Éditeur(s) : PSIC 11 - 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress : Pacific Countries and their Ocean: Facing Local and Global Changes / 2nd Symposium on French Research in the Pacific. March 2 - 6, 2009 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
Résumé : In aquaculture, Artemia nauplii are commonly used as live prey; and represent 40 % of the total aquaculture feed demands in the early stages. However, the production of Brine shrimp is very unstable from one year to another and in the late 90’s, only 20 % of the world aquaculture need was covered. An insufficient offer leads to higher prices of the Artemia cysts and consequently, the price of shrimp juveniles from hatchery. In New Caledonia, marine aquaculture is mainly based on the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. From Zoea 3 to 10 days old post-larvae (P10), the shrimp are mainly fed with live preys. Eleven kilos of Artemia cyst are necessary for producing one million of P10. From a sanitary point of view, Artemia can be a virus carrier and Vibrio population increase is often detected in the larval rearing tank the day after the feeding with live prey. Up to now, Brine shrimp are delivered in excess but with the cost and sanitary problems, Saint-Vincent laboratory has started some experiments in order to optimise the use of Artemia in shrimp larval rearing. The first tests were conducted to determine the effect of the Artemia quantity on the growth and the survival rate at different post-larval stages (P8-P11, P5-P8 and M3-P3). It was shown that four to twelve times fold Artemia was necessary for P8-P11 compared to M3-P3. And it was also noticed that the “optimized”quantity of live food at M3-P3 was twice lower than the recommended amount of the hatchery feeding protocol in New Caledonia. A better knowledge of the real feed requirement in the early life of the blue shrimp will be helpful to decrease the cysts quantities used in shrimp hatcheries but also the associated sanitary impact. And further, these results will give data for developing formulated diets which will replace the live prey and will increase the biosecurity and the sustainability of the production of the blue juvenile shrimp in New Caledonia.
En aquaculture, les nauplii d’Artemia sont largement utilisés comme proies vivantes et représentent près de 40 % des besoins en aliments pour la production des stades précoces. Cependant, l’approvisionnement en Artemia peut fluctuer de façon importante d’une année sur l’autre. Ainsi vers la fin des années 90, la demande mondiale a pu être satisfaite seulement à hauteur de 20%. Les années avec une offre insuffisante correspondent à des augmentations importantes du cours mondial des cystes d’artemia avec des répercussions sur le prix des animaux juvéniles produits en écloserie. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, l’aquaculture marine est principalement basée sur la crevette bleue Litopenaeus stylirostris. Les larves de cette espèce, à partir du stade Zoé 3, se nourrissent essentiellement de proies vivantes. Ainsi pour produire un million de Post-larves de 10 jours il faut compter 11 kilos de cystes d’Artemia. Outre le problème posé par le coût, les artemii peuvent également représenter un risque sanitaire pour l’écloserie. En effet certaines souches sont infectées par des virus qui peuvent contaminer les crevettes et de façon plus générale l’introduction des artemii dans le volume d’élevage larvaire s’accompagne le plus souvent d’une flambée de la flore vibrionacée. Jusqu’à présent, les Artemii étaient distribuées en excès cependant du fait de leur coût et des risques sanitaires, le laboratoire de St Vincent a débuté un travail pour optimiser leur utilisation en production larvaire de crevette. Ainsi, nos premières expérimentation sur l’effet de la dose en artemii sur le développement et la survie des larves de crevettes ont permis de déterminer les rations optimales pour les stades larvaires P8-P11, P5-P8 et M3-P3. Nous avons ainsi montré que la ration de proies vivantes était 4 à 12 fois plus importante à P8-P11 qu’à M3-P3. Par ailleurs la dose optimale déterminée au cours de nos expérimentations était pour les stades M3-P3 deux fois moins élevée que celle préconisée par le protocole actuel des écloseries commerciales de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Nous voyons ainsi, qu’une meilleure compréhension des besoins alimentaires de la crevette au cours de son développement permettra de diminuer de façon substantielle les proies vivantes utilisées ainsi que le risque sanitaire associé. A terme, ces travaux donneront des bases au développement d’aliments inertes en remplacement des proies vivantes et à la production durable, en conditions de biosécurité, des crevettes bleues juvéniles pour la filière Calédonienne

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30877/29245.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30877/

