Éditeur(s) : Inter-research
Résumé : Ecosystem-based management (EBM) requires more extensive information than single-species management. Active underwater acoustic methods provide a means of collecting a wealth of ecosystem information with high space-time resolution. Worldwide fisheries institutes and agencies are carrying out regular acoustic surveys covering many marine shelf ecosystems, but these data are underutilized. In addition, more and more acoustic data collected by vessels of opportunity are becoming available. To encourage their use for EBM, we provide a brief introduction to acoustic and complementary data collection methods in the water column, and review current and potential contributions to monitoring population abundance and biomass, spatial distributions, and predator-prey relationships. Further development of acoustics-derived indicators is needed. We review and propose indicators for assessing and monitoring zooplankton, population dynamics of fish and other nekton, and changes in diversity and food-web functioning. Acoustic methods have the potential to make a strong contribution to EBM. Evaluation of new indicators and suitable reference points in different ecosystems are the current challenges.
Marine Ecology-progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-research), 2011 , Vol. 442 , P. 285-301

Droits : 2011 Inter-research
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00073/18445/15972.pdf
DOI:10.3354/meps09425
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00073/18445/

Éditeur(s) : ICCAT
Résumé : The present working document aims to list the main environmental databases (including in-situ observations, remote-sensing data and ocean models outputs), that are currently available on the Net and of interest in open-sea fisheries biology and ecology.
Ce document a pour objet de lister les principales bases de données environnementales (concernant les données in-situ, satellitaires et les sorties de modèles océaniques), qui sont actuellement disponibles sur la toile et d’intérêt pour l’écologie halieutique se rapportant aux ressources thonières.
El objetivo de este documento es presentar una relación de las principales bases de datos medioambientales (sobre datos in situ, vía satélite y valores de salida de los modelos oceánicos) que están disponibles actualmente en la red y que revisten interés para la ecología pesquera relacionada con los recursos atuneros.
Collective Volume of Scientific Papers (1021-5212) (ICCAT), 2005 , Vol. 58 , N. 5 , P. 1756-1760

Droits : ICCAT
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00194/30501/28911.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00194/30501/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : From 1972, when Solomon Taiyo Limited (stl) started a pole-and-line fishing operation, to 1980, stl vessels had been catching tuna almost exclusively from surface free-swimming schools. In 1981, a fad programme group purse-seining fishing operation, using the Filipino "payao" model, was put in place. Results were excellent and STL vessels quickly adapted their fishing methods to make the best use of fads. STL slightly modified the original payao design to better suit its own needs and nowadays, about 90% of the group purse seine catch, i.e. 5,800 t annually, and around 60-70% of the pole-and-line catch, i.e. about 15,000 t annually, come from fad fishing. fads bring benefits not only to stl but also to the rural communities of the region. For stl, it allows savings on the operational costs, especially those of pole-and-line fishing operations, reduction of searching time and a better regularity of fish landings. For the rural communities, it gives better returns to bait-ground owners through royalties paid by stl for their baitfishing boats and it allows local fishing communities (known as canoe-fishermen) to increase their catches using fishing methods (artisanal) such as trolling and midwater handlines set around fads. This provides fish for family consumption and a source of income from fish sold. Overall, the importance of fads to stl's fishing operation, and therefore to the local economy as a whole, is high, although no precise value can be attached to it.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15307/12643.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15307/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Wound healing is important for sharks from the earliest life stages, for example, as the 'umbilical scar' in viviparous species heals, and throughout adulthood, when sharks can incur a range of external injuries from natural and anthropogenic sources. Despite anecdotal accounts of rapid healing in elasmobranchs, data regarding recovery and survival of individuals from different wound or injury types has not been systematically collected. The present study documented: (i) 'umbilical scar' healing in wild-caught, neonatal blacktip reef sharks while being reared for 30 days in flow-through laboratory aquaria in French Polynesia; (ii) survival and recovery of free-swimming blacktip reef sharks in Australia and French Polynesia following a range of injuries; and (iii) long-term survival following suspected shark-finning activities. Laboratory monitoring, tag-recapture records, telemetry data and photo-identification records suggest that blacktip reef sharks have a high capacity to survive and recover from small or even large and severe wounds. Healing rates, recovery and survival are important factors to consider when assessing impacts of habitat degradation and fishing stress on shark populations. The present study suggests that individual survival may depend more on handling practices and physiological stress rather than the extent of physical injury. These observations also contribute to discussions regarding the ethics of tagging practices used in elasmobranch research and provide baseline healing rates that may increase the accuracy in estimating reproductive timing inferred from mating scars and birth dates for neonatal sharks based on umbilical scar healing status. Cite as: Chin A, Mourier J, Rummer JL (2015) Blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) show high capacity for wound healing and recovery following injury. Conserv Physiol 3: doi:10.1093/conphys/cov062.
Conservation physiology

