Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
Human leishmaniasis are widely spread diseases with different clinical forms caused by about 20 species within the Leishmania genus. Leishmania species identification is relevant for therapeutic management and prognosis, especially for cutaneous and muco-cutaneous forms. Several methods are available to identify Leishmania species from culture, but they have not been standardized for the majority of the currently described species, with the exception of MultiLocus Enzyme Electrophoresis. Moreover, these techniques are expensive, time-consuming and not available in all laboratories. Within the last decade, mass spectrometry (MS) has been adapted for microorganism identification, including Leishmania However, no commercial reference mass spectral database is available. In this study, a reference mass spectral library (MSL) for Leishmania isolates, accessible through a free web-based application (mass spectral identification, MSI), was constructed and tested. It includes mass spectral data for 33 different Leishmania species, including species that infect humans, animals and phlebotomine vectors. Four laboratories on two continents evaluated MSI performance using 268 samples of which 231 were Leishmania strains. All Leishmania strains, but one, were correctly identified at least at the complex level. A risk of species misidentification within the L. donovani, L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis complexes was observed, as already reported with other techniques. The tested application was reliable, with identification results comparable to those obtained with reference methods, but with a more favorable cost-efficiency ratio. This free online identification system relies on a scalable database and can be implemented directly in the user's computers.
ISSN: 0095-1137

hal-01571305
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01571305
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00845-17
PUBMED : 28724559

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Portland Press
Résumé : International audience
Lutheran (Lu) blood group and Basal Cell Adhesion Molecule (BCAM) antigens both reside on two glycoprotein (gp) isoforms, Lu and Lu(v13), that differ by the size of their cytoplasmic tail. They are receptors of laminin-10/11 and are expressed in red blood cells (RBCs), epithelial cells of multiple tissues and vascular endothelial cells. To gain more insights into the biological function of Lu/BCAM gps, we looked for potential partners of their cytoplasmic tail. We isolated Ubc9 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9) protein by screening a human kidney library using the yeast two-hybrid system. Lu/Ubc9 interaction was validated by GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Endogenous Ubc9 formed a complex with endogenous or recombinant Lu gp in A498 and MDCK epithelial cells, respectively. Substitution of lysine 585 by alanine in the Lu gp, abolished in vitro and ex vivo interaction of Lu gp with Ubc9 protein. Lu K585A mutant transfected in MDCK cells exhibited a normal basolateral membrane expression but was overexpressed at the surface of polarized MDCK cells as compared to wild-type Lu. Pulse-chase experiments showed extended half-life of Lu K585A gp at the plasma membrane, suggesting an impaired endocytosis of this mutant leading to protein accumulation at the membrane. Furthermore, we showed that the ability of MDCK-Lu K585A cells to spread on immobilized laminin was dramatically decreased. Our data supports a physiological role for the direct interaction between Lu gp and Ubc9 protein, and reveals a role for this enzyme in regulating the stability of Lu gp at the cell membrane.
ISSN: 0264-6021

hal-00478614
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00478614
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00478614/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00478614/file/PEER_stage2_10.1042%252FBJ20060861.pdf
DOI : 10.1042/BJ20060861

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In the framework of the Africa-Europe convergence, the Mediterranean system presents a complex interaction between subduction rollback and upper-plate deformation during the Tertiary. The western end of the system shows a narrow arcuate geometry across the Gibraltar arc, the Betic-Rif belt, in which the relationship between slab dynamics and surface tectonics is not well understood. The present study focuses on the Western Betics, which is characterized by two major thrusts: 1/ the Internal/External Zone Boundary limits the metamorphic domain (Alboran Domain) from the fold-and-thrust belts in the External Zone; 2/ the Ronda Peridotites Thrust allows the juxtaposition of a strongly attenuated lithosphere section with large bodies of sub-continental mantle rocks on top of upper crustal rocks. New structural data show that two major E-W strike-slip corridors played a major role in the deformation pattern of the Alboran Domain, in which E-W dextral strike-slip faults, N60 thrusts and N140 normal faults developed simultaneously during dextral strike-slip simple shear. Olistostromic sediments of Lower Miocene age were deposited and deformed in this tectonic context and hence provide an age estimate for the inferred continuous westward translation of the Alboran Domain that is accommodated by an E-W lateral (strike-slip) ramp and a N60 frontal thrust. The crustal emplacement of large bodies of sub-continental mantle may occur at the onset of this westward thrusting in the Western Alboran domain. At lithosphere-scale, we interpret the observed deformation pattern as the subduction upper-plate expression of a lateral slab tear and its westward propagation since Lower Miocene.
ISSN: 0040-1951

insu-01163695
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01163695
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01163695/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01163695/file/Frasca-2015.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.05.017

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The high proportion of crystallized apatite forming the bones and teeth should theoretically allow the use of fission track analysis to date vertebrate fossils when burying of the fossiliferous series did not subject them to temperatures exceeding 60 degrees C. However several major obstacles arise such as the complexity of fossils' internal structures, diagenetic modifications and substitutions of the hydroxyapatite by other minerals, and massive U uptake or loss during diagenesis. In this work, those various problems are addressed combining optical microscope observation of the fossils, a systematic fission track analysis of the best samples, alpha and gamma spectrometry and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Even if the problems caused by internal structures and mineral substitutions can be solved, U movements in and out of the fossils are generally too complex to allow fission track analysis dating of the fossils.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00411880
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411880
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.009