Résumé : The New-Caledonian shrimp industry is based on the controlled reproduction of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, a species which was introduced in the 80s. The major difficulty to which the industry has been faced for 10 years is the occurrence of the “Syndrome 93”, which corresponds to mortality phases when the temperature falls down in April-May-June. This mortality is associated to the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio penaecida. An experiment of genetic selection based on the criterion ofsurvival to Syndrome 93 has been conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture of New Caledonia. The 3rd selected generation had demonstrated very encouraging results (survival rates improved by around 20% in experimental infections with V. penaeicida). These results have not been confirmed at the 4th generation and no difference in terms of physiology and immunology appears between the selected population and the non-selected control population. The potential causes of these results are examined and proposals for protocol improvements are given.
La filière crevette de Nouvelle-Calédonie reposesur la maîtrise de la reproduction contrôlée de la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris, espèce introduite dans les années 1980. La difficulté majeure que rencontre la filière depuis une dizaine d’années est la récurrence du « Syndrome 93 », qui s’exprime sous forme d’épisodes de mortalités lors des baisses de température aux intersaisons. Ces mortalités sont associées à la bactérie pathogène Vibrio penaeicida Une expérience de sélection sur un critère de survie à des épisodes de Syndrome 93 a été menée au Laboratoire Aquacole de Calédonie. La 3èmegénération sélectionnée avait montré des résultats très encourageants (survies améliorées de l’ordre de 20% lors d’infections expérimentales à V. penaeicida). Ces résultats ne sont pas confirmés en 4ème génération et aucune différence en termes physio-et immunologique n’apparaît entre la population sélectionnée et la population témoin non sélectionnée. Les causes potentielles de ces résultats sont examinées et des propositions d’amélioration de protocoles sont avancées.

Droits : 2004 Université de la Rochelle, Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31527/29943.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31527/

Éditeur(s) : Blackwell science
Résumé : An experiment was conducted in six earthen ponds with 20 shrimps m(-2) Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) during the warm season in New Caledonia to study the dynamics of wastes in relation with water exchange rate (WER). The nitrogen budget was established, taking into account the different forms of nitrogen in the water, sediment, feed and shrimp. Data from a wide range of treatments applied in unreplicated ponds were treated using regression analysis to establish the relationship between WER and partial nitrogen budget, sediment characteristics and shrimp performance. To compare effluent quality between treatments during the season, data were analysed using the non-parametric sign test. The water outflow was characterized by a decrease in the concentrations of N-mineral forms (TAN, NO2--NO3-), an increase in the concentration of organic soluble and sestonic organic forms (expressed in terms of particulate nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a) compared with the water inflow. Increasing WER increased the amount of exported wastes and mainly in the organic forms and TAN can be considered as negligible. The nitrogen budget showed that 19-46% of nitrogen input (feed+water) was exported into the coastal environment. The results showed that the quality of the sediment decreased as WER decreased. The potential negative impact of the developing industry in New Caledonia on the costal environment could be partially reduced in a first step by decreasing WER. However, if applied in the farms, this practice should be linked to a close survey of the evolution of sediment quality.
Aquaculture Research (1355-557X) (Blackwell science), 2006-06 , Vol. 37 , N. 9 , P. 938-948

Droits : 2006 Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1811.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01515.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1811/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : In New Caledonia, shrimp hatcheries are confronted with mass mortality in the larval stages, a phenomenon poorly understood as no specific causative agent has been identified. This has resulted in an excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics, although their adverse effects in aquaculture are notorious. The present work was thus aimed at selecting potential probiotic strains for penaeid hatcheries. From a pool of more than 400 marine bacterial isolates sampled from the local marine environment seven strains exhibited in vitro antagonistic activity towards Vibrio harveyi. These isolates were characterized both phenotypically and genotypically using a biochemical approach and 16S rDNA sequencing. Six out of these seven strains were found to belong to the genus Pseudoalteromonas, the last one belonging to the Vibrionaceae family and related to the Harveyi clade. Selected probiotic candidates were individually tested for antagonistic activities in vitro using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled transconjugant of V. harveyi and for inherent pathogenicity towards cultured shrimp larvae at two different developmental stages. This approach enabled rapid processing and selection of candidates to be tested in our experimental hatchery. Four different experiments were conducted to test candidate strains either alone or in combination. Repeated trials showed that postlarval survival was significantly improved by adding the strain NC201 individually to the rearing water compared to unchallenged controls. The analysis of immune-related gene expressions showed that the Litsty PEN3 transcript abundance of larvae was significantly increased after being reared in probiotic-containing water; however no significant difference in lysozyme gene expression was recorded in this study. Together, these results open new insights into the use of these strains as potential substitutes to antibiotherapy in shrimp larval rearing in New Caledonia.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-08 , Vol. 432 , P. 475-482

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00190/30129/28591.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.031
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00190/30129/

Résumé : This document presents the current state of the development of the shrimp pénéides aquiculture in the world. It draws up the assessment of the know-how of group IFREMER-FA and presents the research orientations to be implemented during the medium-term plan 1989 - 1993.
Ce document présente l'état actuel du développement de l'aquaculture de crevettes pénéides dans le monde. Il dresse le bilan du savoir-faire du groupe IFREMER-FA et présente les axes de recherche à mettre en oeuvre durant le plan à moyen terme 1989- 1993.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/rapport-1587.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1587/