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01250745
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745/file/Conserv%20Physiol-2015-Chin-.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/conphys/cov062

Résumé : Dans cette thèse nous présentons dans un premier temps une nouvelle notion de différentiabilité généralisée pour les applications multivoques, faisant intervenir des applications positivement homogènes: la H-différentiabilité. Nous étudions la stabilité de cette notion en utilisant la convergence de Fischer, d'abord dédiée aux ensembles mais que nous avons adaptée aux applications multivoques. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à l'étude de la dépendance continue des ensembles de points fixes d'une application multivoque contractante par rapport aux données. Finalement nous analysons la convergence d'une méthode d'approximations successives de type forward-backward splitting, des zéros de la somme de deux opérateurs multivoques non monotones, jouissants notamment de propriétés de pseudo H-différentiabilité
In this thesis we present at first a new concept of generalized differentiation for setvalued mappings, involving positively homogeneous applications: the H-differentiability. We study the stability of this notion by using Fischer convergence,firstly dedicated to sets but which we have adapted to set-valued mappings. We establish the continuous dependence of fixed points sets of set-valued contraction and finally we study the convergence of a forward-backward splitting method for approximating the zeros of the sum of two non-monotone set-valued mappings, notably using properties of pseudo H-differentiability.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0490/document

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le cantonnement de pêche est un outil administratif et juridique français employé pour la gestion de la ressource halieutique et la réglementation de la pêche sur un site marin défini. Cet outil a été mis en place à la Martinique (Petites Antilles) en 1999, à la demande des marins-pêcheurs confrontés à la raréfaction des stocks de poissons au sein de la bande côtière. Les autorités compétentes sur le milieu marin ont installé ce dispositif sur huit zones réparties autour de l’île (de la côte Atlantique à la côte Caraïbes). Le cantonnement de pêche reste peu documenté scientifiquement à ce jour, en dehors d’inventaires ichtyologiques réalisés par des scientifiques-biologistes. Il est donc opportun de retracer les étapes de la mise en place de cet outil et d’analyser les premiers résultats et les enjeux.
Cantonment fishing is a French legal and administrative tool used to manage fisheries resources and the regulation of fishing on marine site defined. This tool was developed in Martinique (Lesser Antilles) in 1999, at the request of fishermen facing depletion of fish stocks in the coastal strip. The competent authorities on the marine environment have installed this device on eight areas spread around the island (the Atlantic coast to the Caribbean coast). Cantonment fishing is little scientifically documented to date, apart from fishery surveys conducted by scientists-biologists. It is therefore appropriate to retrace the steps of the development of this tool and analyze the first results and challenges.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6800
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6800

Résumé : Monitoring n° 24 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2006. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for twenty-one years.
L’étude de surveillance n° 24 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l’année 2006. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L’année 2006 est la 21è année de fonctionnement de la Centrale de Flamanville.

Droits : 2007 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00005/11639/8297.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00005/11639/

Résumé : Monitoring n°21 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2003. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for eighteen years.
L'étude de surveillance n°21 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l'année 2003. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2003 est la 18è année de fonctionnement de la Centrale.