Résumé : La tuberculose (TB), maladie infectieuse contagieuse, est causée par une mycobactérie appartenant au complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC). Malgré de nombreuses campagnes de vaccination par le BCG (Bacilles de Calmette et Guérin) et les traitements antituberculeux, on observe une réémergence de la maladie depuis les années 80. Ce bouleversement s’explique par la coïnfection avec le virus du VIH/SIDA, la désorganisation des systèmes de santé et par l’apparition des bactéries résistantes aux principaux antibiotiques antituberculeux. Dans ce contexte une meilleure connaissance des mouvements et de l’évolution des clones circulants du bacille tuberculeux permettrait de détecter plus rapidement et de façon plus pertinente l’émergence d’épidémies. Le contrôle et la surveillance de la maladie représentent des moyens essentiels pour lutter contre l’expansion mondiale de la tuberculose. C’est ainsi que l’unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries de l’Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe (IPG) a mis en place une base de données de profils génotypiques pour l’étude de l’épidémiologie globale de la tuberculose. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous décrirons les méthodes de bioinformatique qui ont été utilisées pour la gestion et l’exploitation de la 6ème version (SITVIT2) de cette base de données des génotypes pour mieux comprendre l’évolution et la dissémination mondiale du bacille tuberculeux. Cette base intègre aussi plusieurs marqueurs moléculaires tels que les MIRU-VNTRs (« mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats ») et le Spoligotype43 servant à mieux décrire et identifier les familles de profils génotypiques du MTBC. La banque de données SITVIT2 ne cesse d’évoluer, et elle contient actuellement des informations épidémiologiques sur 111 635 isolats cliniques. Cette base de données est consultable en ligne à l’adresse suivante : http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT2/. Nous avons également réalisé une base de données nommée SITVITBovis qui est dédiée à la tuberculose bovine. Cette base de données sera accessible à l’adresse : http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT_Bovis/. Parallèlement au développement et à la gestion des bases de données, ce travail de thèse s’est appuyé sur plusieurs études épidémiologiques et phylogéographiques mettant en corrélation les données disponibles sur la résistance aux médicaments ou les caractéristiques démographiques (dont le sexe, l’âge, le statut VIH, et l’origine du patient). Notre initiative de recherche permet ainsi d’améliorer la caractérisation phylogénétique détaillée des lignées du MTBC, ainsi que l’épidémiologie des clones en circulation, afin d’élaborer une cartographie géographique des isolats cliniques prédominants pour les bacilles tuberculeux principalement impliqués dans la maladie, à l’échelle nationale, régionale et mondiale. La superposition ultérieure de ces cartes avec des données sociopolitiques, économiques et démographiques obtenues auprès de Systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) ont permis de dresser un portrait précis des disparités actuelles par pays ou sous-région. Cette thèse représente une importante collaboration avec plusieurs équipes de chercheurs travaillant également dans le domaine de l’épidémiologie moléculaire de la tuberculose. L’objectif à long terme de ce travail, est d’optimiser la structure de la base, et de pérenniser l’enrichissement de celle-ci (notamment par l’automatisation et la facilité de la saisie de données). Une représentation optimale et une meilleure accessibilité des données de la base conforteraient les efforts faits pour le contrôle et la surveillance de la TB dans monde.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Despite numerous campaigns of vaccination by the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, and TB treatments, there was a resurgence of the disease since the 80s. This disruption is due to coinfection with HIV/AIDS, disorganization of health systems and the emergence of bacteria resistant to anti-TB drugs. In this context, a better understanding of the movements and changes of circulating clones of tubercle bacilli would detect faster and more relevant emerging epidemics. The control and monitoring of the disease are essential means to fight against the worldwide spread of tuberculosis. Thus the TB and Mycobacteria unit of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe (IPG) has developed a database of genotypic profiles for the study of global epidemiology of tuberculosis.In this thesis, we discuss the Bioinformatical methods that have been used for the management and development of the 6th version (SITVIT2) of this database of genotypes to better understand the evolution and global dissemination of the tubercle bacillus. The database also includes several molecular markers such as MIRU-VNTRs (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units- variable number of tandem repeats) and Spoligotype43 allowing a better description and identification of the families of genotypic profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. SITVIT2 database is constantly evolving, and it currently contains epidemiological information on 111,635 clinical isolates. This database is available online at the following address: http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT2/. We also developed a database named "SITVITBovis", which is dedicated to bovine tuberculosis. This database will be accessible at: http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT_Bovis/.Alongside the development and management of databases, this work was based on several epidemiological and phylogeographic studies correlating data on drug resistance or demographic characteristics (including sex, age, HIV status, and the origin of the patient). Our research initiative is thus focused to further improve in depth phylogenetic characterization of MTBC lineages, as well as the epidemiological analysis of circulating clones to generate evidence-based geographical mapping of predominant clinical isolates of tubercle bacilli causing the bulk of the disease both at country and regional level. Further superposition of these maps with socio-political, economical and demographical available through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows to have a precise view of prevailing disparities at the level of country or sub-region. This thesis represents an important collaboration with several researchers teams also working in the field of molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis.The long-term goal of this work is to further optimize the database structure, and sustain enriching it (including automation and ease of data entry). Optimum performance and accessibility of data in the database would reinforce efforts to control and surveillance of TB in the world.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0791/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The challenge is to implement research that can estimate the consequences ofclimate changes in terms of impact on terrestrial environments and resources.Emphasis should be placed on regions dependent on natural resources and forwhich demographic pressure is strong. Simulations obtained from climate modelprojections (using different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs))predict that the Mediterranean basin and its southern periphery are particularlyvulnerable to water resources and environmental impact (IPCC, AR5, 2013).An annual rainfall decrease by 30% is found for the projection period 2070-2099(IPCC, AR5, 2013) associated with a decrease in water resources by 30 to 50%(Milano, 2012). In addition, several studies using regional atmospheric modelsindicate an increase in the precipitation inter-annual variability with extremeevents and a spatial heterogeneous signature, superimposed on a decrease in thetotal precipitation amount (Giorgi and Lionello, 2008; Raible et al. 2010).Currently, regional climate projections are highly sensitive to the climate modelused. In particular, spatial resolution as well as local climate conditions seemto impact significantly on the simulations (Jacob et al. 2014).The Mediterranean region, at the interface between arid and temperate climateswith several mountainous areas, is a complex climate system affected by theinteractions between mid-latitude and sub-tropical processes. In this context,Morocco, located at the transition between a temperate climate to the North anda tropical climate to the south constitutes a key area for an impact and sensitivitystudy to global climate changes. The climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean,the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara, together with a very steep orography inthe Atlas region. The precipitation distribution is therefore characterised by greatspatial variability, and exhibits a marked seasonality, a strong inter-annualvariability (Ouda et al. 2005) and in general a pronounced gradient from northto south and west to east. At a broader scale, Morocco is located on the subtropicalsubsidence path and between the Acores High and the Saharan Low (Agoussine,2003). Several studies have also identified strong links with inter-annualprecipitation variability and NAO index (Knippertz, 2003) as well as remoteclimate modes (Esper et al. 2007).Continental climate variability at a local/regional scale, if it is to be integratedin climate predictions, needs to be supported by long-term observation.Meteorological stations in Morocco provide climatic data mainly for the last40 years with only a few stations located in the mountainous region (Tramblayet al. 2012; 2013; Driouech et al. 2010). This climate database is also supportedby the IAEA network providing stations for which isotope tracers have beenapplied to daily/monthly rain and water vapour samples over 2 to 3 years between2000 and 2004. Besides the poor coverage of instrumented areas, lacustrinesystems can provide a climatic data set that offers access to short and long-termtime series of climate parameters when knowledge of modern lake water balanceis combined with lacustrine sedimentary-climate records. Lake sediment recordsideally provide high resolution climate/environmental information of the last10,000 years (Magny et al. 2013). This time interval (corresponding to theHolocene) is a key period to investigate short and long-term climate variabilityand to improve prediction in a warming climate.In this study we present an integrated approach focusing on a mountainous lake(Aguelmam Azigza). The modern lake system study is based on site monitoring(2012-2016) and available regional hydro-climatic data. These data show thatlake level changes during the instrumented period were mainly driven byprecipitation following the high inter-annual variability. These data are thencompared with accurately dated short sediment cores retrieved in the same lake.Micro-scale geochemical and sedimentological analyses of these sequencesenable us to identify various sedimentary facies that can be linked with periodsof high (low) lake levels over the past decades.
The Mediterranean Region under Climate ChangeLa méditerranée face au changement climatique

