S. In the upper layers 87Sr/86Sr ratios are close to that of seawater and then increase with depth, reflecting water–rock interaction with argillaceous formations while punctual low values reflect interaction with carbonate. Boron isotopes highlight secondary processes such as adsorption/desorption onto clays in addition to mixings. At the Barcarès site (120 m deep), the high salinity in some layers appear to be related neither to present day seawater intrusion, nor to Salses-Leucate lagoonwater intrusion. Groundwater chemical composition thus highlights binary mixing between fresh groundwater and inherited salty water together with cation exchange processes, water–rock interactions and, locally, sedimentary organic matter mineralisation probably enhanced by pyrite oxidation.Finally, combining the results of this study and those of Caballero and Ladouche (2015), we discuss the possible future evolution of this aquifer system under global change, as well as the potential management strategies needed to preserve quantitatively and qualitatively this water resource.
ISSN: 0048-9697

hal-01685219
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01685219
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.016

Éditeur(s) : Université de la Rochelle
Résumé : In order to better understand the functioning of the Brouage intertidal mudflat (Marennes- Oléron Basin, France), its carbon-based trophic web has been modelled and analyzed. The foodweb building is based on the 4 step method of Inverse Analysis: 1) conceive an a priori model as the graph of compartments (nodes) between which exist fluxes of material (vertices). These vertices are the unknowns for the problem; 2) gather all the existing knowledge about the ecosystem and translate it into linear equations and inequalities involving the fluxes; 3) complete this set of data by common knowledge on the behaviour of the compartments and translate it into inequalities, 4) solve the obtained linear system under the parsimony principle to find a unique solution vector. The food-web analysis is based on. The first purpose of this work was a methodological one: inverse analysis method has been adapted to consider the seasonal and spatial variability of the temperate ecosystem: two seasons have been coupled in the computation and the area has been divided into three geographical zones along a cross-shore gradient. Hence, two types of physical exchanges are involved: the benthicpelagic ones and the advection ones. Statistical results can also be obtained by coupling Monte Carlo methods to Inverse Analysis. To study the obtained networks, new indices based on Markov Chains take delay into account in describing integrative transfers of material between compartments. This lets emerge the systems' properties that are not obvious at first sight and emphasizes the role of peculiar components. The second purpose was to apply such methods to the Brouage mudflat ecosystem in order to better understand its functioning. As the knowledge and methods evolve, various food webs were computed and analyzed with the help such indices and existing ones. Sensitivity analyses allow to point at the most crucial lacks of knowledge, which can orientate future field research. New data would improve the quality of the model in two ways: one the one hand, they would validate or invalidate the outcomes and on the other hand, they would give useful information to better constrain some of the black boxes and most uncertain fluxes, especially the advection and vertical flows. The main results of the study show a strongly seasonal system in which benthic and pelagic components are linked with intensity. The system is driven by its high local benthic primary production, but also depends on imports from the basin. Each of the 3 geographic zones has a peculiar functioning. The central zone corresponds to the classical description of European intertidal mudflats: very productive, it can feed the other regions. It is a production zone. The upper part is less productive but is fed by the middle one via the water column and can be exploited by shorebirds. It is a degradation zone (material is transformed for less qualitative). The lower part strongly depends on the basin imports for its functioning, as the cultivated bivalves act as a pump for pelagic material of which a great part is deposited under the cultivation structures (oyster racks or mussels "bouchots"). It is a transformation zone.
Un double objectif (méthodologique et appliqué) a été visé par une modélisation du réseau trophique de la vasière de Brouage (Bassin de Marennes Oléron, France) à l'aide de l'analyse inverse, et son étude à l'aide de l'analyse des réseaux. L'Analyse Inverse permet en effet de reconstruire l'ensemble du réseau à partir de données éparses, le problème du manque de données étant récurrent en Ecologie. Au plan méthodologique, l'analyse inverse a été adaptée à la prise en compte des caractères saisonnier et spatialement hétérogène d'un écosystème tempéré de zone intertidale : deux saisons ont ainsi été couplées et la vasière a été considérée le long d'un transect perpendiculaire au rivage et divisé en trois zones spatiales. Deux types de flux physiques interviennent donc : les flux verticaux de dépôt et remise en suspension, et les flux d'advection via la colonne d'eau. Des pistes d'amélioration et de nouvelles méthodes sont proposées. Un résultat sous forme statistique peut être obtenu en couplant l'utilisation de méthodes de Monte Carlo à l'analyse inverse pour la construction des réseaux trophiques. Les moyens d'étude des modèles ont été enrichis par la mise au point d'indices issus de la construction de chaînes de Markov et prenant en compte le caractère temporel des transferts de matière entre compartiments. Enfin, la transformation mathématique du modèle statique pour une étude dynamique de la stabilité de l'équilibre décrit est abordée. Plusieurs modèles ont été construits au cours de l'évolution des méthodes et de l'acquisition de connaissances sur le site. Des méthodes d'analyses existantes et d'autres mises au point dans le cadre de cet ouvrage ont été appliquées aux réseaux obtenus afin de faire émerger les propriétés du fonctionnement de la vasière et de souligner le rôle de certains compartiments. Des analyses de sensibilité permettent d'évaluer la robustesse des résultats et d'orienter les recherches futures en mettant en évidence les manques les plus cruciaux. Des données supplémentaires, notamment concernant les foraminifères benthiques, le zooplancton ou les mouvements verticaux du microphytobenthos permettront de fournir de meilleures contraintes et de valider (ou non) les résultats obtenus. Les principaux résultats montrent un système au fort caractère saisonnier dont les compartiments benthiques et pélagiques sont très liés. La production primaire benthique locale est un moteur important, mais qui ne suffirait pas à suppléer l'indispensable importation de matériel détritique. Le découpage de la vasière en trois zones fait apparaître les particularités de chacune. La zone centrale correspond à la description classique des « vasières intertidales européennes » : très productive, elle peut alimenter les autres régions. C'est une zone de production et d'exportation. La partie supérieure est moins productive et reçoit de la matière de la zone de milieu d'estran via la colonne d'eau. Sa production secondaire peut alors être exploitée par les limicoles, nombreux en hiver. C'est une zone de dégradation et d'exportation. Le bas d'estran dépend fortement des importations extérieures, « pompées » par les bivalves cultivés qui sont ainsi directement responsables d'une forte sédimentation sous les structures mytilicoles et ostréicoles. C'est une zone de transformation.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/these-2260.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2260/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Forest successional processes following disturbance take decades to play out, even in tropical forests. Nonetheless, records of vegetation change in this ecosystem are scarce, increasing the importance of the chronosequence approach to study forest recovery. However, this approach requires accurate dating of secondary forests, which until now was a difficult and/or expensive task. Cecropia is a widespread and abundant pioneer tree genus of the Neotropics. Here we propose and validate a rapid and straightforward method to estimate the age of secondary forest patches based on morphological observations of Cecropia trees. We found that Cecropia-inferred ages were highly correlated with known ages of the forest. We also demonstrate that Cecropia can be used to accurately date disturbances and propose twenty-one species distributed all over the geographical range of the genus as potential secondary forest chronometer species. Our method is limited in applicability by the maximal longevity of Cecropia individuals. Although the oldest chronosequence used in this study was 20 years old, we argue that at least for the first four decades after disturbance, the method described in this study provides very accurate estimations of secondary forest ages. The age of pioneer trees provides not only information needed to calculate the recovery of carbon stocks that would help to improve forest management, but also provides information needed to characterize the initial floristic composition and the rates of species remigration into secondary forest. Our contribution shows how successional studies can be reliably and inexpensively extended without the need to obtain forest ages based on expensive or potentially inaccurate data across the Neotropics.
ISSN: 1932-6203