Droits : 2004 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11363/7936.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11363/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Hawaii was one of the first locations to adapt the Philippine payao concept for use in high energy, deep-water environments. Initial experimental fad deployments were made by the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1977. In 1980, the State of Hawaii started deploying FADs in a programme that has since expanded to its current status of 52 approved surface fad sites. Funding is primarily derived from federal US programmes and the FADs are primarily focused on the sport fishing community. fad sites were selected to expedite access by sport fishermen; specific sites were chosen after consultation with fishermen at public hearings. Since 1997, the FAD system has been managed on a collaborative basis between the State of Hawaii and the University of Hawaii. Hawaiian FADs evolved through two previous designs before the current system of single-sphere spar-buoy was adopted. Today's FADs have an "inverse catenary" mooring system comprised of sections of floating and sinking rope attached to a "tripod" concrete block anchor system. fad sites range between 3.2 km and 46 km from shore. Mooring depths range between 200 and 3,000 metres. Average on-site longevity is 31 months; there is no correlation between longevity and depth of mooring. Windward locations have significantly shorter lifespans than leeward locations. Ten to twenty fads are replaced each year. Each FAD costs approximately us$ 7,500 to build and deploy. Hawaiian fads are heavily used by private and commercial sport fishermen and by small-scale artisanal and commercial fishermen. Commercial pole-and-line boats occasionally use the FADs to capture skipjack tuna. Hawaiian FADs will continue to be used for various types of pelagic fisheries research.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15280/12666.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15280/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La Patagonie a longtemps été considérée comme une Terra Australis res Nillius : les terres du sud sans maître. Depuis la Conquista espagnole cet espace a été l’objet de nombreuses utopies, collectives, celles des découvreurs, des militaires et des missionnaires, et individuelles, celles des marchands et des aventuriers et sportifs, avides de richesses et de gloires. Vers la fin des années 1980, une nouvelle idéalisation de la nature, le wilderness, fait de la Patagonie un « must » à découvrir puis à sauvegarder, face à la pression des usages industriels, agricoles, miniers, forestiers, hydroélectriques, et halieutiques. L’utopie éco-philanthropique du milliardaire étasunien Douglas Tompkins puise ses origines dans une expédition au Fitzroy en 1968, mais s’inscrit dans une tradition nord-américaine du xixe siècle. Convaincu de l’impérieuse nécessité de sauvegarder la biodiversité sud-américaine, il propose une Nouvelle Économie, basée sur les principes de la Deep Ecology. Il achète des terres pour « la valeur de la beauté et de l’harmonie » et façonne ses parcs pour « le bien de l’humanité » (Tompkins, 2012).Par une approche biogéographique, cet article montre comment un parcours individuel a instauré un nouvel imaginaire, culturel et touristique. Une œuvre dessine une nouvelle géographie, esthétique, utopique et individualiste qui fait débat, au-delà des enjeux territoriaux et politiques liés à la conservation et à la création de parcs privés. Écrits, films et affiches en faveur de l’écologie et contre l’industrialisation et la technologie changent le regard des acteurs sur ces terres de confins. Les activistes verts et acteurs écotouristiques louent son apport aux luttes socio-environnementales. Le monde rural, les entrepreneurs et les défenseurs de l’esprit des pionniers, défricheurs de terres vierges, critiquent son opposition au développement et son manque de respect pour leur mode de vie. Mais ils vendent leurs terres aux riches occidentaux et chiliens, qui veulent posséder leurs propres parcs du bout du monde et espèrent que le tourisme leur assurera leur futur.
Patagonia has long been considered a Terra Australis res Nillius: the lands of the south with no master. Since the Spanish Conquista this space has been the object of many collective utopias, those of discoverers, soldiers and missionaries, and individual ones, those of merchants and adventurers and sportsmen, eager for wealth and glory. Towards the end of the 1980’s a new idealization of nature, the wilderness, changed Patagonia into a “must” to discover and then to safeguard against the pressure of industrial, agricultural, mining, forestry, hydroelectric, and fisheries exploitation. The eco-philanthropic utopia of the American millionaire Douglas Tompkins finds draws its origins from an expedition to Mount Fitzroy in 1968 but is part of a North American tradition of the nineteenth century. Convinced of the imperious need to safeguard South American biodiversity, he proposes the “Next Economy”, based on the Deep Ecology ideals. He buys land for “the value of beauty and harmony” and shapes his parks for “the good of humanity” (Tompkins, 2012).Through a biogeographic approach, this article shows how an individual project has created a new imaginary, both cultural and touristic. The work of an artist defines a new geography, aesthetic, utopian and individualistic, that questions us, beyond the territorial and political issues associated with the conservation and creation of private parks. Books, films and graphic works in favor of ecology and against industrialization and technology, change views actors have on these remote lands. Eco activists and ecotourism actors praise his contribution to tackle socio-environmental issues. The rural world, entrepreneurs and defenders of the spirit of the pioneers, clearers of virgin lands, criticize his opposition to development and lack of respect for their way of life. Nevertheless they sell their land to rich westerners and Chileans who want to posses their own private parks at world’s end while hopping that tourism will ensure their future.
La Patagonia ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como una Terra Australis res Nillius : las tierras austral de nadie. Desde la Conquista española este espacio ha sido objeto de numerosas utopías, colectivas e individuales, las de los descubridores, de los militares, misioneros, mercantes, aventureros y deportistas, en búsqueda de riquezas y glorias. Hacia el final de los años 80, una nueva idealización de la naturaleza, el wilderness, transforma la Patagonia en un lugar para conocer y preservar de las codicias industriales, agrícolas, mineras, forestales, hidroeléctricas o pesqueras. La utopía eco-filantrópica del millonario norte americano Douglas Tompkins nace en una expedición al Cerro Fitzroy en 1968, pero se enmarca en una tradición de los Estados Unidos del siglo xix. Convencido de la necesidad de salvaguardar la biodiversidad sur americana, el propone una Nueva Economia, basada en los principios de la Ecología Profunda. Compra tierras por el valor de su belleza y harmonía y planea sus parques por el bien de la humanidad.A través de una metodología llamada biogeográfica, esta comunicación muestra como un proceso personal ha instalado un nuevo imaginario cultural y turístico. Una obra moldea una nueva geografía, estética, utópica y personal, que genera debates, mas allá de los desafíos territoriales y políticos que conllevan la conservación y creación de parques privados. Escritos, películas y afiches a favor de la ecología y en contra de la industrialización y la tecnologización de la sociedad, cambian la mirada de los actores locales de estas zonas australes. Los activistas verdes y los emprendedores eco-turísticos alaban su contribución en las luchas socio-ambientales. El mundo rural, empresarios y defensores del espíritu de los colonos, critican sur oposición al desarrollo y su falta de afinidad con sus modos de vida. Pero ellos venden sus tierras a los ricos norte americanos, europeos y chilenos, deseosos de poseer sus propios parques del fin del mundo, esperando, sin embargo, que el turismo les asegure su futuro.
Patagonie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11150
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11150