insu-01394690
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690/file/Vidaletal.2016-COP22-Chap1.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Coastal Education and Research Foundation
Résumé : Nearshore bars are generally present on sandy coasts and play a significant role in wave breaking and sediment exchange between beach and shoreface. The study area is located on the Languedoc-Roussillon coast in the Gulf of Lions (southern part of the French Mediterranean coast). This microtidal environment is classified as a wave-dominated coast. The sand coast displays different bar systems (single or multiple; straight or crescentic). The alongshore variability of bar morphology in the nearshore zone was investigated in August 2009 during one week, using a topo-bathymetric LIDAR data set (300 km(2)). LIDAR makes it possible to cover a large area in a very short time with a high resolution. The topo-bathymetric LIDAR offers the added benefit of morphological information about the beach-sea transition in very shallow water (below I in), data often difficult if not impossible to obtain with traditional techniques. The purpose of this paper is 1) to depict the distribution of bars and their characteristics along the 180 km coast of the Gulf of Lions; 2) to update the classifications of sand bars typologies in Languedoc-Roussillon; 3) to pay particular attention to the description of the intricate inner system. Globally, cross-shore distribution of subtidal morphologies is characterized by both an outer and an inner system. The outer system is crescent-shaped in the south and straight in the northern part with a distinctive regional delimitation. The inner system comprises an inner bar and, near the coast, a complex fluctuating bar called Low Bar Beach (LBB). Several intermediate states were identified and added to the new classification proposed in this paper. These results clearly emphasize the importance of LIDAR technology for a better understanding of bar behaviour and single and/or multi-bar beach organisation.
ISSN: 0749-0208

hal-00783187
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00783187

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
The history of international tourism of the last fifty years can be divided into three stages: 1 / decades from 1950 to 1980, characterized by a progressive democratization of tourism supported by an unparalleled economic growth, 2 / the last decade of the twentieth century, euphoria of a tourist who sees the borders open. The end of a bipolar world announcement many hopes naive. The scope of territories open to tourism continues to widen. 3 / The end of the century announces the age of maturity of tourism. After the euphoria, illusions and disillusions of a space tourist world without borders, facts, often dramatic raised awareness tourists to the complexity of a world where wars have never ceased. The global space tourism is articulated around three regional basins: more than 75% of international tourist flows, driven by the rich European cities, North American and Asian, are confined to their regional area of origin. The distribution of tourist flows draws an organization into three distinct basins: in order of importance, 1 / Euro-Mediterranean basin, focusing on the Mediterranean Sea, 2 / Basin East Asia-Pacific, around the shores of the Sea of China, 3 / basin North America-Caribbean, organized around the "American Mediterranean." Space discontinuities increase between peripheries unstable, extensions selective and margins forgotten or excluded. The climate of insecurity that affect certain touristic territories aimed at weakening the outskirts most sensitive and oblige the international space tourist to retract.
L’histoire du tourisme international des cinquante dernières années peut être décomposée en trois temps : 1/ les décennies de 1950 à 1980, caractérisées par une démocratisation progressive du tourisme soutenue par une croissance économique inégalée ; 2/ la dernière décennie du vingtième siècle, celle d’une euphorie touristique qui voit les frontières s’ouvrir. La fin d’un monde bipolaire annonce bien des espoirs naïfs. Le champ des territoires ouverts au tourisme ne cesse de s’élargir. 3/ La fin du siècle annonce l’âge de maturité du tourisme. Après l’euphorie, les illusions et les désillusions d’un espace touristique mondial sans frontières, les faits, souvent dramatiques ont fait prendre conscience aux touristes la complexité d’un monde où les guerres n’ont jamais cessé. L’espace touristique mondial est articulé autour de trois bassins régionaux : plus de 75 % des flux touristiques internationaux, impulsés par les riches métropoles européennes, nord-américaines et asiatiques, se cantonnent à dans leur espace régional d’origine. La distribution des flux touristiques dessine une organisation en trois bassins distincts : par ordre d’importance, 1/ le bassin euro-méditerranéen, centré sur la Mer méditerranée, 2/ le bassin Asie orientale-Pacifique, autour des rivages de la mer de Chine, 3/ le bassin Amérique du Nord — Caraïbes, organisé autour de la « Méditerranée américaine ». Les discontinuités s’affirment entre des périphéries mal stabilisées, des prolongements très sélectifs, des marges oubliées ou exclues. Les climats d’insécurité qui touchent certains territoires touristiques visent à fragiliser des périphéries plus sensibles et contraignent l’espace touristique international à se rétracter.
ISSN: 1779-0980

hal-01624746
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01624746
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.882

