Éditeur(s) : Physiomar 08 Physilogical aspects of reproduction, nutrition and growth "Marine molluscs in a changing environment"
Résumé : Bonamiosis is a parasitic disease (causative agent: Bonamia ostreae) affecting the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, responsible for a drastic decline in the aquaculture production of this oyster species. Therefore a selective breeding program for resistance to bonamiosis has been undertaken since 1985 bu Ifremer, leading to the production of several selected oyster families. In the present study, a 6-month cohabitation challenge experiment was performed in order to transmit the disease from wild oysters (injected with the parasite) to two tested families of oysters originating from the selective breeding program. Mortalities were checked daily, and ventricular heart smears were performed on dying or moribund oysters to detect the level of infection to B. ostreae. The first infections occurred after 4 months of challenge in the tested oysters (Family 1 and Family 2). The cumulative mortalities after 5 monts were 58% for the wil oysters, 9% for Family 1 (20-month old at the beginning of the experiment) and 20% for Family 2 (8-month, old). The parasite could be detected in 66.8% of the dying wild oysters, 67.5% of the dying oysters of Family 1, 89% of the dying oysters of Family 2 and only 11% of the surviving oysters of Family 2. The mortality was significantly higher in Family 2 thant in Family 1 (x2= 20.87, p<0.001, d.f.) as well as the level of infection by the parasite found in heart smear (x2=24.34, p<0.001, 4 d.f.). This result demonstrates that prespawning oysters as yong as 1 year-old can become infected with the parasite and die from bonamiosis. This result is inconsistent with the commonly accepted critical age of 2 years-old for the disease development. The most probable cause of the dscrepancy in the development of bonamiosis between the 2 tested families is a difference in genetic background.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/acte-4535.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4535/

Résumé : (Biographical) From Wikipedia: John Frank Stevens (25 April 1853 – 2 June 1943) was an American engineer who built the Great Northern Railway in the United States and was chief engineer on the Panama Canal between 1905 and 1907. Biography: Stevens was born in rural Maine, near West Gardiner to John Stevens, a tanner and farmer, and Harriet Leslie French. He attended Maine State Normal School (now the University of Maine at Farmington) for two years. At the conclusion of his schooling in 1873, bleak economic conditions held little promise of a job, and he chose to go west. Entry into the field of civil engineering evolved from his experience in the Minneapolis city engineer's office. For two years he carried out a variety of engineering tasks, including surveying and building railroads, and at the same time gained experience and an understanding of the subject. He became a practical engineer, self-taught and driven by a self-described "bull-dog tenacity of purpose." In 1878 Stevens married Harriet T. O'Brien. They had five children, two of whom died in infancy. By the age of 33, in 1886, Stevens was principal assistant engineer for the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, and in charge of building the line from Duluth, Minnesota to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Although a large part of his work involved surveying, he assisted in all phases of railroading: reconnaissance, locating, organizing, and construction. In 1889, Stevens was hired by James J. Hill as a locating engineer for the Great Northern Railway. Stevens earned wide acclaim in 1889 when he explored Marias Pass, Montana, and determined its practicability for a railroad. Stevens was an efficient administrator with remarkable technical skills and imagination. He discovered Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains, set railroad construction standards in the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota, and supervised construction of the Oregon Trunk Line. Hill promoted him to chief engineer in 1895, and later to general manager. During his time at the Great Northern, Stevens built over a thousand miles of railroad, including the original Cascade Tunnel. Stevens Pass in the Cascade Range was named for him. (Most other Pacific Northwest landmarks with the word "Stevens" are named after Isaac Stevens, who is of no relation.) Panama Canal: Stevens left the Great Northern in 1903 for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, where he was promoted to vice-president. Then, in 1905, at Hill's recommendation, he was hired by Theodore Roosevelt as chief engineer on the Panama Canal. Stevens' primary achievement in Panama was to build the infrastructure needed for the completion of the canal. "The digging," he said, "is the least thing of all." He proceeded immediately to build warehouses, machine shops, and piers. Communities for the personnel were planned and built to include housing, schools, hospitals, churches, and hotels. He authorized extensive sanitation and mosquito-control programs that eliminated yellow fever and other diseases from the Isthmus. Reflecting his background, he saw the early stage of the canal project itself as primarily a problem in railroad engineering, which included rebuilding the Panama Railway and devising a rail-based system for disposing of the soil from the excavations. Stevens argued the case against a sea level canal like the French had tried to build. He successfully convinced Theodore Roosevelt of the necessity of a high-level canal built with dams and locks. Resignation: Stevens resigned suddenly from the Canal project in 1907 to Roosevelt's great annoyance, as the focus of the work turned to construction of the canal itself. As a railroad engineer, Stevens had little expertise in building locks and dams, and probably realized he was no longer the best person for the remainder of the job. Stevens would also have been aware that the original great Cascade Tunnel, for which he was responsible, was in hindsight built in error too close to the ruling grade and was perhaps turning from a credit to a debit. The true reasons for his resignation have never been known. Subsequent career: Following the collapse of Imperial Russia in 1917, leaders of the provisional government appealed to President Wilson for help with their transportation systems. Stevens was selected to chair a board of prominent U.S. railroad experts sent to Russia to rationalize and manage a system that was in disarray; among his work was on the Trans-Siberian Railway. After the overthrow of the provisional government, the board's work ceased. Stevens remained in Allied-occupied Manchuria and in 1919 headed the Inter-Allied Technical Board charged with the administration and operation of the Chinese Eastern and Siberian railways. He remained in an advisory capacity until occupying Allied troops were withdrawn; he finally left in 1923. After his return to the United States Stevens continued to work as a consulting engineer, ending his career in Baltimore in the early 1930s. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal in 1930. He then retired to Southern Pines, North Carolina, where he died at the age of 90 in 1943.
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http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00029596/00001