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : 1. Approximately 300 pelagic fish species naturally aggregate around floating objects (FOBs) at the surface of the oceans. Currently, more than 50% of the world catch of tropical tuna comes from the industrial tuna fisheries around drifting FOBs. Greater understanding of the complex decision-making processes leading to this aggregation pattern and the impact of the massive release of artificial FOBs by fishermen on the spatial distribution and management of tuna is needed. 2. We analyse how the interplay between social (relationships between individuals) and non-social (responses to the environment) behaviours may affect the spatial distribution of a population in a multi-FOB environment. Taking the example of tropical tunas associating with FOBs and using differential equations and stochastic simulations, we examine how, when increasing the number of FOBs, fish aggregation dynamics and the distribution of the population among patches are affected by the population size, level of sociality and the natural retentive and/or attractive forces of FOBs on individual tuna. 3. Our model predicts that, depending on the species' level of sociality, fish will be scattered among FOBs or aggregated around a single FOB based on the number of FOBs deployed in a homogeneous oceanic region. 4. For social species, we demonstrated that the total fish catch is reduced with increasing FOBs number. Indeed, for each size of population, there are a number of FOBs minimizing the total population of fish associated with FOBs and another number of FOBs maximizing the total population of associated fish. 5. Synthesis and applications. In terms of fisheries management, the total catch volume is directly linked to the total number of floating objects (FOBs) for non-social species, and any limit on the number of sets would then result in a limit on the total catch. For social species (e.g. tuna), however, increasing the number of FOBs does not necessarily lead to an increase in the total catch, which is a non-intuitive result. Indeed, our model shows that, for specific values of the parameters, deploying a greater number of FOBs in the water (all other parameters being constant) does not necessarily help fishermen to catch more tuna, but does increase the level of fishing effort and bycatch.
Journal Of Applied Ecology (0021-8901) (Wiley-blackwell), 2013-10 , Vol. 50 , N. 5 , P. 1081-1092