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce numéro de la Revue Études Caribéennes s’intéresse aux liens qui unissent et opposent l’activité touristique et les ressources naturelles, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans un contexte de médiatisation accrue des enjeux liés à la biodiversité et aux menaces qui pèsent sur elle, le tourisme – et particulièrement l’écotourisme – est souvent présenté comme un moyen de concilier la conservation et le développement. Les autorités locales, malgré l’existence d’un cadre réglementaire propre à l’environnement, ne disposent souvent pas de moyens suffisants (humains, matériels et financiers) pour gérer la croissance de la fréquentation des aires protégées et ses effets potentiels sur l’environnement naturel et humain. En réponse à cette problématique, les institutions financières internationales et les organismes associés proposent aux pays du Sud de trouver un équilibre entre une fréquentation de masse et une fréquentation de bas volume afin de développer « un tourisme de haute qualité ». Même si cela était possible, quels critères peuvent être utilisés pour « cesser » le développement d’un pôle ou d’une région touristique ? L’évolution géographique « naturelle » du tourisme – c’est-à-dire essentiellement basée sur la mise en tourisme de la nature et sur l’accessibilité de ces ressources – pose déjà des problèmes politiques et économiques importants. Les gouvernements (central, régional ou local) sont difficilement en mesure de réaliser un arbitrage de long terme dans ce contexte qui permettrait l’adéquation entre le développement touristique et la préservation des espaces naturels. La relation entre le tourisme et les ressources naturelles s’articule souvent autour de deux objectifs spécifiques, soient : développer un produit à moindre impact, mais aux dépenses élevées et viser un volume de visiteurs qui contribue aux profits économiques, mais qui amène le moins de dégradation écologique/sociale possible. Cette position résume à elle seule à la fois la complexité et les multiples paradoxes dans lesquels s’insère la mise en tourisme de la nature. Les dynamiques sociales et l’extension de l’appropriation privative des espaces naturels et agricoles posent la problématique des modes de gestion des ressources communes et de leur pérennité, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs, les ressources et les stratégies des principaux acteurs concernés sont difficilement conciliables et le système de relation qu’il induit n’est pas nécessairement en phase avec les finalités poursuivies. This edition of Revue Etudes Caribéennes focuses on the links that unite and oppose tourism and natural resources, specifically in southern countries. In a context of increased media coverage of issues related to biodiversity (including threats to it), tourism – particularly ecotourism – is often presented as a mean to reconcile conservation and development. Local authorities, despite the existence of a specific environmental regulatory framework, often have insufficient resources (human, material, financial) to manage the increase of visits to protected areas, and the potential impact of these visits on natural and human environments. In response to this problem, international financial institutions and associated organizations offer to try to find a balance between mass attendance and low volume attendance in order to develop "high quality tourism" in southern countries. Even if this were possible, what criteria can be used to "stop" the development of a tourist site or region for environmental reasons? The “natural” geographic evolution of tourism – in other words, essentially based on the development of nature tourism and accessibility of these resources – already causes huge political and economic problems. Governments (central, regional or local) are hardly able to arbitrate over the long term in a context that would allow finding a balance between tourism development and preservation of natural areas. The relationship between tourism and natural resources often revolves around two specific objectives: to develop a product with less impact, but at high cost and a target volume of visitors that contributes to economic profits, but that causes the least ecological / social degradation possible. This position epitomizes both the complexity and the many paradoxes of nature tourism development. Social interactions and the expansion of private appropriation of natural and agricultural areas highlight the challenges of managing common resources and their sustainability, especially in the southern countries. In this context, development objectives, natural resources and the strategies of key stakeholders are difficult to reconcile, and the relationship between leading actors do not always correspond with these objectives. Esta edición de “Revue Études Caribéennes” se interesa a los lazos que unen y separan la actividad turística y los recursos naturales, particularmente en los países del sur. En un contexto de mediatización en alza sobre los objetivos ligados a la biodiversidad y a las amenazas que pesan sobre ella, el turismo – y particularmente el ecoturismo – está a menudo presentado como un medio de conciliar la conservación y el desarrollo. Las autoridades locales, pese a la existencia de un cuadro propio de reglamentación al medio ambiente, no disponen habitualmente de suficientes medios (humanos, materiales y financieros) para controlar el aumento de visitas en las áreas protegidas y sus efectos potenciales sobre el ambiente natural y humano. En respuesta a esta problemática, las instituciones financieras internacionales y los organismos asociados proponen a los países del sur encontrar un equilibrio entre la frecuentación de masas y una frecuentación de bajo volumen con el objetivo de desarrollar “un turismo de alta calidad”. Incluso si fuese posible, ¿qué criterios podrían ser utilizados para “cesar” el desarrollo de un centro o una región turística? La evolución geográfica “natural” del turismo – esencialmente basada en el desarrollo del turismo de la naturaleza y el acceso de sus recursos – crean problemas políticos y económicos enormes. Los gobiernos (central, regional o local) tienen dificultades para realizar un arbitraje a largo plazo en este contexto que permitiría la adecuación entre el desarrollo turístico y la preservación de los espacios naturales. La relación entre el turismo y los recursos naturales se articula a menudo alrededor de dos objetivos específicos, sean: desarrollar un producto con mínimo impacto, pero con gastos elevados y aspirar a un volumen de visitantes que contribuya a las ganancias económicas, pero que traiga la menor degradación ecológica/social posible. Esta posición resume la complejidad y las múltiples paradojas en las cuales se encaja la puesta del turismo en la naturaleza. Las dinámicas sociales y la extensión de la apropiación privativa de los espacios naturales y agrícolas plantean una problemática en los modos de gestión de los recursos comunes y de su perennidad, particularmente en los países del sur. En este contexto, los objetivos, los recursos y las estrategias de los principales actores concernidos son difícilmente conciliables y el sistema de relación que induce no es necesariamente en la misma fase con los objetivos perseguidos.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7884
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7884