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques Ifremer, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989, n°9, chap. 13, pp.113-126
Résumé : At least six virus diseases are presently known in cultured penaeid shrimp. Each of these six penaeid virus diseases (BP = Baculovirus penaei ; MBV = Penaeus monodon -type baculovirus (including PBV of Australian penaeids); BMN = baculoviral midgut gland necrosis; HPV = hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus; IHHNV = infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus; and REO = reo-like virus of the hepatopancreas) may be comprised by a multitude of individual strains, some of which are highly pathogenic to some penaeids, while being of little importance to others.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1481.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1481/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Fish is a rich source of essential nutrients for fetal development, but in contrast, it is also a well-known route of exposure to environmental pollutants. We assessed whether fish intake during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and the length of gestation in a panel of European birth cohort studies. The study sample of 151,880 mother-child pairs was derived from 19 population-based European birth cohort studies. Individual data from cohorts were pooled and harmonized. Adjusted cohort-specific effect estimates were combined by using a random- and fixed-effects meta-analysis. Women who ate fish >1 time/wk during pregnancy had lower risk of preterm birth than did women who rarely ate fish (≤ 1 time/wk); the adjusted RR of fish intake >1 but <3 times/wk was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.92), and for intake ≥ 3 times/wk, the adjusted RR was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.96). Women with a higher intake of fish during pregnancy gave birth to neonates with a higher birth weight by 8.9 g (95% CI: 3.3, 14.6 g) for >1 but <3 times/wk and 15.2 g (95% CI: 8.9, 21.5 g) for ≥ 3 times/wk independent of gestational age. The association was greater in smokers and in overweight or obese women. Findings were consistent across cohorts. This large, international study indicates that moderate fish intake during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of preterm birth and a small but significant increase in birth weight.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

hal-01118513
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118513
PUBMED : 24335057
DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.113.067421

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
ISSN: 0962-8436

hal-01282464
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282464
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD PeerJ
Résumé : International audience
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are major benthic calcifiers that play crucial roles in marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. Over the past two decades, epizootics have been reported for several CCA species on coral reefs worldwide. However, their causes remain often unknown in part because few studies have investigated CCA pathologies at a microscopic scale. We studied the cellular changes associated with two syndromes: Coralline White Band Syndrome (CWBS) and Coralline White Patch Disease (CWPD) from samples collected in Curaçao , southern Caribbean. Healthy-looking tissue of diseased CCA did not differ from healthy tissue of healthy CCA. In diseased tissues of both pathologies, the three characteristic cell layers of CCA revealed cells completely depleted of protoplasmic content, but presenting an intact cell wall. In addition, CWBS showed a transition area between healthy and diseased tissues consisting of cells partially deprived of protoplasmic material, most likely corresponding to the white band characterizing the disease at the macroscopic level. This transition area was absent in CWPD. Regrowth at the lesion boundary were sometimes observed in both syndromes. Tissues of both healthy and diseased CCA were colonised by diverse boring organisms. Fungal infections associated with the diseased cells were not seen. However, other bioeroders were more abundant in diseased vs healthy CCA and in diseased vs healthy-looking tissues of diseased CCA. Although their role in the pathogenesis is unclear, this suggests that disease increases CCA susceptibility to bioerosion. Further investigations using an integrated approach are needed to carry out the complete diagnosis of these diseases.
ISSN: 2167-8359

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01174251
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174251
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174251/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174251/file/peerj-1034.pdf
DOI : 10.7717/peerj.1034