Droits : 2013 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013 British Ecological Society
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00151/26275/24439.pdf
DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12140
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00151/26275/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Here, we synthesize conceptual frameworks, applied modeling approaches, and as case studies to highlight complex social-ecological system (SES) dynamics that inform environmental policy, conservation and management. Although a set of “good practices” about what constitutes a good SES study are emerging, there is still a disconnection between generating SES scientific studies and providing decision-relevant information to policy makers. Classical single variable/hypothesis studies rooted in one or two disciplines are still most common, leading to incremental growth in knowledge about the natural or social system, but rarely both. The recognition of human dimensions is a key aspect of successful planning and implementation in natural resource management, ecosystem-based management, fisheries management, and marine conservation. The lack of social data relating to human-nature interactions in this particular context is now seen as an omission, which can often erode the efficacy of any resource management or conservation action. There have been repeated calls for a transdisciplinary approach to complex SESs that incorporates resilience, complexity science characterized by intricate feedback interactions, emergent processes, non-linear dynamics and uncertainty. To achieve this vision, we need to embrace diverse research methodologies that incorporate ecology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics and other disciplines that are anchored in empirical data. We conclude that to make SES research most useful in adding practical value to conservation planning, marine resource management planning processes and implementation, and the integration of resilience thinking into adaptation strategies, more research is needed on (1) understanding social-ecological landscapes and seascapes and patterns that would ensure planning process legitimacy, (2) costs of transformation (financial, social, environmental) to a stable resilient social-ecological system, (3) overcoming place-based data collection challenges as well as modeling challenges.
Ocean and Coastal Management

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01224152
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152/file/1-s2.0-S096456911500126X-main.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.018

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Installation and maintenance of FADs by the Government of Guam began in 1979, initially with funding from the Salstonstall-Kennedy Act through the Pacific Tuna Development Foundation. Current funding for the Guam FAD project is provided through the Dingell-Johnson/Wallop-Breaux Sport Fish Restoration programme, a Federal Aid Project funded by taxes collected on the purchase of fishing equipment and motorboat fuels nationwide. There are now sixteen operational FAD sites in Guam's waters. At a cost of approximately US$10,000 per system, concern for the rising costs of replacing and maintaining FAD systems has prompted the Department of Agriculture's Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (DAWR) to investigate alternative FAD maintenance strategies and system design. Several cost-cutting measures being considered include the use of reliable solar-powered navigation lights to reduce the number of maintenance trips required, and switching to a newer generation of lighter, more durable buoys and mooring systems. Average time on station for a dawr fad system is nearing two years. Interestingly, in most cases where an errant system is recovered, the failure in the mooring system was observed to occur at a depth from 35 to 500 metres. These observations have led to speculation that additional protection of the mooring line down to 500 m may result in doubling the average time on station of most FAD systems.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15324/12650.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15324/

Résumé : Monitoring n°29 of the Paluel nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2006. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for twenty three years.
L'étude n°29 du site électronucléaire de Paluel (département de la Seine-Maritime) concerne l'année 2006. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2006 est la 23ème année de fonctionnement de la Centrale.