Éditeur(s) : Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes
Résumé : Aquaculture of penaeid shrimps holds a major place in productions of animals. New Caledonia takes part to these productions by developing the breeding of Pacific blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Nowadays, penaeid larviculture can’t be undertaken unless antibiotics are used. Experiments in the Caledonian Aquacultural Laboratory (LAC IFREMER Saint-Vincent) put across to the development of two antibiotic prophylaxis plans for substitution of erythromycine, one plan with oxytetracycline (hydrochloride), the other plan with trimethoprime-sulfadiazine association. After an antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing of bacteria and an acute toxicity study, efficacity assays are the biological validation of these projects of protocols
L'aquaculture de la crevette Pénéide occupe une position majeure au sein des productions animales. La Nouvelle-Calédonie y participe activement grâce au développement de l'élevage de la crevette bleue du Pacifique Litopenaeus stylirostris. En l’état actuel de nos connaissances, l’élevage larvaire de crevettes ne peut être mené sans l’utilisation d’antibiotique Les expériences menées au Laboratoire Aquacole Calédonien (LAC IFREMER Saint-Vincent) ont conduit à la mise au point de deux plans d’antibioprévention de substitution à l’érythromycine, l’un employant l’oxytétracycline (chlorhydrate), l’autre utilisant l’association triméthoprime - sulfadiazine. Après une étude de la sensibilité des flores bactériennes hétérotrophe totale et Vibrionacée aux antibiotiques et une étude d’innocuité sur les larves de crevettes, les essais d’efficacité constituent la validation biologique des projets de protocoles.

Droits : 2003 The author / Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes / ONIRIS / IFREMER
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00072/18312/15877.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00072/18312/

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : In November and December 1959, one of us was assigned by the Credit and Technical Assistance Society (SATEC) to do a study on shrimp fishing on the Guiana Shield as practised by American trawlers (Figure 1). This study had both technological and biological goals. It was first necessary to describe the fishing boats and the methods used by American shrimp boats to fish in the Guianas. Each step of processing and packaging of the shrimp was monitored on board as well as on land, from catch up to storage under refrigerated conditions until commercialisation. It was then necessary to evaluate the relative proportions of shrimp and fish in the catches in order to establish the factors governing productivity of the operations. This was done with a view for establishing a fleet of fishing boats in French Guyana wishing to exploit as much of the catches as possible. American trawlers discard all fish and shellfish that are not marketable by American standards. The flat trawls used by ships based in Georgetown (British Guyana) or in Paramaribo (Surinam) are not designed for catching fish; but during the expedition off the shore of Surinam, we observed that a good part of catches was made up of various marketable species, including flatfishes, many goatfishes, pompano fishes, rockfishes, etc. It was thus important to weigh, insofar as possible, species that were discarded. ... (unverified OCR)
En novembre et décembre 1959, l'un de nous était chargé par la Société d'assistance technique et de crédit (SATEC) d'une étude de la pêche à la crevette telle que la pratiquent les chalutiers américains (fig. 1 ) sur le plateau continental des Guyanes. Cette étude avait deux buts, technologique et biologique. Il fallait tout d'abord décrire les engins et les méthodes utilisés par les crevettiers américains pour exploiter les fonds guyanais et suivre pas à pas le travail de transformation et de conditionnement des crustacés, à bord comme à terre, de la capture jusqu'au stockage sous froid avant la commercialisation. Il était nécessaire ensuite d'évaluer les proportions relatives des crevettes et des poissons dans les apports, ceci pour établir les facteurs de rentabilité des opérations dans le cas de la mise en place, en Guyane française, d'armements métropolitains soucieux d'utiliser la presque totalité des captures. Les chalutiers américains rejettent en effet à la mer tout ce qui n'est pas crustacé commercialisable selon les normes observées aux Etats-Unis. Certes les chaluts plats utilisés par les navires basés à Georgetown (Guyane britannique) ou à Paramaribo (Surinam) ne sont pas des engins destinés à la capture des poissons mais, au cours de la marée effectuée au large du Surinam sur l'un des bateaux sus-cités, nous avons constaté qu'une bonne partie des captures était constituée d'espèces parfaitement commercialisables, poissons plats divers, Mullidés relativement nombreux, Carangidés, Scorpénidés, etc. Il était donc important de peser, dans la mesure du possible, ce qui était rejeté à la mer. Le marché des Antilles françaises, loin d'être saturé, pouvait être ravitaillé si les moyens de transport étaient organisés et si une infrastructure « froid » suffisante était créée. Il était peut-être possible, de plus, d'envisager la création d'une conserverie utilisant les têtes de crevettes habituellement éliminées (plus de 13 % du poids total des captures), les Scorpénidés et autres espèces ichthyologiques moins appréciées de la clientèle Antillaise, et les crustacés d'intérêt secondaire pour le marché américain : Portunidés (« cyriques »), Calappidés, crevettes de petites tailles, scyllares..., pour la confection de bisques, de soupes ou de concentrés; il suffisait pour cela d'équiper les chalutiers de cuiseurs, de broyeurs et de dessiccateurs. Les résultats obtenus ont été formulés et présentés à la SATEC sous forme d'une note ronéotypée en plusieurs cahiers dont la diffusion a été relativement restreinte. Nous reprenons ici ce travail en le développant grâce à l'exploitation des carnets de note de la mission comme de l'abondante bibliographie afférente. Les auteurs américains ont en effet beaucoup publié au sujet de la biologie des différentes espèces de Penéidés exploitées, de la technologie de la pêche comme à propos de la technologie des transformations culinaires subies par les crustacés. Les statistiques les plus récentes (LYLES, 1966) montrent que les apports pour l'année 1964 (la dernière année pour laquelle nous ayons des informations complètes) furent de 96 157 tonnes environ valant quelque 70 400 000 dollars; 99 % de cette production furent capturés au chalut de fond tandis que le reste l'était au chalut à perche, aux nasses, à l'épervier ou avec d'autres engins de type artisanal. La demande en « shrimps » outre-Atlantique est loin d'être saturée et les armements américains déplacent progressivement leurs unités vers les rares points du continent américain dont le plateau continental n'a point été, jusqu'à maintenant, exploité. Les capitaux investis dans la pêèhe proprement dite, les installations à terre et les moyens de distribution sont largement supérieurs à ceux qui ont été investis à propos de la pêche au thon et l'industrie crevettière américaine fait vivre une grande partie de la population de pêcheurs des états du sud des Etats-Unis. Le travail que nous présentons ici n'a aucun 2 prétention quant à l'établissement d'une liste faunistique du plateau guyanais pas plus qu'à une étude des fonds et la détermination précise des crevettes capturées n'a pas été tentée; le lecteur devra consulter à ce sujet les travaux de Voss (1955), DURAND (1959), HOLTHUIS (1959), BULLIS et THOMPSON (1959), HIGMAN (1959)... Nous espérons cependant que les documents que nous fournissons ici seront utiles aux professionnels soucieux de se documenter sur des techniques inutilisées encore en France, comme aux fabricants de filets qui fourniront les engins réclamés par les futurs exploitants du plateau guyanais, et peut-être par ceux de Madagascar. (OCR non contrôlé)
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1968-12 , Vol. 32 , N. 4 , P. 477-506