Éditeur(s) : Epidémiologie et santé animale, 62, pp. 27-42
Résumé : The basic concepts and objectives of animal disease surveillance are common to all types of animal production. Yet, the procedures for implementation have been mostly developed for terrestrial animal productions. Disease surveillance in marine shellfish calls for specific measures in view of the peculiarities of marine biology and rearing techniques. The main objective of disease surveillance in marine shellfish is to detect as early as possible exotic and newly emerging diseases. With this objective in mind, a national surveillance network for surveillance of mollusc diseases called Repamo has been developed. It combines passive reporting and risk-based surveillance.
Les enjeux de la surveillance épidémiologique sont globalement similaires entre les différentes filières de production animale, mais les modalités de surveillance ont été principalement conceptualisées pour les productions terrestres. Leur adaptation au contexte des productions aquacoles, conchylicoles en particulier, présente plusieurs défis tant par les caractéristiques biologiques des animaux que par celles de leur élevage en milieu marin. L’objectif prioritaire de la surveillance des maladies des coquillages marins est la détection précoce de l’apparition d’une maladie exotique ou nouvelle afin d’entreprendre rapidement une lutte. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des modalités de surveillance événementielle et ciblée sur le risque d’introduction ou d’émergence sont combinées et coordonnées par le Réseau de pathologie des mollusques (Repamo), réseau de surveillance de la santé des mollusques marins du littoral français.

Droits : 2012 Association pour l'étude de l'épidémiologie des maladies animales
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00109/22023/19653.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00109/22023/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
To forecast marine disease outbreaks as oceans warm requires new environmental surveillance tools. We describe an iterative process for developing these tools that combines research, development and deployment for suitable systems. The first step is to identify candidate host–pathogen systems. The 24 candidate systems we identified include sponges, corals, oysters, crustaceans, sea stars, fishes and sea grasses (among others). To illustrate the other steps, we present a case study of epizootic shell disease (ESD) in the American lobster. Increasing prevalence of ESD is a contributing factor to lobster fishery collapse in southern New England (SNE), raising concerns that disease prevalence will increase in the northern Gulf of Maine under climate change. The lowest maximum bottom temperature associated with ESD prevalence in SNE is 128C. Our seasonal outlook for 2015 and long-term projections show bottom temperatures greater than or equal to 128C may occur in this and coming years in the coastal bays of Maine. The tools presented will allow managers to target efforts to monitor the effects of ESD on fishery sustainability and will be iteratively refined. The approach and case example highlight that temperature-based surveillance tools can inform research, monitoring and management of emerging and continuing marine disease threats.
ISSN: 0080-4622

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01282834
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282834
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282834/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282834/file/20150208.full.pdf
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0208

Éditeur(s) : INRA
Résumé : According to the world organisation for animal health (OIE) an emerging disease is defined as a recently admitted serious illness, whose aetiology can, or not, have already been established, and which is likely to be propagated within a population or between populations, for example at the time of international exchanges of aquatic animals and/or products of aquatic animals. Even though the emerging diseases that affect human health have been much studied, those which affect marine organisms and species of aquaculture interest in particular are poorly documented. By restricting emergence to only infectious diseases, we aim at presenting in a non-exhaustive way some scenarios of the emergence of the diseases of aquacultured species by illustrating them with three examples available in the scientific literature: one relating to the appearance of a pathogenic agent in a new host with the case of the herpesvirus of the Koï carp, the other with the evolution of a pre-existing pathogenic agent with the case of shrimp vibriosis due to Vibrio nigripulchritudo in New Caledonia, and the last example relating to the introduction of one pathogenic pre-existing pathogen in an unscathed area with the case of Bonamia ostreae infecting the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. The causes of the emergence of diseases are multiple and implicate in an intercurrent way pathogenic agents, the environment, the host or host species and anthropogenic factors. In the marine environment, these causes are very often ignored. In this context, the development of zoosanitary surveillance networks and diagnostic tools present a considerable interest in order to anticipate, prevent and/or intervene on the emergence of the diseases by limiting their sanitary, ecological and political consequences.
Selon l'Office International des Epizooties (OIE) une maladie émergente désigne une maladie grave récemment reconnue, dont la cause peut, ou non, avoir déjà été établie, et qui est susceptible de se propager au sein d'une population ou entre des populations, par exemple à l'occasion d'échanges internationaux d'animaux aquatiques et/ou de produits d'animaux aquatiques. Si les maladies émergentes qui affectent la santé humaine ont été très étudiées, celles qui touchent les organismes marins et les organismes aquacoles d'intérêt économique en particulier sont en revanche peu documentées. C'est en restreignant l'émergence aux seules maladies infectieuses que seront présentés de façon non exhaustive quelques scénarios de l'émergence des maladies chez les organismes d'intérêt aquacole en les illustrant par trois exemples disponibles dans la littérature scientifique : l'un relatif à l'apparition d'un agent pathogène chez un nouvel hôte avec le cas de l'herpesvirus de la carpe Koï, l'autre à l'évolution d'un agent pathogène existant avec le cas de la vibriose à Vibrio nigripulchritudo sévissant dans les élevages de crevettes pénéides de Nouvelle-Calédonie et enfin le dernier lié à l'introduction d'un pathogène préexistant avec le cas de Bonamia ostreae infectant l'huître plate Ostrea edulis. Les causes d'émergence de maladies sont multiples et font intervenir de façon intercurrente l'agent pathogène, l'environnement, l'hôte ou les espèces hôtes et des facteurs anthropiques. Dans le milieu marin, ces causes sont bien souvent méconnues. Dans ce contexte le développement des réseaux de surveillance et des techniques de diagnostic revêtent un intérêt considérable afin d'anticiper, de prévenir et/ou d'intervenir sur l'émergence des maladies en limitant leur conséquences sanitaires, écologiques et politiques.
INRA Productions Animales (INRA), 2007-07 , Vol. 20 , N. 3 , P. 207-212