Droits : 2007 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/rapport-3815.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3815/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since 1980 a programme of Fish Aggregation Device (fad) deployment has been carried out in the Cook Islands. Government has deployed all fads between 1 to 3 nautical miles from shore at depths ranging from 800 to 1,600 metres. The fads have undergone various designs with varying degrees of success. The average fad lifespan during the early 1980s was nine months; however, it increased to 18 months, with some fads in operation in excess of 30 months. Each fad cost between nz$ 7,000 and nz$ 9,000 to build and deploy. Since their introduction, fad have been widely accepted as a very effective apparatus in coastal small-scale fishing activities, specifically for pelagic species. Judging by the progressive behaviour of local fishing communities, there is sufficient reason to believe that fads have created productive fishing zones for Cook Islands fishermen to enable them to supply the ever-increasing local market for fresh fish. fads are an integral part of local fishing communities and provide a reasonable form of income to the increasing fishing community.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15323/12654.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15323/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Overexploitation of marine resources remains a problem worldwide. Many works advocate for the use of marine reserves as a central element of future stock management in a sustainable perspective. In the present paper, we address the influence of protected areas upon fisheries sustainability within an eco-systemic framework through a dynamic bio-economic model integrating a trophic web, catches and environmental uncertainties. The model is spatially implicit. The evaluation of the ecosystem is designed through the respect along time of constraints of both conservation and guaranteed captures. Using the mathematical concept of invariance kernel in a stochastic context, we define different MPA effects according to biodiversity catches or mixed points of view. Numerical simulations inspired from data of Abore coral reef reserve in New Caledonia illustrate the main concepts. In this case, it is pointed out how MPA conservation effect is not necessarily conflicting with MPA catches effect. it is shown that such a co-viability requires medium exploitation rate. Moreover, the climatic changes represented by rise in cyclonic events seem to reinforce these assertions. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ecological Modelling (0304-3800) (Elsevier), 2007-11 , Vol. 208 , N. 2-4 , P. 353-366

Droits : 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3510.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.018
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3510/

Éditeur(s) : Oxford Univ Press
Résumé : Spatio-seasonal explicit simulation models can predict the impact of spatial management measures on marine fish populations and fishing activities. As fisheries are complex systems, fisheries simulation models are often complex, with many uncertain parameters. Here, the methodology is provided to deliver fishery diagnostics within an uncertainty context using a complex simulation tool. A sensitivity analysis of the model is performed on model outputs using partial least-squares to identify the most sensitive parameters. The impact of several management measures is then simulated using a statistical simulation design taking into account the uncertainty of the selected sensitive parameters. This approach was applied to the Bay of Biscay anchovy stock using the ISIS-Fish (Integration of Spatial Information for Simulation of Fisheries) model to assess the impact of imposing marine protected areas (MPAs) conditionally on parameter uncertainty. The diagnostic appeared to be highly sensitive to the mortality of larvae and juveniles, growth, and reproduction. The uncertainty of the values of these parameters did not permit any of the simulated MPA designs to be proposed. However, according to anchovy catch and biomass, the simulations allowed the low impact of closure duration to be shown and underscored the utility of protecting such key processes as spawning.
Ices Journal Of Marine Science (1054-3139) (Oxford Univ Press), 2010-07 , Vol. 67 , N. 5 , P. 1063-1075