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD PeerJ
Résumé : International audience
Understanding the role of predators in food webs can be challenging in highly diverse predator/prey systems composed of small cryptic species. DNA based dietary analysis can supplement predator removal experiments and provide high resolution for prey identification. Here we use a metabarcoding approach to provide initial insights into the diet and functional role of coral-dwelling predatory fish feeding on small invertebrates. Fish were collected in Moorea (French Polynesia) where the BIOCODE project has generated DNA barcodes for numerous coral associated invertebrate species. Pyrosequencing data revealed a total of 292 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) in the gut contents of the arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus), the flame hawkfish (Neocirrhites armatus) and the coral croucher (Caracanthus maculatus). One hundred forty-nine (51%) of them had species-level matches in reference libraries (>98% similarity) while 76 additional OTUs (26%) could be identified to higher taxonomic levels. Decapods that have a mutualistic relationship with Pocillopora and are typically dominant among coral branches, represent a minor contribution of the predators' diets. Instead, predators mainly consumed transient species including pelagic taxa such as copepods, chaetognaths and siphonophores suggesting non random feeding behavior. We also identified prey species known to have direct negative interactions with stony corals, such as Hapalocarcinus sp, a gall crab considered a coral parasite, as well as species of vermetid snails known for their deleterious effects on coral growth. Pocillopora DNA accounted for 20.8% and 20.1% of total number of sequences in the guts of the flame hawkfish and coral croucher but it was not detected in the guts of the arc-eye hawkfish. Comparison of diets among the three fishes demonstrates remarkable partitioning with nearly 80% of prey items consumed by only one predator. Overall, the taxonomic resolution provided by the metabarcoding approach highlights a highly complex interaction web and demonstrates that levels of trophic partitioning among coral reef fishes have likely been underestimated. Therefore, we strongly encourage further empirical approaches to dietary studies prior to making assumptions of trophic equivalency in food web reconstruction. How to cite this article Leray et al. (2015), Metabarcoding dietary analysis of coral dwelling predatory fish demonstrates the minor contribution of coral mutualists to their highly partitioned, generalist diet. PeerJ 3:e1047
ISSN: 2167-8359

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01174184
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174184
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174184/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174184/file/peerj-1047.pdf
DOI : 10.7717/peerj.1047

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Seismic anisotropy has been widely studied this last decade, particularly by measuring splitting of vertically propagating core shear waves. The main interest in this technique is to characterize upper mantle flow beneath seismic stations. On the other hand, the major restriction in this method is that a single station gives a single anisotropy measurement. Alternative methods have been developed in order to avoid this restriction. An accurate determination of upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a seismic station may allow one, by doing anisotropy correction, to characterize remote or deeper anisotropy. The Geoscope network is ideal for this purpose because it is composed of a large set (about 26) of high-quality, broadband seismometers globally distributed and because some of these stations have run for more than 10 years and most of them for more than 5 years. We selected about 100 events at each site, generally of magnitude (m b) > 6.0, and we performed systematic measurements of the splitting parameters (fast polarization direction φ and delay time δt) on SKS, SKKS, and PKS phases. Splitting on oceanic islands has been difficult to observe owing to the low quality of the signal but also perhaps owing to complex upper mantle structures beneath the stations. Station KIP (Kipapa, Hawaii) in the Pacific is the only oceanic Geoscope station with a clear anisotropy. We determined well-constrained splitting parameters for 10 of the 17 continental stations that may be explained by a single anisotropic layer. The poor correlation between fast polarization directions and the absolute plate motion together with the apparent incoherence between the plate velocities and the observed delay times suggest that a simple drag-induced asthenospheric flow alone fails to explain most of the observations. For some stations located on or near major lithospheric structures (TAM, Tamanrasset, Algeria, for instance), we observe a good correlation between fast polarization directions and regional structures. At station SCZ (Santa Cruz, California), we found clear variations of the splitting parameters as a function of the event backazimuth, compatible with two layers of anisotropy. Three stations (CAN (Canberra), HYB (Hyderabad, India) and SSB (Saint Sauveur Badole, France)) seem to be devoid of detectable anisotropy.
ISSN: 2169-9313

hal-01388830
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01388830
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01388830/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01388830/file/Barruol_anisoGeoscope_JGR1999.pdf
DOI : 10.1029/1999JB900033

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
UNLABELLED: During visceral leishmaniasis, the control of hepatic parasite burden is mainly due to granuloma assembly in a microenvironment consisting of both Th1 and Th2 components. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) dosages, quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry, we studied the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33), a recently described cytokine signaling through the ST2 receptor, during visceral leishmaniasis. We showed that a higher level of IL-33 was detected in the serum of patients with visceral leishmaniasis than in that from healthy donors and demonstrated the presence of IL-33(+) cells in a liver biopsy specimen from a patient. Similarly, in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with L. donovani, a higher level of IL-33 was detected in the serum, as well as the presence of IL-33(+) cells and ST2(+) cells in the mouse liver. In ST2(-/-) BALB/c mice, better control of the hepatic parasite burden and reduced hepatomegaly were observed. This was associated with strong induction of Th1 cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and IL-12) compared to the level in wild-type (WT) mice and better recruitment of myeloid cells associated with strongly induced chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL2) and receptors (CCR2 and CXCR2). Conversely, BALB/c mice treated twice weekly with recombinant IL-33 showed a dramatically reduced induction of Th1 cytokines and delayed inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil recruitment in the liver, which was associated with reduced KC/CXCL1 and CXCR2 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-33 could be a new deleterious regulator of the hepatic immune response against Leishmania donovani, via the repression of the Th1 response and myeloid cell recruitment. IMPORTANCE: Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening systemic disease due to the Leishmania protozoa L. infantum and L. donovani and is ranked by the World Health Organization as the second most important protozoan parasitic disease after malaria for its grave morbidity, high mortality, and global distribution. Leishmania parasites subvert the host's immune response to propagate to target organs, including the spleen, the bone marrow, and the liver. Control of hepatic parasite burdens depends on a delicate and poorly understood Th1/Th2 immune balance. To better understand this complex immune response, new cytokines are interesting targets for research studies. IL-33 is a newly described cytokine usually associated with Th2 response and involved in different diseases, including infectious diseases and hepatitis. Our results suggest that IL-33 could be a new factor of susceptibility and a potential prognostic marker during visceral leishmaniasis.
ISSN: 2150-7511

inserm-00871493
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00871493
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00871493/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00871493/file/mBio.00383-13.pdf
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00383-13