Droits : INRA
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2980.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2980/

Résumé : By looking at the common thread between 4 programs* in which the IFREMER Palavas (34, Languedoc-Roussillon region in France) station took part, this report show the evolution over 20 years in the perception of the pathology of farmed fish, and of the sea bass in particular (Dicentrarchus labrax). During the 1990’s farming techniques became sufficiently reliable to enable to distinguish between problems of a zootechnical nature and those with a pathological origin. In anticipation of future illnesses, the necessary tools and monitoring were implemented in order to study the immune system of the sea bass. These methods arose from the recent creation of anti-immunoglobin monoclonal probes in the sea bass. These techniques, together with others, served to search for a solution to the nodavirus epidemic which struck in1996. In the absence of a cure for this virus, the research focused on knowledge of the virus, its epidemiology and vaccine development. Despite interesting scientific results, the solution withheld to curb the Nodavirus epidemic was zootechnical. This pragmatic outcome catalysed reflections on the role of pathology, leading to notions of health, animal well-being and image. Management choices in the health of farmed fish stocks became a parameter, amongst others, included in a global commercial and farming policy. * Définition des critères d’évaluation de l’immunocompétente chez le loup et le turbot. UMR1 Université Montpellier II IFREMER ; Nodavirus disease of cultured marine fish in Europe. FAIR PL98 4036 EU; Recherche de moyens de dépistage et prévention de la nodavirose du bar. ANVAR 9804041J ; Welfare and Health in Sustainable Aquaculture WEALTH. E.U N°501984.
En prenant comme fil conducteur les travaux de 4 programmes* auxquels a participé la station IFREMER de Palavas (34), ce rapport montre l’évolution sur 20 ans de la perception de la pathologie des poissons d’élevages et du loup en particulier (Dicentrarchus labrax). Dans les années 1990 les techniques d’élevages devinrent suffisamment fiables pour permettre de distinguer les problèmes d’origines zootechniques de ceux d’origines pathologiques. En prévision des futures maladies potentielles, les outils d’étude et de suivi du système immunitaire spécifique du loup furent mis en place. Ils découlaient de la création récente de sondes monoclonales anti-immunoglobulines de loup. Ces techniques, couplées à d’autres, servirent à chercher une solution à l’épidémie de nodavirose des années 1996. En l’absence de traitement pour un virus l’accent fut mis sur la connaissance du virus, de son épidémiologie et de la vaccination. Bien que les résultats scientifiques furent très satisfaisants la solution trouvée pour juguler l’épidémie de Nodavirose fut zootechnique. Cette issue pragmatique catalysa une réflexion sur le rôle de la pathologie qui maturait depuis plusieurs années et qui déboucha sur la notion de santé, de bien être des animaux et d’image. Les choix de gestion de la santé des cheptels devinrent un paramètre, parmi d’autres, s’incluant dans d’une politique globale d’élevage et commerciale * Définition des critères d’évaluation de l’immunocompétente chez le loup et le turbot. UMR1 Université Montpellier II IFREMER ; Nodavirus disease of cultured marine fish in Europe. FAIR PL98 4036 EU; Recherche de moyens de dépistage et prévention de la nodavirose du bar. ANVAR 9804041J ; Welfare and Health in Sustainable Aquaculture WEALTH. E.U N°501984.