halsde-00757518
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00757518
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0042643
PUBMED : 22916144

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 1. A recent article published by Toledo (2011b) investigates the effects of spatial variations in climate and soil, and of logging disturbance, on tree and forest growth in Bolivia. It concludes that climate is the strongest driver of tree and forest growth and that climate change may therefore have large consequences for forest productivity and carbon sequestration. However, serious methodological and conceptual discrepancies have been found that challenge these conclusions.[br/] 2. Because of an errant coding of time after logging in the regression analysis, and because floristic changes induced by logging could not be incorporated into the analysis, the effect of logging on the average diameter growth is likely to have been strongly underestimated.[br/] 3. Basal area growth was improperly calculated as basal area change, and it displayed surprisingly high values, even among unlogged plots. We hypothesize that either these plots may be actually located in secondary forests recovering from past logging, or measurement biases may have hampered the data set.[br/] 4. Regardless of climategrowth relationships established across these plots, any inference concerning the potential effects of climate change on forest growth would require a specific quantitative assessment.[br/] 5. Synthesis. It is critical to re-assess the relative weight of climate and logging disturbance as driving factors of tree and forest growth, and to find an explanation for the very high basal area increment reported among the unlogged plots. We provide specific recommendations for further analyses of this and similar data sets.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01032432
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032432
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01895.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :  
The main aspects of wood mechanics are approached through the role played by wood as the building material of the tree. The main concepts used by nature: progressive setting up of tree weight and architecture, multifunctional role of wood and adaptability to hazard and long-term evolution, are clarified together with their consequence on the multilayered, anisotropic nature of wood. The technological choices of the plant world as the cellular structure, the use of composite with oriented fibres and hydro-carbonated polymers, as well as the systematic prestressing of every new layer, bear obvious consequences on the type of mechanical behaviour of wood. The local control of the level of prestressing through minor modifications of the cell-wall biosynthesis allows the tree to adapt to conditions of light exploration that will evolve according to time and risk occurrence. This analysis of wood genesis process permits in return to improve our understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the material in relation with the parameters of the microstructure.
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Série 2