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1968/publication-3191.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3191/

Éditeur(s) : Station Biologique de Roscoff
Résumé : The hydrothermal vent shrimp genus Mirocaris is reviewed. Morphological comparison between the two nominal species in the genus, M. fortunata and M. keldyshi, was made based on the re-examination of the holotype and paratypes of Mirocarisfortunata and the paratypes of M. keldyshi. Samples newly collected from various sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were also examined. The validity of the genus Mirocaris has been confirmed. However, our study has revealed that the supposed morphological characters distinguishing M. fortunata and M. keldyshi do not provide significant taxonomic differences and further comparison failed to detect morphological differences between the two taxa. Thus M. keldyshi is synonymized with M. fortunata, and so there is only one single species in the genus Mirocaris. This supports the suggestion by Shank et al. (1999), based on a molecular study, that the two taxa might be conspecific. A redescription of M. fortunata is provided to better establish the morphology of the species. The clarification led us to improve the morphological descriptions of the caridean species associated with vent or seep environments and to reassess the relationships among Mirocaris and the other shrimp taxa in the superfamily Bresilioidea. The generic diagnosis of Mirocaris is emended. Because a number of presumably apomorphic characters are shared by Mirocaris and other alvinocaridid genera, the genus Mirocaris is now assigned to the family Alvinocarididae. The family Mirocarididae is synonymized with the Alvinocarididae and the diagnosis of this family is emended.
Révision du genre Mirocaris, crevette des sources hydrothermales océaniques, redescription de M. fortunata et réexamen du statut de la famille des Alvinocarididae. Le genre Mirocaris, créé pour des crevettes hydrothermales, est révisé. Une étude morphologique comparative des deux espèces Mirocaris fortunata et M. keldyshi, basée sur le réexamen des holo-types et paratypes et sur l'étude de nombreux échantillons provenant de divers sites hydrothermaux de la dorsale médio-atlantique, a été effectuée. La validité du genre Mirocaris est confirmée. Il apparaît que les caractères qui distinguent M. keldyshi et M.fortunata ne sont pas des critères taxonomiques suffisants et une étude morphologique plus poussée n'a pas révélé de différences morphologiques entre les deux taxa. Ceci est en accord avec l'interprétation de Shank et al. (1999) qui, à la suite d'une étude moléculaire, suggèrent la synonymie des deux espèces. Une redescription détaillée de M. fortunata est donnée et les relations entre Mirocaris et les autres genres de la superfamille des Bresilioidea sont discutées. La diagnose générique de Mirocaris est modifiée. Comme plusieurs caractères apomorphes sont partagés par Mirocaris et les autres genres de la famille des Alvinocarididae, le genre Mirocaris est maintenant affecté à cette famille. La famille des Mirocarididae est mise en synonymie avec celle des Alvinocarididae dont la diagnose est modifiée.
CBM - Cahiers de Biologie Marine (0007-9723) (Station Biologique de Roscoff), 2003-03 , Vol. 44 , N. 2 , P. 199-215

Droits : 2003 Station Biologique de Roscoff
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2003/publication-883.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/883/