Droits : 2013 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26103.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26105.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26106.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : In tropical shrimp ponds, the increasing of feed input, concomitantly with the stocking shrimp biomass, induces an eutrophication of the ecosystem. Although difficult to maintain, its stability is required to guarantee the success of the culture. A 110-day period of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton stock and dynamics in an earthen pond (1.2 ha area, 1 m depth) was monitored using flow cytometry to provide baseline information on community characteristics and ecosystem instability. Seven autotrophic cell types were identified over the whole sampling period. Prokaryotic cells included Synechococcus sp., a group named UNK which presented an atypical new flow cytometric signature and picoeukaryotes (PEUK). Nanophytoplankton cells were represented by 4 groups: NAN1, NAN2, NAN3 and Cryptophytes. During the first part of the survey, picophytoplankton dominated the phytoplanktonic assemblage. The mean abundance of total cells (up to 8 x 10(6) cells mL(-1)) was among the highest recorded in marine and brackish waters. Bacterial abundance and production ranged from 0.8 to 5.1 x 10(7) cells mL(-1) and from 30 to 110 mu g C L-1 h(-1). A shift from pico to nanophytoplankton abundance was observed for a few days from d 96. During this period, heterotrophic bacteria production and abundance suddenly dropped, implying a change in the functioning of the microbial loop. This shift was concomitant with a significant shrimp mortality outbreak due to Vibrio penaeicida, the etiological agent of a disease known as Syndrome 93, which affects the shrimp industry in New Caledonia. This survey suggests that flow cytometric analysis could be used for the monitoring of aquaculture systems to improve our understanding of the complex phytoplankton and bacterial dynamics of these systems and its potential influence on disease development. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2010-12 , Vol. 310 , N. 1-2 , P. 112-121

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00029/14068/11312.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.022
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00029/14068/

Résumé : As the emergence of new vibriosis in the European Atlantic coasts has been associated with mass mortalities of molluscs cuasing important economic losses, the project obectives are to provide knowledge and operational tools to evaluate the impact of vibriosis on farmed japenese oyster Crassostrea gigas. Facing the diversity of Vibrio species associated to bivalve disease outbreaks, the difficulties of identification and the detemrination of their pathogenic abilities we propose a double approach to correlate phenotype/geneotype of a bacteria with risk of disease : 1) by genotyping we will evaluate if specific strains are associated with disease. 2) by evaluating likely virulence mechanisms implicated in pathogenesis, we will characterise the genes involved. Therefore, new diagnostic test should be used in an epizootiological study to evaluate the importance of these emerging pathogens in farmed bivalves and will be supplied for further exploitation in aquaculture.
Les vibrioses sont les infections bactériennes les plus courantes chez les espèces marines d'intérêt aquacole. Certaines espèces sont pathogènes et ont été associées à d'importantes pertes économiques pour l'industrie aquacole dans le monde. L'objectif principal de mon projet de recherche est de développer des outils diagnostiques pertinents permettant d'évaluer l'impact des vibrioses dans des élevages d'huîtres creuses Crassostrea gigas. Le problème majeur est l'extraordinaire diversité des espèces appartenant à ce genre bactérien, compliquant considérablement leur caractérisation en terme de spéciation et de virulence. Nous développons une double approche pour corréler le phénotype et le génotype de pathogènes potentiels par : 1) une clarification taxonomique des souches de vibrions nous déterminons si certaines espèces sont systématiquement associées à de maladies; 2) une caractérisation des mécanismes de virulence, nous recherchons les gènes supports de la pathogénie. Les marqueurs génétiques ou de virulence mis au point pourront alors être utilisés pour une étude épidémiologique de ces maladies.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/these-3699.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3699/