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening systemic disease caused by Leishmania protozoans, L. donovani and L. infantum, which invade mononuclear phagocytes in the lymphoid organs and the liver. The control of the hepatic parasite burden depends on the granuloma formation, which is favored by a Th1 immune response in a Th2 tissue microenvironment. The aim of this work was to study the role of the recently described Th2 cytokine IL-33 in this complex immune response, which remains partially misunderstood. IL-33 dosages in different patient sera and IL-33+ cells detected in the liver of a patient from Rennes suggested that IL-33 could be a biomarker for active visceral leishmaniasis. As IL-33 was described in hepatic stellate cells during chronic hepatitis, these cells were exposed to L. donovani in primary culture. The cell permissivity to L. donovani and the parasite persistence during a long term culture led us to propose hepatic stellate cells as a new type of sanctuary cells, which could partially explain asymptomatic carriage. However, these cells were apparently not the main source of IL-33 during visceral leishmaniasis. In infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, IL-33 was detected in the liver in non stellate cells preferentially localized in granulomas. The presence of cells expressing its specific receptor ST2 in the liver led us to explore the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis. BALB/c mice deficient in ST2 or treated with recombinant IL-33 and infected with L. donovani revealed that IL-33 downregulates the expression of Th1 key cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ) and the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. Finally, IL-33 acts as a susceptibility factor during visceral leishmaniasis. Besides, the model of L. donovani infected C57BL/6 mice deficient in IL-33 or treated with recombinant IL-33 suggests possible differential roles of IL-33 depending on the immune environment related to the host genetic background.
La leishmaniose viscérale est une maladie systémique mortelle en l’absence de traitement. Elle est due aux protozoaires Leishmania donovani et L. infantum, parasites des phagocytes mononucléés, capables d’envahir les organes lymphoïdes et le foie. Le contrôle de l’infection hépatique repose sur la mise en place d’une réponse granulomateuse efficace, promue par une réponse immunitaire Th1, dans un environnement tissulaire Th2. L’objectif de ce travail était l'étude du rôle d’une cytokine Th2 récemment décrite, l’IL-33, dans cette réponse hépatique complexe encore partiellement incomprise. Des dosages d’IL-33 sur des sérums de patients et la détection de cellules IL-33+ dans le foie d’un patient rennais ont placé l’IL-33 comme un biomarqueur possible de la maladie active. L’IL-33 étant exprimée dans les cellules étoilées du foie au cours d’hépatites chroniques, ces cellules ont été exposées à L. donovani. Leur permissivité aux leishmanies sans toxicité apparente ni perturbation de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles, ainsi que la persistance des leishmanies sur une culture de plusieurs semaines, nous ont conduit à proposer les cellules étoilées comme cellules sanctuaires possibles pour les leishmanies viscérotropes, contribuant donc potentiellement au portage asymptomatique. En revanche, elles ne sont pas apparues comme une source majeure d'IL-33 au cours de la leishmaniose viscérale. Chez des souris C57BL/6 et BALB/c infectées par L. donovani, l'IL-33 a été observée dans des cellules ne s'apparentant pas à des cellules étoilées, et principalement localisées dans les granulomes. Des cellules exprimant son récepteur ST2 ayant été également observées dans le foie, un rôle de l’axe IL-33/ST2 a été recherché. Les résultats obtenus chez des souris BALB/c déficientes en ST2 ou traitées par de l'IL-33 recombinante suggèrent que l'IL-33 régule négativement l'expression de cytokines Th1 (IL-12, IFN-γ) et l'infiltrat de neutrophiles et monocytes dans le foie, limitant ainsi le contrôle de la charge parasitaire. Ainsi, l'IL-33 semble être un facteur de susceptibilité pour la leishmaniose viscérale. En parallèle, des travaux entrepris sur des souris C57BL/6 infectées par L. donovani suggèrent de possibles rôles différentiels de l'IL-33 en fonction de l'environnement immunitaire inhérent au fond génétique de l'hôte.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01126847

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2013REN1B002
tel-01126847
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01126847
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01126847/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01126847/file/2013REN1B002.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
Humans may be exposed via their environment to multiple chemicals as a consequence of human activities and use of synthetic products. Little knowledge is routinely generated on the hazards of these chemical mixtures. The metabolomic approach is widely used to identify metabolic pathways modified by diseases, drugs, or exposures to toxicants. This review, based on the state of the art of the current applications of metabolomics in environmental health, attempts to determine whether metabolomics might constitute an original approach to the study of associations between multiple, low-dose environmental exposures in humans. Studying the biochemical consequences of complex environmental exposures is a challenge demanding the development of careful experimental and epidemiological designs, in order to take into account possible confounders associated with the high level of interindividual variability induced by different lifestyles. The choices of populations studied, sampling and storage procedures, statistical tools used, and system biology need to be considered. Suggestions for improved experimental and epidemiological designs are described. Evidence indicates that metabolomics may be a powerful tool in environmental health in the identification of both complex exposure biomarkers directly in human populations and modified metabolic pathways, in an attempt to improve understanding the underlying environmental causes of diseases. Nevertheless, the validity of biomarkers and relevancy of animal-to-human extrapolation remain key challenges that need to be properly explored.
ISSN: 1093-7404

hal-00976116
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00976116
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00976116/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00976116/file/Potential_input_from_metabolomics_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1080/10937404.2013.860318