Éditeur(s) : Actes de la 8ème Conférence de l'IIFET (Marrakech, juillet 1996)
Résumé : In the framework of French-Brazil co-operation, the French Institute of research for exploitation of the sea (IFREMER), the State of Bahia and the company Littoral Sul Maricultura have developed a new technique for shrimp farming (Penaeus vannamei) using floating cages. After trials carried out during three years, this technique turns out very interesting from several viewpoints. The growth speed and the survival rate are very good, the negative effects on the environmental quality are weak and local fishermen have proved eager to adopt this technique as a part-time activity. In the same time, a technico-economic analysis, using a computerised simulation tool, as well as a market analysis in the State of Bahia have been carried out in order to assess the feasibility of such a project and to help research and development decisions. Despite low first investment and good biological results, the ex-farm production cost of shrimps weighing 15 g is as high as 4,5 US$ per kilo. This price is due to the low productivity of the labour and to the cost of nets which have a short life-time. It is possible to consider this activity as profitable on the market of Salvador de Bahia. Nevertheless, the question is how to face the international competition, which is particularly strong in the case of tropical shrimps. The conditions allowing enterprises to develop a strategy based on product quality and environmentally friendliness are reviewed. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
Dans le cadre de la coopération Franco-Brésilienne, l'IFREMER, l'Etat de Bahia et la société Littoral Sul Maricultura ont développé une nouvelle technique d'élevage de crevettes pénéides (Penaeus vannamei) en utilisant des cages flottantes. Après trois années de mise au point, cette technique s'est avérée intéressante sur plusieurs aspects. La vitesse de croissance et le taux de survie sont très satisfaisants, les effets négatifs sur la qualité du milieu naturel sont faibles et les pêcheurs locaux ont accueilli favorablement cette nouvelle pratique en complément de leur activité traditionnelle. Parallèlement, une analyse technico-économique utilisant un outil de simulation informatique ainsi qu'une analyse du marché de la crevette dans l'état de Bahia ont été conduites afin d'évaluer la faisabilité d'un tel projet et d'orienter les actions de recherche et développement. En dépit d'investissements initiaux plus faibles que dans les élevages en bassins et de bonnes performances zootechniques, le coût de production de crevettes de 15 g atteint 4,7 US$ par kilo. Dans les conditions de marché de l'Etat de Bahia, la rentabilité d'un projet d'élevage de crevettes en cage serait assurée, mais la faible productivité du travail et le coût de remplacement des filets ne permettent pas d'avoir des coûts de production aussi bas que dans les élevages en bassins. C'est pourquoi la question se pose de la possibilité pour ce type de production innovante d'affronter une concurrence internationale très forte comme dans le cas des crevettes tropicales. En particulier, les conditions dans lesquelles les entreprises peuvent développer une stratégie de compétitivité basée sur la qualité de leurs produits et sur le respect de l'environnement sont analysées. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1996/acte-4071.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4071/

Résumé : It is about an article presenting the institute, its history, its presence and the projects it leads in New Caledonia. After a first part of general presentation of Ifremer a focus is placed on the strengthening of the presence of the institute in New Caledonia. 3 points are developed by L. Loubersac on the in-house organization, the strategy and examples of works realized within the framework of the buildind up of the lagoons integrated project. Then a spotlight is offered toward 3 projects: DEDUCTION 2 which aims at optimizing the performances of the shrimp aquaculture sector (T. Laugier), AMICAL which focuses on micro-algae aquaculture (L. Chim) and AMBIO centred on the monitoring and the definition of performance indicators for management of Marine Protected Areas and zones Registered on the World heritage (D. Pelletier). The synthesis of this article is realized by S. Chopot of the New Caledonia environment magazine.
Il s’agit d’un article présentant l’institut, son historique, sa présence et les projets qu’il mène en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Après une première partie de présentation générale de l’organisme un focus est placé sur le renforcement de la présence de l’Ifremer en Nouvelle-Calédonie. 3 questions sont posées à L. Loubersac sur l’organisation en interne, la stratégie et des exemples de travaux réalisés dans le cadre du chantier lagons. Puis un coup de projecteur est porté sur 3 projets : Déduction 2 qui vise à optimiser les performances de la filière crevetticole (T. Laugier), AMICAL qui se focalise sur la culture de micro-algues (L. Chim) et AMBIO axé sur le suivi et la définition d’indicateurs de performance des modes de gestion des Aires Marines protégées et des zones Inscrites au Patrimoine Mondial (D. Pelletier). La synthèse de cet article est réalisée par S. Chopot de la revue Environnement Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Environnement Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2013-05 , N. 20 , P. 60-89

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00200/31093/29501.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00200/31093/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The Summer Syndrome is a new shrimp disease that has been affecting a shrimp growout farm in New Caledonia since end of 1997. It was recognized to be caused by a systemic vibriosis due to Vibrio nigripulchritudo. This new disease turned out almost immediately enzootic in the shrimp farm involved and has affected all its crops ever since. Since the year 2000, V. nigripulchritudo strains have been found in several shrimp farms, although Summer Syndrome is still limited to one particular area, affecting, since 2003, two adjoining farms. As part of a multidisciplinary research program, a high-frequency survey was carried out during the summer 2002-2003 in two shrimp farms: one affected farm and another one in which pathogenic strains could be isolated but without any disease event. It permitted a good description of V. nigripulchritudo dynamics in shrimp and the ecosystem in both farms. The study of virulence characteristics of some isolates showed that pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains occur in the shrimp farms environment and that both may be found at the same time in one farm. Our results strongly suggest a persistence of pathogenic strains in wet zones of the pond sediment at low concentrations between crops in the affected farm, and their development during the rearing cycle as a cause of shrimp infection.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-03 , Vol. 253 , N. 1-4 , P. 105-113