Droits : 2010 ICES/CIEM. Oxford journals
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12234/9281.pdf
DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsq002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12234/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Fishing with a beach seine for catching small pelagic fishes is a traditional activity in Martinique. Since the early eighties, an important decrease in the number of fishermen practising this activity has been recorded. In the context of high exploitation of reef resources, the beach seine presents a low selectivity, catching too many juveniles of demersal fish. The fads established in coastal areas, have been successfully used in others regions of the world for exploiting small pelagics. Thus, it could allow to favour a change of exploitation style of these resources in Martinique. In partnership, Ifremer, the Regional Council and the Fishing Committee have began an evaluation of the potentialities for this type of structures around the island. To achieve this study, several experimental coastal fads have been established in different places. Surveys by subaquatic observations are periodically carried out to compare the attractive power of different aggregation devices (colour, shape, volume) and understand the factors influencing the determinism of the aggregation (biotic and abiotic). The results presented and discussed correspond to the initial stage of this study which should be pursued in the next months.Original Abstract: La peche a la senne de plage pour la capture des petits poissons pelagiques est une activite halieutique traditionnelle et ancienne en Martinique. Depuis le debut des annees quatre-vingt, une diminution importante du nombre de pecheurs pratiquant cette activite est enregistree. Les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) implantes en zone cotiere sont abondamment utilises dans d'autres regions du monde avec succes. Ils pourraient donc permettre de redynamiser ce secteur en Martinique. L'Ifremer, le conseil regional et le comite des peches ont entrepris, en partenariat, une etude permettant d'evaluer les potentialites du developpement de ce type d'amenagement autour de l'ile. Pour realiser cette etude, plusieurs DCP cotiers experimentaux ont ete implantes dans differents sites. Ils font l'objet d'un suivi halieutique base sur les comparaisons des captures realisees par les professionnels sur et hors DCP. En parallele, des campagnes d'observations sous-marines sont effectuees de facon periodique. Elles permettent d'une part de comparer les pouvoirs attractifs de differents dispositifs d'agregation (forme, volume, couleur) et, d'autre part, de mieux comprendre les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques influencant le determinisme de l'agregation. Les resultats presentes et discutes correspondent a la phase initiale de l'etude qui doit se poursuivre dans les prochains mois afin de couvrir toute la saison de peche.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15302/12634.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15302/