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : For centuries, several species of prawns and crabs have been raised from wild-caught juveniles in coastal brackish-water fish ponds in various countries of south east Asia. The Indonesian "tambaks" are well known examples of such traditional practices. In western countries, since the turn of the century, advances of marine biology and fast increase of marine fisheries enabled the development of large-scale production and release of larval stages of American and European lobsters in a fruitless attempt to restock natural populations. After the Second World War, the increasing demand for crustaceans in United States and Japan was satisfied by opening new prawn fisheries all over the world. A major breakthrough was achieved with the development of hatchery technologies for the penaeid prawn Penaeus japonicus (Hudinaga, 1942 in Japan) and the caridean prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Ling, 1969 in Malaysia), which occurred during the first decades of the second half of this century. Together with the increasing market demand in developed countries for sea food, this led to a considerable interest of both public agencies and private investors in marine shrimp and prawn culture. In western countries, a large number of pioneering commercial ventures, often based on assumptions not scientifically founded, failed. Nevertheless, the aquaculture production of prawns mainly based on wild-caught juveniles increased in South-East Asia and Central America during the 1980s. This overall positive trend should not hide important failures which occurred at a local scale, such as the Taiwanese crisis of 1988 due principally to environmental degradation, resulting in severe disease problems and a near collapse of the farming activity. Following the early period of hatchery technology development, the major scientific achievements were related to food requirements and formulation of compound diets for larvae, juveniles and adults and to a better knowledge of diseases caused by bacteria and several viruses which have been identified from hatcheries and intensive farming ponds. Additional new technological advances have emerged from recent research in the fields of physiology (endocrinology) and genetics. By far, the major part of the world production of marine crustaceans relies on penaeid prawns and, to a lesser extent, on Macrobrachium species. However, some other species of marine crustaceans have potential for aquaculture. The economic aspects of marine crustacean aquaculture should be considered together with those of the fishing industry: market prices are rather similar, depending on the quality of the product. The balance between market demand and production is an important constraint which, in turn, establishes the success of prawn farming. Since the early 1980s, crustacean aquaculture has increased tremendously in both Asia and America: the world production for 1991 approximated 700,000 tons, with more than 600,000 tons from penaeid prawn culture.
Pendant des siècles, quelques espèces de crevettes et de crabes ont été élevées à partir d'individus juvéniles capturés dans le milieu naturel, dans des bassins à poissons d'eau saumâtre de différents pays d'Asie du Sud-Est. Les « tambaks » indonésiens sont des exemples bien connus de ces pratiques traditionnelles. Dans les pays occidentaux, depuis le début du siècle, les progrès réalisés en biologie marine et la croissance rapide des pêches maritimes ont permis le développement de la production à grande échelle de stades larvaires des homards européen et américain, dans une vaine tentative de reconstitution des stocks naturels. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la demande croissante des Etats-Unis et du Japon a été satisfaite par l'ouverture de nouvelles pêcheries de crevettes dans l'océan mondial. Un progrès décisif a été réalisé avec la mise au point des techniques d'écloserie pour la crevette Pénaeidé Penaeus juponicus (Hudinaga, 1942 au Japon) et la crevette Caridé Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Ling, 1969 en Malaisie), qui sont apparues au cours des premières décennies de la seconde moitié de ce siècle. Parallèlement à la demande croissante du marché des pays développés pour les produits de la mer, ce résultat s'est traduit par un intérêt considérable porté à l'élevage des crevettes marines de la part des institutions de recherche et des investisseurs. Dans les pays occidentaux, un grand nombre de tentatives d'élevage commerciales, fondées sur des considérations non scientifiquement établies, ont échoué. Néanmoins, la production aquacole de crevettes reposant sur la capture d'animaux juvéniles dans la nature, s'est développée en Asie du Sud-Est et en Amérique Centrale au cours des années 1980. Cette tendance globalement positive ne doit pas dissimuler les faillites importantes qui se sont produites à l'échelle locale, comme la crise des élevages de Taiwan en 1988, causée principalement par une dégradation de l'environnement, entraînant l'apparition de problèmes pathologiques sévères et une disparition presque totale de l'activité d'élevage. Après la période pionnière du développement de la technologie d'écloserie, les principaux acquis scientifiques concernent les besoins alimentaires et la formulation d'aliments composés pour les larves, les jeunes et les adultes, et une meilleure connaissance des maladies bactériennes et virales qui interviennent dans les écloseries et les fermes d'élevage intensif. De nouveaux progrès techniques complémentaires ont vu le jour à la suite de recherches dans les domaines de la physiologie (endocrinologie) et de la génétique. De loin, la majeure partie de la production mondiale de Crustacés marins repose sur les crevettes Pénaeidés et, dans une moindre mesure, sur des espèces de Macrobrachium. Cependant, quelques autres espèces de Crustacés marins intéressent potentiellement l'aquaculture. Les aspects économiques de l'aquaculture de crustacés marins doivent être considérés avec ceux de l'industrie des pêches maritimes : les prix du marché sont à peu près les mêmes, et dépendent de la qualité du produit. Le rapport entre la demande du marché et la production est une contrainte importante qui à son tour, détermine les conditions du succès de l'élevage de crevettes. Depuis le début des années 1980, l'aquaculture de crustacés a augmenté considérablement en Asie et en Amérique : la production mondiale pour 1991 avoisine 700 000 tonnes, avec plus de 600 000 tonnes provenant des élevages de crevettes Pénaeidés.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 1993-10 , Vol. 6 , N. 4 , P. 319-329

Droits : IFREMER-Gauthier-Villars, 1993
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00190/30119/28587.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:1993033
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00190/30119/