Droits : 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1110.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.031
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1110/

Éditeur(s) : Universidad Autonoma de Baja California
Résumé : The pathogenicity of two V. penaeicida strains, AM101 and KH-1, with different geographic origin, and V. nigripulchritudo strain AM102, were investigated in juvenile blue shrimp species Litopenaeus stylirostris. Alive bacteria and protein fractions (PFs) obtained from cell-free supernatants (CFS) were used in experimental challenges. Strains AM102, AM101, and KH-1 produced respectively 60, 54 and 12% mortality at 96h after infection using 104 cfu mL-1 of bacterial suspension. Exocellular toxin-like factors were evidenced in CFS from the New Caledonian strains (AM102 and AM101) but not the Japanese strain (KH-1). At 48h post injection of each CFS, mortality rates were respectively 96,98 and 5% when these strains were cultivated at 20°C, whereas only O,16 and 5% mortality rates were observed when these strains were cultivated at 30°C. Clear differences in pathogenicity between both V. penaeicida strains of distinct geographic origin (AM101 and KH-1) were thus emphasized. Protein fractions were obtained from CFS of all the strains tested in this study and cultivated at 20°C, by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Whatever the used strain, significantly higher mortalities were produced with PFs obtained with 0-40% of ammonium sulphate saturation, in respect to those produced with PFs60 and PFs80. Shrimp injected with PFs40 from strains AM102, AM101 and KH-1, and at a 20-µg org-1 dose produced respectively 100, 90 and 60% mortality 46h after the challenge. The strain AM101 showed a mediam lethal dose of approximately 5µg protein org-1 (1-1.25 µg protein g-1 body weight) 59h after injection. The PFs40 from New Caledonian strains were fond sensitive to heating and proteinase K treatments, reinforcing thus the hypothesis of their proteinaceous nature. Surprisingly, PFs40 from each bacterial strain displayed similar protein bands by SDS-PAGE suggesting that the tested strains share a common exotoxic compound regardless their distinct geographic origin or species.
Ciencias Marinas (Universidad Autonoma de Baja California), 2003 , Vol. 29 , N. 1 , P. 77-88

Droits : Universidad Autonoma de Baja California
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2003/publication-2807.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2807/

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc
Résumé : Aims: A description of bacterial pathogens in shrimp ponds is necessary to understand their pathogenesis. Vibrio nigripulchritudo was shown to contain saprophytic and pathogenic strains among New Caledonian isolates. We established a method to map the development of V. nigripulchritudo in pond sediments at three different genetic levels: the species level, then at the pathogenic cluster level and finally at the plasmid level, present only in all highly pathogenic isolates. Methods and Results: PCR methods were applied to shrimp pond sediments both before and after a mortality outbreak. Using crude samples, the species V. nigripulchritudo is not detected at first (0/42 samples at day 56 post stocking) but appears frequently in the sediments after the mortality event (30/42 at day 107). The distribution of strains from the pathogenic cluster of V. nigripulchritudo also follows this pattern. In contrast, the pSFn1 virulence-associated plasmid was detected in one sample at day 56 and none at day 107. An enrichment method was developed to lower the detection limits of our assays. After enrichment, the species V. nigripulchritudo was detected in all samples at both dates. The number of samples positive for pSFn1 was 42/42 samples at day 56 and 29/42 at day 107. Conclusions: These results show that the sediments contain V. nigripulchritudo, notably pathogenic strains. Surprisingly, the virulence-associated plasmid pSFn1 found in all V. nigripulchritudo isolated from moribund shrimp appears less frequently in sediments, possibly being useless or even detrimental to its recipient bacteria in this environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study confirms the presence of pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo strains in shrimp pond sediment before a mortality outbreak complying with a previous hypothesis that sediments could be the infecting reservoir. After the outbreak, both total V. nigripulchritudo and pathogenic strains populations have largely increased, possibly contributing to the recurrent mortality observed in this shrimp vibriosis.
Journal Of Applied Microbiology (1364-5072) (Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc), 2010-06 , Vol. 108 , N. 6 , P. 2003-2011

Droits : 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology - Wiley-Blackwell
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11484/8177.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04601.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11484/