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : contient des versions PDF d'articles scientifiques (versions éditeur)
Spectrins are actin binding proteins that constitute the main components of membrane skeletons, the protein network located under the plasma membrane. Erythroid or non erythroid (in this case, they are called fodrins), spectrins play an important structural function in the membrane as demonstrated in the red blood cell. Spectrins are composed of two long α and β chains, associated in tetramers (αβ)2, forming the long flexible filaments of the network. Both chains are composed of repeating units which are folded in a triple helical arrangement (A, B and C helices), except for segment α10 which corresponds to a Src Homology 3 domain (SH3). The head-to-head interaction between dimers implies the N-terminal end of α chain and the C-terminal end of β chain. A model was proposed for the tetramerization site of spectrin : the two A and B helices of the last repeat of α chain interact with the C helix of the β chain in order to constitute a triple-helical structure similar to the repeats along the remainder of spectrin molecule. This model was first inferred from the relationship between the severity of the spectrin self-association defect and the location of the underlying mutations found in hereditary elliptocytosis (HE). Using recombinant peptides we defined the region, on both chains, which was sufficient and necessary to generate a fully functional tetramerization site. Producing peptides carrying a βHE mutation, we reproduced the tetramerization defect as observed in red blood cells of patients.
Finally, the presence of an SH3 domain probably gives to spectrins new functions which are different from the stability of the membrane. After contesting the existence of interaction between the fodrin SH3 domain and the α subunit of epithelial sodium channel sensitive to amiloride, we searched for partners of this domain, by screening a rat kidney library with the yeast two-hybrid system. We identified severals proteins implicated in the actin polymerization asoociated with motility or cell differenciation, suggesting that SH3 domain could play a part in this process.
Les spectrines, protéines liant l'actine, sont des constituants majeurs du squelette membranaire, réseau multiprotéique localisé sous la membrane plasmique. Érythroïdes ou non érythroïdes (dans ce cas, on les appelle fodrines), les spectrines ont un rôle structural important dans la membrane comme cela a déjà été démontré, pour la spectrine, dans le globule rouge. Elles sont constituées de deux longues chaînes a et ß associées côte à côte en tétramères (aß)2 qui forment les longs filaments du réseau. Chacune des chaînes est composée par la répétition de segments homologues, 22 pour a et 17 pour ß. Ces segments sont constitués de trois hélices a (hélices A, B et C) repliées sur elles-mêmes. Cette succession de structures trihélicoïdales est parfois interrompue par un domaine particulier comme le domaine SH3 (Src Homology 3) présent au milieu de la chaîne a. Les tétramères (aß)2 de spectrine constituent les filaments du squelette membranaire. L'interaction tête-à-tête de deux dimères aß implique les extrémités NH2 de la chaîne a et COOH de la chaîne ß. D'une part la sévérité du défaut d'auto-association et la localisation des mutations associées à celui-ci et d'autre part, les séquences en acides aminés des extrémités impliquées dans le site d'auto-association ont permis de proposer un modèle : la première hélice C isolée de la chaîne a pourrait s'associer aux deux dernières hélices A et B de la chaîne ß pour reconstituer une unité conformationnelle trihélicoïdale semblable à celles observées le long de la molécule. Un défaut dans la formation du tétramère est le support moléculaire le plus fréquemment observé dans les elliptocytoses héréditaires (HE). À l'aide de peptides recombinants, nous avons défini, sur les deux chaînes, les régions nécessaires et suffisantes possédant les caractéristiques pleinement fonctionnelles du site de tétramérisation. Nous avons ensuite, par mutagenèse dirigée, reproduit le lien entre la présence de mutations HE localisées dans les hélices A ou B et le défaut d'auto-association observé dans les globules rouges de patients HE. La présence d'un domaine SH3 localisé au milieu de la chaîne a confère probablement aux spectrine des fonctions autres que le maintien et la stabilité de la membrane. Les SH3, petits domaines protéiques, participent aux interactions protéine/protéine. Le seul partenaire connu du domaine SH3 de la fodrine était la sous-unité a du canal sodium sensible à l'amiloride (ENaC) mais la fonction de ce complexe n'était pas encore caractérisée. À l'aide de différentes méthodes, nous avons remis en cause l'interaction directe entre ENaC et le SH3 de la fodrine. La fonction de ce domaine SH3 étant liée à la nature de son ligand, nous avons donc recherché les partenaires putatifs du domaine SH3 de la fodrine par la technique du double-hybride. 29 partenaires ont été identifiés, regroupés en 19 familles et 10 clones isolés. La spécificité des interactions a été étudiée à la fois par double-hybride, à l'aide de mutants du domaine SH3 de la fodrine produits par mutagenèse dirigée. Les interactions vis-à-vis d'autres domaines SH3 (spectrine ou une protéine de levure non relatée Scd2) ont été également analysées. Enfin, la spécificité de certains partenaires a été confirmée par des études d'interactions in vitro. Deux des protéines les plus spécifiques du domaine SH3 de la fodrine sont des protéines tyrosine-phosphatase PTP. La première est l'isoforme A de PTP de faible poids moléculaire (LMPTPA) mais l'interaction n'a pas été confirmée in vitro. La deuxième, TD14, est une nouvelle PTP dont la seule fonction connue est d'inhiber la formation des foyers tumoraux des cellules surexprimant l'oncogène Ha-ras. Ces PTP pourraient soit déphosphoryler la fodrine, soit être recrutées sous la membrane pour déphosphoryler une autre cible. Nous avons également identifié trois partenaires (N-WASP, Evl et une protéine de la famille des formines) suggérant que les domaines SH3 des spectrines pourraient être impliqués dans les processus de polymérisation de l'actine liés à la mobilité ou la différenciation cellulaire. Mot clés : spectrine, fodrine, tétramérisation, SH3, double-hybride, polymérisation de l'actine
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284819