hal-01032151
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032151
DOI : 10.1016/S1620-7742(01)01380-0

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
After Jurassic rifting, numerous carbonate platforms (i.e., the Orizaba, Cordoba and Golden Lane-Tuxpan platforms) developed during the Lower and Middle Cretaceous episode of thermal subsidence along the western passive margin of the Gulf of Mexico, with intervening basinal domains (i.e., the Tampico-Misantla, Zongolica, Veracruz and Deep Gulf of Mexico - DGM - basins).;During the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, the east-verging Sierra Madre Oriental thrust belt developed, resulting in tectonic uplift and unroofing of the allochthonous units (i.e. tectonic units made up of former Orizaba and Cordoba platforms and Zongolica Basin series). This new topography provided also an important source of clastics to feed the adjacent foredeep, where coeval tectonic loading accounted for the bending of the foreland lithosphere. However, shallow water facies or even emersion persisted until the Eocene in the forebulge area (at the present location of the Golden Lane), preventing locally the clastics to reach the DGM. This topographic barrier was ultimately bypassed by the clastics only during the Oligocene and Neogene, once (1) the prograding clastic wedge had exceeded accommodation, and (2) the long lasting thermal subsidence of the passive margin could overpass the effect of the bending and force the former bulge to sink.;Numerous paleo-thermo-meters (Tmax, Ro), paleo-thermo-barometers (fluid inclusions), PVT and coupled forward kinematic and thermal modeling have been used to calibrate and date the progressive unroofing of the thrust belt. Coupled tectonic and sedimentologic modeling was applied in the foreland to predict the distribution of sand versus shale ratios in the Oligocene to Plio-Quaternary clastic sedimentary wedge of the passive margin, where gravitational gliding of post-Eocene series occurred during the Neogene along major listric faults.;Mantle dynamics are advocated as the main process accounting for post-orogenic uplift and regional tilting of the basement, which initiated a massive transfer of sediments from the Cordillera towards the Gulf of Mexico, from Oligocene onward, resulting in a destabilization and gravitational collapse of the western slope of the Gulf of Mexico in Neogene times.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00445248
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00445248
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.04.012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society of Chemistry
Résumé : International audience
Owing to the electron donor-acceptor properties of GO, the active sites (≡Fe2+) of Fe3O4 are not oxidised (≡Fe3+) in the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction. GO plays a sacrificial role via the oxidation of (C=C) carbon domains, and transferring electrons to Fe3O4. Therefore, GO-Fe3O4 confers superior catalytic efficiency, recyclability and longevity, otherwise not available in Fe3O4. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.
ISSN: 1359-7345

hal-01683211
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683211
DOI : 10.1039/c5cc02292d

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This study explores the dynamics of porosity and reactive surface area changes during porous limestone dissolution by CO2-rich water. The Sr and Ca concentrations in both the rock and the outlet solution are used to evaluate the reactive surface area changes of the two rock-forming calcites, i.e. micrite grains and sparite crystals, which have different trace element signatures. The geometric surface area measured with X-ray microtomography decreases slightly whereas the reactive surface area increases continuously with increasing porosity from 20.3 to 30.2%. Surprisingly, changes in reactive surface areas are very different between the two calcites. The reactive surface area changes in the micrite are parabolic while the reactive surface area of sparite increases greatly. The numerical model HYTEC is used to model the change in reactive surface areas during the experiment. Different geometrical models are tested. The model based on spherical-grain dissolution and spherical-pore growth fails to reproduce the experimental results, while the sugar-lump model provides reasonable agreement with the experiment.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00445274
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00445274
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.01.032