Éditeur(s) : Publ. CNEXO (France) (Actes Colloq.)(no. 7)
Résumé : The present development of Peneid shrimp culture is limited by the problem set by the routine obtainment of reproduction in captivity. In Polynesia where no species of commercial interest is found naturally, this obtainment is a necessary prerequisite. The observations at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique of CNEXO were made on 6 species of the genus Penaeus (P. merguiensis, P. aztecus, P. japonicus, P. monodon, P. vannamei and P. stylirostris) raised and maintained in 12 m² outdoortanks. At temperatures, between 25 and 32°, a salinity of 35 and a pH of 8,2, maturations and spawnings are seen throughout the year and several generations were obtained : P. merguiensis, F7 ; P. aztecus et P. japonicus, F3 ;P. monodon, F2 ; P. stylirostris and P. vannamei F1. For P. aztecus et P. mondon maturation is induced by unilateral eyestalk ablation. The animals behavior copulation and external signs of ovarian, development are described. The factors which seem essential to the proper progress of maturation are the temperature, the light intensity, the food and the state of health of the animals.
Le développement des élevages de crevettes Pénéidés est actuellement limité par les problèmes que pose l'obtention en routine de la reproduction en captivité. En Polynésie où aucune espèce d'intérêt commercial ne se trouve à l'état naturel, cette obtention était un préalable nécessaire. Les observations effectuées au Centre Océanologique du Pacifique du CNEXO ont porté sUr 6 espèces du genre Penaeus (P. merguiensis, p. aztecus, P. japonicus, P. monodon, P. vannamei et P. stylirostris) élevées et maintenues dans des bacs extérieurs de 12 m² en circulation ouverte. Avec des températures variant de 25 à 32°, une salinité de 35 et un pH voisin de 8,2, maturations et pontes s'obserVent toute l'année et plusieurs générations ont été obtenues : P. merguiensis, F7 ; P. aztecus et P. japonicus, F3 ;P. monodon, F2 ; P. stylirostris et P. vannamei, F1. Pour P. aztecus et P. mondon, la maturation est induite par épédonculation unilatérale. Le comportement des animaux, la copulation et les signes extérieurs du développement des ovaires sont décrits. Les facteurs qui paraissent essentiels au bon déroulement du processus de maturation sont la température l'éclairement, l'alimentation et l'état de santé des animaux

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1977/publication-6073.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6073/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Microstructures, U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages and temperature estimates were used to constrain the fabric evolution and timing of mylonitisation in the Patos shear zone (NE Brazil). Melt-bearing HT-mylonitic orthogneiss displays solid-state fabrics with coarse quartz ribbons and sutured grain boundaries. K-feldspar is often fractured and shows peripheral myrmekite. The textures typically become magmatic at the contacts with the Espinho Branco anatexite. Zircon crystals from two samples of the leucosome show Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.2 Ga) inherited cores that are enveloped by recrystallised Neoproterozoic rims. These zircon grains define a discordia with lower intercept ages of 558 and 562 Ma but with large analytical errors. A leucogranite with transitional contacts with host diatexites provides a well-constrained zircon mean age of 566 ± 6 Ma (n = 15, 95% conf.), which is considered the best estimate for the peak metamorphic conditions. The transition from HT-mylonites to fine-grained mylonites and ultramylonites is marked by a progressive grain size reduction assisted by recrystallisation. Quartz crystallographic fabrics display [0 0 0 1] concentrations between Z and Y. K-feldspar and plagioclase fabrics record the activity of the (0 1 0)[0 0 1] and (0 1 0)[1 0 0] slip systems and, in the lower-temperature tectonites, the (1 0 0)[0 1 0] slip system. These results suggest a diachronic evolution in which an initial HT northern domain was deformed by intracrystalline slip and melt-assisted granular flow, followed by medium- to low-temperature solid-state creep in the southern shear zone domain. The mylonites therefore record the rheological heterogeneities responsible for the formation of a late continental shear zone that nucleated under partially molten conditions and was later reactivated through melt-absent strain localization following exhumation.
ISSN: 0301-9268

hal-01053497
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053497
DOI : 10.1016/j.precamres.2013.12.020

Éditeur(s) : Blackwell science
Résumé : Peneid shrimp are commonly reared in clear-water aquaria or tanks for short-term studies of 4-6 weeks during controlled experiments, such as nutrition studies to estimate dietary nutrient requirements. Recently, in line with the genetic program at Centre Oceanologique du Pacifique (COP), experimental clear-water facilities were tested for the first time over a longer rearing period. Environmental conditions used to maintain animal growth in clear-water system using a well-balanced diet were defined. After 100 days, shrimp growth rates tended to decrease and only by adjusting the diet could shrimp complete their life cycle and reach maturation size of around 40 g. This paper presents information on stocking density, diet quality and husbandry linked to reproduction that must be considered to successfully rear animals from PL's to breeder size in clear water. By following these protocols a minimum amount of breeders can be used to meet production goals. Moreover, by isolating a small group of individuals, genetic diversity can be preserved, thereby allowing specific crosses for selective breeding purposes. Length of trials, amount of feed, composition of feed, growth performances and maturation success are reported and should encourage further studies to optimize rearing conditions in clear-water rearing.
Aquaculture Research (1355-557X) (Blackwell science), 2004-11 , Vol. 35 , N. 13 , P. 1244-1252