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques Ifremer, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989, n°9, chap. 15, pp.143-160
Résumé : The finfish species reared in marine intensive conditions in the French Caribbean Islands are imported (European seabass, American red drum and Oreochromis hybrids) or local (Carangids and Lutjanids) species. The European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax ) is susceptible, during its first year of life, to a contagious disease characterized by whirling and hyperexcitability, associated with severe lesions of the brain, viral particles being pointed out in the damaged nervous cells.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1478.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1478/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND:Fever in infants younger than 3 months is generally a cause for concern because of the risk for a serious bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and biological features of Chikungunya infection in infants < 3 months of age hospitalized in Cayenne Hospital during the 2014-2015 outbreak.METHODS:We performed a preliminary retrospective study followed by a prospective study from March 2014 to February 2015. All infants younger than 3 months presenting with fever and hospitalized in Cayenne Hospital were included. The main diagnostic criteria were fever and positive Chikungunya PCR.RESULTS:One hundred and twenty infants were hospitalized with fever. The mean age was 46 days (SD± 22 days). The mean hospitalization duration was 7.4 days (SD± 6.1 days). Chikungunya infection was diagnosed in 26 children. The most important clinical findings were high (80.8% [77.5-84]) and prolonged fever (76.9%, [73.4-80.4]), irritability (96.2% [94.5-97.7]) and skin rash. (69.2%, [65.4-73]). Half of the infants presented edema of the extremities (hands and feet principally). However, in 15 %, Chikungunya infection was associated with a serious bacterial infection. Infants who presented with irritability, high fever and elevated PCT were at high risk for Chikungunya: OR 39, [9.2-243] (p < 0.001), with a specificity of 96.7 % and a negative predictive value of 89.4%. The area of the ROC curve was 0.96 CONCLUSIONS:: Our results confirm that Chikunguyna infection is a cause of high fever in infants younger than 3 months. Our data should be confirmed by larger studies.
ISSN: 0891-3668

inserm-01476019
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476019
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476019/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476019/file/2017%2C%20Elenga%20-%20Chikungunya%20Infection%20in%20hospitalized%20febrile%20infants.pdf
DOI : 10.1097/INF.0000000000001541

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Vibrio tapetis is the marine bacterium responsible for the brown ring disease (BRD) affecting die manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Identification of V tapelis has been previously performed using biochemical criteria and serological procedures. All of these methods are time consuming and ill-adapted to individual screening. This study describes an oligonucleotidic probe (Vt446) and two PCR primers, deduced from the 16S rDNA sequence, allowing a fast and specific V tapetis identification using dot blot hybridisation and species-specific primed PCR (SSP-PCR). The probe and primers have been tested on 60 strains, including referenced Vibrio sp., Gram negative and positive bacteria, marine bacteria samples and isolated clam bacteria. For all the 19 V tapetis strains, the results of PCR assays consistently corroborated those of the agglutination tests. The detection limit was estimated to be 10(2) CFU ml(-1). The SSP-PCR method has resulted in V tapetis detection in larvae, m diseased clams, and in asymptomatic broodstock clams that later developed BRD. In conclusion, the two SSP-PCR primers were useful for direct and fast identification of V tapetis strains isolated in clams, and are well suited for the screening of individual R. philippilnarum broodstock clams and larvae from the hatchery. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-03 , Vol. 253 , N. 1-4 , P. 25-38

Droits : 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1692.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.047
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1692/

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques Ifremer, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989, n°9, chap. 17, pp.171-181
Résumé : Symptoms recalling a nutritional pathology and more precisely a process of lipid peroxydation were observed during the last years in seabass Dicentrarchus labrax and other fishes cultured in tropical marine condition, Ocyurus chrysurus and Lutjanus analis . They included dark coloration, skin ulceration, lethargy, anorexy, emaciation. Histological examinations showed hepatic fatty degenerative lesions, pancreatitis, muscular degeneration and retinal atrophy. Additional vitamins E and C in the food suppressed that pathological symptoms. The previously evoked clinical or histological signs were not achieved in spite of an increase of the level of hepatic, muscular or blood malondialdehyde and of the conjugated dienes of the perivisceral fat. In the same time, hepatic and muscular tocopherol decreased. These experiments also showed the feasibility and the interest of different analyses in the characterization of such a pathology: hemolysis test and activity of enzymes such as erythrocytic catalase or superoxyde dismutase and plasma glutathione peroxydase. Another nutritional disease is worth describing again, the Granulomatous Hypertyrosinaemia. It was essentially investigated in turbot Scophtalmus maximus but other fish species such as sea bream Chrysophris aurata are often affected.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1501.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1501/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Sponges are a rich source for investigation of bioactive small molecules. They have been mostly investigated for the search of new pharmacological models or therapeutic agents for the treatment of human diseases. Micro-organisms can also represent a virulent pathogen for marine invertebrates such as sponges, which need to protect themselves against these microbes. Sponges' self defence mechanisms involving dialogue molecules thus represent a pertinent research track for potent anti-infective and anti-biofilm activities such as quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs). The investigation of the QSI crude extract of Leucetta chagosensis Dendy, 1863 led to the isolation of three new alkaloids, isonaamine D, di-isonaamidine A and leucettamine D, along with the known isonaamine A and isonaamidine A. Isonaamidine A and isonaamine D were identified as inhibitors of the three quorum sensing pathways of Vibrio harveyi (CAI-1, AI-2 and harveyi auto inducer), but isonaamidine A displayed the strongest activity on AI-2 biosensor. Both compounds are new examples of natural QSIs of V. harveyi. These results outline the importance of these secondary metabolites for their producing organisms themselves in their natural environment, as well as the potential of the marine resource for aquaculture needs.
ISSN: 0266-8254

hal-01684926
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01684926
DOI : 10.1111/lam.12461
PUBMED : 26138555