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-00284819
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284819
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284819/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284819/file/Nicolas_1999_-_These.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : During the last couple of decades, the countries of the world have become increasingly interconnected into a single capitalist economic system. Globalization processes have facilitated the flow of goods and services. They have also led to new forms of exclusion, inequality and “culture conflict”. This paper elaborates on the nexus between transnational organized crime networks, fundamental Islamic movements and terrorist groups in the Balkan region, and argues that these movements for social, political and economic change are bi-products of globalization. After the fall of the Soviet Union, criminal-political formations expanded drastically in the newly emerging Balkan democracies. The weak government structures, the deteriorating domestic economy and the vulnerable government institutions made the Balkan region a safe haven for war profiteers, career criminals and fundamental Islamists. This paper gives a detailed overview of the origin, nature and expansion of several politicized illicit markets in the Balkans. It further elaborates on the birth of fundamental Islamic movements after communism. The complex interrelation between globalization, wars, organized crime and fundamental Islam is at the forefront of this paper.
Durant les deux dernières décennies, le monde s’est intégré dans un seul système économique capitaliste. Alors que les processus de mondialisation ont facilité les flux de biens et de services, ils ont aussi mené à des formes nouvelles d’exclusion, d’inégalité et de « conflit culturel ». Cet essai offre une réflexion sur le lien entre les réseaux transnationaux du crime organisé, les mouvements islamiques radicaux et les groupes terroristes dans la région des Balkans. Il soutient l’idée selon laquelle ces mouvements qui luttent pour le changement social, politique et économique sont les conséquences directes de la mondialisation. Après la chute de l’Union Soviétique, les formations politico-criminelles se sont rapidement accrues au sein des démocraties balkaniques émergentes. La fragilité des structures gouvernementales, la détérioration de l’économie domestique et la vulnérabilité des institutions ont transformé la région balkanique en lieu idéal pour ceux qui font des conflits armés leur fonds de commerce, pour les criminels de carrière ainsi que pour les intégristes islamiques. Cette recherche offre une analyse détaillée de l’origine, de la nature et du développement de plusieurs marchés illicites dans la région des Balkans. Elle se penche aussi sur l’origine des mouvements intégristes islamiques depuis la fin du communisme. Au cœur de cette analyse se loge donc l’interface entre la mondialisation, les conflits armés, le crime organisé et l’intégrisme islamique.
Kosovo

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5871
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5871

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : A detailed and integrated geologic–hydraulic–geophysical–geochemical study of groundwater flow in the near-vicinity of a borehole drilled into fractured and karstified limestone demonstrates the power of such an integrated approach in localising and characterising preferential groundwater flow pathways and ambient borehole flow. The study, conducted in the vicinity of a 100-m-deep research borehole on the island of Mallorca, achieves such characterisation on a scale from millimetres to tens of metres in scale. More specifically, it adds single packer and open-hole pumping test interpretations to the results obtained during fluid logging, impeller flowmeter testing, borehole imaging, core descriptions and an innovative fracture analysis. This approach allows the delineation of the main flowing features and showed that such features are directly or indirectly linked to karst phenomena. Understanding this complex flow system is critical for an appropriate assessment of groundwater resources and the design of sustainable groundwater production schemes.
ISSN: 1431-2174

hal-00404921
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00404921
DOI : 10.1007/s10040-006-0086-4

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
We provide new constraints on the modes of mantle exhumation and denudation in the pre-orogenic Pyrenees by investigating the poorly known peridotites located east of the Lherz body, in eastern Ariè ge (Vicdessos, Urs, Bestiac, Caussou and Prades main peridotitic bodies). We show that: (1) numerous peridotite bodies, not described so far, are constituted by decametric to sub-metric outcrops scattered between and around the main outcrops identified by Monchoux (1970); (2) most of the peridotites form blocks and lenses of various sizes, from millimetric monocrystalline grains to hectometric olistoliths, embedded in debris flows involving mainly Mesozoic metasediments; these peridotites can therefore be linked to the S-type peridotites of Lagabrielle et al. (2010), and share similarities with the peridotites of Lherz region (Clerc et al., 2012). All originated from tectono-sedimentary processes associated with mantle exhumation in relation with extreme thinning and breakoff of the continental basement; (3) the various petrographic characters of these peridotites and their heterogeneity in serpentinisation degree imply a peculiar mode of exhumation, which merges mantle fragments inherited from different structural levels; (4) the lack of tectonic structures such as faults and shear planes associated with the ultramafic-rich breccia formation and the presence of neoformation of metamorphic minerals within the matrix preclude their origin as cataclasites related to the Latest Cretaceous and Tertiary Pyrenean contractional deformation. The peridotites of eastern Ariè ge are indisputable witnesses of the presence of an inverted hyper-extended Cretaceous passive margin forming the current North Pyrenean zone. The geometry of the extensional system was complex and probably associated with strike-slip faults and transcurrent motion. ß 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Acadé mie des sciences. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
ISSN: 1631-0713

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
insu-01280502
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01280502
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01280502/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01280502/file/1-s2.0-S1631071316000043-main.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.crte.2015.12.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Document soutenu à l'atelier Fouille de Données Complexes de la conférence EGC2017
International audience
"L'informatique affective est l'informatique qui se réfère à, résulte de, ou influence délibérément les émotions" (Picard (1997)). Singulièrement, l'équi-libre psychosocial est désormais considéré comme une préoccupation majeure pour la santé, tant sur le plan individuel que public. Prédire les émotions hu-maines via des méthodes non-invasives est un challenge propulsé notamment par le développement des systèmes d'accompagnement intelligents. Afin de dé-terminer l'état émotionel d'un individu, ayant potentiellement un trouble psy-chosocial, il convient de traiter tant les émotions expressives que neutres. Une approche originale de classification de l'information émotionelle à partir de vi-déos est proposée.
Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances
Grenoble, France

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/
hal-01513329
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01513329
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01513329/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01513329/file/egcArticle%20scholet.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Polarization dependence second harmonic generation (P-SHG) microscopy is gaining increase popularity for in situ quantification of fibrillar protein architectures. In this report, we combine P-SHG microscopy, new linear least square (LLS) fitting and modeling to determine and convert the complex second-order non-linear optical anisotropy parameter ρ of several collagen rich tissues into a simple geometric organization of collagen fibrils. Modeling integrates a priori knowledge of polyhelical organization of collagen molecule polymers forming fibrils and bundles of fibrils as well as Poisson photonic shot noise of the detection system. The results, which accurately predict the known sub-microscopic hierarchical organization of collagen fibrils in several tissues, suggest that they can be subdivided into three classes according to their microscopic and macroscopic hierarchical organization of collagen fibrils. They also show, for the first time to our knowledge, intrahepatic spatial discrimination between genuine fibrotic and non-fibrotic vessels. CCl 4-treated livers are characterized by an increase in the percentage of fibrotic vessels and their remodeling involves peri-portal compaction and alignment of collagen fibrils that should contribute to portal hypertension. This integrated P-SHG image analysis method is a powerful tool that should open new avenue for the determination of pathophysiological and chemo-mechanical cues impacting collagen fibrils organization.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01592192
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01592192
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01592192/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01592192/file/s41598-017-12398-0.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-017-12398-0