Droits : 2004 Blackwell Synergy
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/publication-619.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01145.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/619/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The consequences of handling stress (fishing, transfer, eyestalk ablation) on shrimp broodstock are poorly documented. The weakness of farmed shrimp, Litopenaeus stylirostris, during winter is a major problem in New Caledonia, because of seasonal climate (tropical-sub-temperate). The transfer of broodstock in winter from earthen outdoor ponds to indoor maturation tanks in the hatchery (T=20 degrees C, Salinity=35 parts per thousand, fed shrimp) usually leads, after 48 h, to high mortality (up to 70%). Eyestalk ablation to induce ovarian maturation in females leads to further mortality. Starting from a background analysis of physiological disturbances (initial osmoregulatory imbalance) associated with handling stress (Wabete, N., Chim, L., Lernaire, P., Massabuau, J.-C., 2004. Caracterisation de problemes de physiologie respiratoire et d'echanges ioniques associes A la manipulation chez la crevette peneide Litopenaeus stylirostris a 20 degrees C. Styli 2003. Trente ans de crevetticulture en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Ed. Ifremer. Actes Colloq. 38, 75-84.), we developed aprotocol using a soft technology, based on modifications of water salinity, temperature and feeding regime. The aim was to minimize problems of osmoregulatory imbalance and associated mortalities. The protocol we developed, called the LSD OT protocol (Low Salinity and Diet, Optimal Temperature), was first evaluated on sub-adult shrimp (20-25 g) and then applied to broodstock. Survival after transfer and following eyestalk ablation, as well as reproductive achievement (spawning rate, nauplii number) was considerably improved when shrimps were transferred under "physiological comfort" i.e. warmed isosmotic water (26 degrees C and 26 parts per thousand) and unfed for 3 d. This new handling protocol, based on a better control of salinity, temperature and feeding conditions, has been transferred successfully to private hatcheries and already contributes to an increased profitability of New-Caledonian shrimp industry. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-09 , Vol. 260 , N. 1-4 , P. 181-193

Droits : 2006 Elsevier
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1880.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.06.041
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1880/

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc
Résumé : Vibrioses are the predominant bacterial infections in marine shrimp farms. Vibrio nigripulchritudo is an emerging pathogen of the cultured shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris in New Caledonia and other regions in the Indo-Pacific. The molecular determinants of V. nigripulchritudo pathogenicity are unknown; however, molecular epidemiological studies have revealed that recent pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo isolates from New Caledonia all cluster into a monophyletic clade and contain a small plasmid, pB1067. Here, we report that a large plasmid, pA1066 (247 kb), can also serve as a marker for virulent V. nigripulchritudo, and that an ancestral version of this plasmid was likely acquired prior to other virulence-linked markers. Additionally, we demonstrate that pA1066 is critical for the full virulence of V. nigripulchritudo in several newly developed experimental models of infection. Plasmid pB1067 also contributes to virulence; only strains containing both plasmids induced the highest level of shrimp mortality. Thus, it appears that these plasmids, which are absent from non-pathogenic isolates, may be driving forces, as well as markers, for the emergence of a pathogenic lineage of V. nigripulchritudo.
Environmental Microbiology (1462-2912) (Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc), 2011-02 , Vol. 13 , N. 2 , P. 296-306

Droits : 2010 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00031/14196/11469.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02329.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00031/14196/

Éditeur(s) : Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Over the last decade, RNA interference pathways have emerged in eukaryotes as critical regulators of many diverse biological functions including, among others, transcriptional gene regulation, post-transcriptional gene silencing, heterochromatin remodelling, suppression of transposon activity, and antiviral defences. Although this gene silencing process has been reported to be relatively well conserved in species of different phyla, there are important discrepancies between plants, invertebrates and mammals. In penaeid shrimp, the existence of an intact and functional RNAi machinery is supported by a rapidly growing body of evidence. However, the extent to which this process participates to the host immune responses remains poorly defined in this non-model organism. This review summarizes our current knowledge of RNAi mechanisms in shrimp and focuses on their implication in antiviral activities and shrimp immune defences.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology (1050-4648) (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd), 2013-04 , Vol. 34 , N. 4 , P. 1002-1010

Droits : 2012 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00119/23063/20899.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.008
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00119/23063/

Éditeur(s) : Proceedings of the 6 th Annual Meeting of World Mariculture Society
Résumé : As no indigenous species of commercial penaeid shrimp live in the waters of French Po1ynesia, the pre1iminary step in deve10ping shrimp aquaculture was to obtain maturation and spawning in captivity. Five species have been investigated. Wi1d-caught juveni1es from the New Ca1edonia 1agoon (f. merguiensis, f. semisulcatus, ~. ensis) and post1arvae from the Ga1veston NMFS 1aboratory (P. aztecus) and Fujinaga Institute (f. japonicus) have been used to-obtain adu1t stock. Shrimps are reared in circu1ar tanks of 12 m3 with a continuous water circulation through a coral sand bed. Rate of exchange is from 1 to 3 times a day. Throughout the year water temperature is between 25 and 29 C, sa1inity around 34.5 ppt, and pH 8.2. Solar energy is reduced by shade covers. Artificial pellets of different composition are given as food. In these conditions we have obtained: 1) about 1,000 spawnings and two generations in captivity from September 1973 to September 1974 with f. merguiensis; 2) spawnings of ~. ensis in 1973; 3) four spawnings of f. japonicus in September 1974; 4) about 20 spawnings of P. aztecus, but only aftcr removing one eyestalk; 5) maturation signs in P. semizulcatus but no spawning. Experiments on larval rearing and growth of these species are in progress. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1975/acte-4406.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4406/