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background: While it is known that cancer risk is related to area-level socioeconomic status, the extent to which these inequalities are explained by contextual effects is poorly documented especially for head and neck cancer. Methods: A case-control study, ICARE, included 2415 head and neck cancer cases and 3555 controls recruited between 2001 and 2007 from 10 French regions retrieved from a general cancer registry. Individual socioeconomic status was assessed using marital status, highest educational level and occupational social class. Area-level socioeconomic status was assessed using the French version of the European Deprivation Index (EDI). The relationship between both individual and area-based socioeconomic level and the risk of head and neck cancer was assessed by multilevel analyses. Results: A higher risk for head and neck cancer was found in divorced compared with married individuals (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.78-2.57), for individuals with a basic school-leaving qualification compared with those with higher education (OR = 4.55 95% CI = 3.72-5.57), for manual workers compared with managers (OR = 4.91, 95% CI = 3.92-6.15) and for individuals living in the most deprived areas compared with those living in the most affluent ones (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.64-2.41). The influence of area-level socioeconomic status measured by EDI remained after controlling for individual socioeconomic characteristics (OR = 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.23-1.85, p-value = 0.0003). Conclusions: The role of individual socioeconomic status in the risk of head and neck cancer is undeniable, although contextual effects of deprived areas also increase the susceptibility of individuals developing the disease. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1368-8375

hal-01578588
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01578588
DOI : 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.06.014
PUBMED : 28688682

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : National audience
The sources of exposure during diseases due to Aspergillus fungi in cystic fibrosis patients are still poorly explored. We assessed home fungal exposure in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and analysed its impact on the presence of Aspergillus biological markers, the colonisation of airways, as well as the sensitization and Aspergillus serology. Between March 2012 and August 2012, 34 patients benefited from a visit performed by a home environment medical adviser including sampling for mycological analysis. The number of colonies of Aspergillus was not significantly different in the various sampling sites (P = 0.251), but the number of non-Aspergillus colonies was much higher in the kitchen (P = 0.0045). Subsequently, home fungal exposure was compared between the groups “absence of Aspergillus-related markers” and “presence of Aspergillus-related markers”. Home exposure to Aspergillus (P = 0.453) and non-Aspergillus (P = 0.972) flora was not significant between the 2 groups. Within this series of 34 patients that should be expanded, we note an absence of clear relationship between home exposure and the Aspergillus-linked markers in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. This result should be taken into account regarding too restrictive hygiene advices provided to families, given the fact that fungal exposure can also results from activities performed away from home.
La source d’exposition au cours des pathologies aspergillaires du patient atteint de mucoviscidose reste encore peu explorée. Nous avons évalué l’exposition fongique domiciliaire chez des patients atteints de mucoviscidose, et analysé son impact sur la présence de marqueurs biologiques aspergillaires, colonisation des voies aériennes, ainsi que sensibilisation et sérologie anti-aspergillaire. Trente-quatre patients ont bénéficié d’une visite par un conseiller médical en environnement intérieur entre mars et août 2012, comprenant des prélèvements à visée mycologique. Le nombre de colonies aspergillaires ne différait pas significativement d’un site de prélèvement à l’autre (p = 0,251), mais le nombre de colonies non aspergillaires était significativement plus important dans la cuisine (p = 0,0045). L’exposition fongique domiciliaire a ensuite été comparée entre les groupes « marqueurs aspergillaires absents » et « marqueurs aspergillaires présents ». L’exposition domiciliaire à une flore aspergillaire (p = 0,453) et non aspergillaire (p = 0,972) ne différait pas significativement entre les 2 groupes. Sur cette série de 34 patients qui mérite d’être élargie, on note une absence de lien évident entre l’exposition domiciliaire et la pathologie aspergillaire. Ce résultat doit rendre prudent sur des conseils d’hygiène parfois très contraignants donnés aux familles, l’exposition fongique étant également importante dans le cadre des activités extra-domiciliaires.
ISSN: 1156-5233

hal-01158660
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01158660
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01158660/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01158660/file/Exposition%20domiciliaire%20aux%20moisissures%20postprint%20MYCMED-S-14-00173.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.005