Résumé : Fishing crayfish on the gulf's mudflats is a traditional business practised by 450 boats of 12 to 18 metres in length and employs 2,500 sailors. In the north of the gulf, this activity is exclusive, in the south, immature hake are also caught, because the crayfish areas coincide, in part, with the nurseries of the northern stock of this species. Management of these fisheries, called mixed, of crayfish and hake is one of the greatest problems of the Gulf of Gascony. All assessments tend to show the responsibility of the crayfish boats in the future of the hake stock. The solution is likely to pass through a generalised increase of the 80 mm meshing that would lead, eventually, the hake stock yield to its maximum, but would eliminate a great many trades that are only practicable for the moment by using small meshing: crayfish boats, shrimp boats, etc. It was shown moreover that the times of maximum abundance of hake and crayfish do not necessarily coincide. Indeed, hake does not swim along the bottom but rather moves in the channel of water. There are therefore definitely crayfish areas and hake areas, but overlapping such that a ship passing from one to the other during a single pass cannot judge in advance the immediate composition of its catch. The method used for describing these mixed fisheries and providing a solution to their problems of management relies on simulations aided by a bio-economic model known as "compartmental". This structure was adopted to be able to take into account all possible scenarios of the fleets' strategies. The fishery is first divided into geographic elements corresponding to the specific sedimentary structures where the stocks of exploited species are concentrated, the major constraint being the limits of these elements corresponding to those usually employed in fishing statistics, since it is based on these statistics that we can determine the fleets' profiles and their target species. The ratios between the fleet and the species are measured by calculating the fishing power.
La pêche de la langoustine sur les vasières du golfe est une activité traditionnelle pratiquée par 450 bateaux de 12 à 18 mètres et occupe 2500 marins . Dans le nord du golfe, cette activité est exclusive, vers le sud, elle s'accompagne de la capture de merlus immatures, car les zones à langoustine coïncident, pour partie, avec les nourriceries du stock nord de cette espèce. La gestion de ces pêcheries, dites mixtes, de langoustine et de merlu est un des problèmes les plus importants du golfe de Gascogne. Toutes les évaluations tendent à montrer la responsabilité des langoustiniers dans le devenir du stock de merlu. La solution passerait par une augmentation généralisée du maillage à 80 mm qui conduirait, à terme, le rendement du stock de merlu à son maximum, mais ferait disparaître quantité de métiers qui ne sont praticables pour le moment que par l'emploi de petits maillages : langoustiniers, crevettiers etc.. Il a été montré par ailleurs que les abondances maximales de merlu et de langoustine ne coïncident pas obligatoirement. En effet, le merlu n'est pas posé sur le fond mais se déplace dans la tranche d'eau. Il existe donc bien des zones à langoustine et des zones à merlu, mais imbriquées de telle sorte qu'un navire passant de l'une à l'autre au cours d'un même trait ne peut préjuger de la composition immédiate de sa capture. La méthode retenue pour décrire ces pêcheries mixtes et fournir une solution à leurs problèmes de gestion repose sur des simulations à l'aide d'un modèle bio-économique dit " à compartiments". Cette structure a été adoptée pour permettre la prise en compte de tous les cas de figures possibles de stratégies des flottilles. La pêcherie est d'abord divisée en éléments géographiques correspondant à des structures sédimentaires particulières où se concentrent les stocks d'espèces exploitées, la contrainte majeure étant les limites de ces éléments correspondant à celles habituellement employées dans les statistiques de pêche, puisque c'est à partir de ces statistiques que l'on peut déterminer le profil des flottilles et de leurs espèces cîbles. Les rapports entre la flottille et l'espèce sont mesurés par le calcul des puissances de pêche. Chaque compartiment est, sur une base trimestrielle, le résultat de la superposition d'un élément géographique, d'une flottille, d'une espèce ou d'un groupe d'espèces-cibles. L'association espèce-flottille définit le métier. Les stocks sont dits mobiles quand ils recouvrent par le biais des migrations la totalité de la pêcherie, immobiles quand il n'existe pas d'échanges entre éléments géographiques. Dans le deuxième cas, la mortalité par pêche est ventilée au prorata des captures sur chaque stock élémentaire. A l'intérieur de chaque composante un navire a le choix entre poissons démersaux, poissons de fond ou langoustine. L'inflexion de comportement dans les simulations est gouvernée par deux paramètres qui leur permettent d'orienter leur effort vers d'autres cibles pour optimiser leurs bénéfices. On connaît pour chaque flottille les éléments de coûts de production dérivés des comptes d'exploitation de l'année en cours. Pour chaque espèce, le chiffre d'affaire est le produit du prix prédit par l'équation des prix et des quantités débarquées. Les bénéfices escomptés sont déduits de ces deux valeurs. Les simulations ont porté sur diverses hypothèses : - maillage de 50 mm pour la langoustine et 65 mm pour le poisson ; - l'augmentation de l'effort ; - stratégies visant au profit maximal avec ou sans quota sur le merlu. Dans tous les cas, à terme, les schémas classiques des conséquences des procédures de gestion sont vérifiés : les brusques augmentations de maillage créent des situations transitoires catastrophiques mais permettent d'espérer au bout de 15 ans des soldes tout à fait attirants. Les conséquences d'une augmentation de l'effort agissent dans le sens inverse : augmentation immédiate du solde global, pertes à long terme. Enfin quand on laisse les flottilles suivre une stratégie "libre" orientée vers des bénéfices optimaux, les soldes sont importants car il existe toujours un report très marqué vers le merlu, dans les limites d'un quota quand on l'impose. Les phénomènes biologiques sont aisément prévisibles et théoriquement contrôlables. La stratégie des flottilles l'est beaucoup moins et dépend du contexte politico-économique. Le modèle présenté ici peut donner des réponses au gestionnaire et à l'économiste.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1988/rapport-2569.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2569/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : More than ten years after its launching, an evaluation of the results of the FADs programme carried on in Reunion Island has been made. Its implementation and its impact on artisanal fishery in Reunion Island have been analysed. This analysis demonstrates that, following a continuously ascending phase, the production of fish caught on fads has reached a plateau. Parallel to the FAD-associated fishery, the longline fishery has developed since 1991. This type of fishery includes production units whose operating zone is bordering the FAD installation area. Analysing the evolution of the small longliner sector is based on general activity indicators (number of ships, production, fish selling prices). Besides, a synthesis of the interactions between those two types of fisheries, whether in terms of exploited resources, space conflicts, fishing population or market, has been effected. Judging from the complementary and antagonistic natures of the two fisheries identified above and given their evolution, the future of the FADs programme is pending. Have the fads just been a step in the evolution of the Reunion fishing system or have they modified it on a long-term basis?

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/12640.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/