Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Cumulative human impacts have led to the degradation of marine ecosystems and thedecline of biodiversity in the European and contiguous seas. Effective conservationmeasures are urgently needed to reverse these trends. Conservation must entail societalchoices, underpinned by human values and worldviews that differ between the countriesbordering these seas. Social, economic and political heterogeneity adds to the challenge ofbalancing conservation with sustainable use of the seas. Comprehensive macro-regionalcoordination is needed to ensure effective conservation of marine ecosystems andbiodiversity of this region. Under the European Union Horizon 2020 framework programme,the MarCons COST action aims to promote collaborative research to support marinemanagement, conservation planning and policy development. This will be achieved bydeveloping novel methods and tools to close knowledge gaps and advance marineconservation science. This action will provide support for the development of macro-regional and national policies through six key actions: to develop tools to analysecumulative human impacts; to identify critical scientific and technical gaps in conservationefforts; to improve the resilience of the marine environment to global change and biologicalinvasions; to develop frameworks for integrated conservation planning across terrestrial,freshwater, and marine environments; to coordinate marine conservation policy acrossnational boundaries; and to identify effective governance approaches for marine protectedarea management. Achieving the objectives of these actions will facilitate the integration ofmarine conservation policy into macro-regional maritime spatial planning agendas for theEuropean and contiguous seas, thereby offsetting the loss of biodiversity and ecosystemservices in this region.
Research Ideas and Outcomes

hal-01474085
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474085
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474085/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474085/file/RIO_article_11884.pdf
DOI : 10.3897/rio.3.e11884

Éditeur(s) : Blackwell science
Résumé : This paper deals with the design of modelling tools suitable for investigating the consequences of alternative policies on the dynamics of resources and fisheries, such as the evaluation of marine protected areas (MPA). We first review the numerous models that have been developed for this purpose, and compare them from several standpoints: population modelling, exploitation modelling and management measure modelling. We then present a generic fisheries simulation model, Integration of Spatial Information for FISHeries simulation (ISIS-Fish). This spatially explicit model allows quantitative policy screening for fisheries with mixed-species harvests. It may be used to investigate the effects of combined management scenarios including a variety of policies: total allowable catch (TAC), licenses, gear restrictions, MPA, etc. Fisher's response to management may be accounted for by means of decision rules conditioned on population and exploitation parameters. An application to a simple example illustrates the relevance of this kind of tool for policy screening, particularly in the case of mixed fisheries. Finally, the reviewed models and ISIS-Fish are discussed and confronted in the light of the underlying assumptions and model objectives. In the light of this discussion, we identify desirable features for fisheries simulation models aimed at policy evaluation, and particularly MPA evaluation.
Fish and Fisheries (1467-2960) (Blackwell science), 2005-12 , Vol. 6 , N. 4 , P. 307-349

Droits : 2005 Blackwell Publishing, Inc
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/publication-1031.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2005.00199.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1031/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD John Libbey Eurotext
Résumé : National audience
The most recent data on prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C in the French Overseas Territories (FOT) show great variability among these territories with a prevalence rising from 0.46 to 3.4% for HBs Antigen and from 0.02 to 0.67%for anti HCV antibodies. The modes of transmission rely mainly for HBV on sexual or materno-fetal exposure, especially among people from non-French border endemic areas, and for HCV on blood or nosocomial route. Good adhesion of the treating physicians and pediatricians to vaccination has significantly reduced the prevalence of HBV in the ten past years, with an estimated coverage of 75 to 85%depending on the territories. Although there is still a high prevalence of HBV in some FOT, the screening policy and management are based on those carried out inmetropolitan France, which seems insufficient and inadequate to the situation of these territories. Regarding the therapeutic management of HCV, the means attributed to FOT have been identical to those of metropolitan France but the small number of specialist practitioners and remoteness contributed to provision of new molecules later in certain territories. Medical pluridisciplinary sessions have been implemented and based on the universitary or regional hospitals. Copyright © 2017 John Libbey Eurotext.
ISSN: 2115-3310

hal-01485859
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01485859
DOI : 10.1684/hpg.2016.1379

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : In order to provide reliable scientific advice and support for fisheries management, it is necessary to evaluate the biological and economic sustainability of complex fisheries, such as multi-species multi-fleet fisheries. Existing policy-screening modelling tools are not fully suitable in this purpose due to either an over-simplified description of population dynamics, or due to the lack of consideration of economic aspects. In this paper, we present a package that enables quantitative bioeconomic assessment of management scenarios. Population dynamics is described through spatially- and seasonally-explicit models. Exploitation dynamics is characterized by several fishing activities with specific spatial and seasonal features, and practiced by several kinds of vessels with specific technical characteristics. Exploitation costs and revenues are considered at several levels: the fishing trip, the fishing unit (vessel and crew), and the vessel owner. The model is generic and can be used for different types of fisheries. A database is attached to the software for the storage and updating of information for each fishery. This includes the specification of model dimensions and of the parameters describing populations and exploitation. Several model assumptions regarding either population or exploitation may be adapted to suit a specific fishery. Both policies and corresponding fishers' response may be interactively specified through JAVA (TM) scripts. This version of ISIS-Fish allows for the calculation of biological and economic consequences of a range of policies, including conventional ones like catch and effort controls, and alternative policies such as marine protected areas. To facilitate policy-screening in a high-dimension parameter space, the software includes features, like interfaces for sensitivity analysis and simulation queues. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ecological Modelling (0304-3800) (Elsevier), 2009-04 , Vol. 220 , N. 7 , P. 1013-1033

Droits : 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6782.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6782/

Éditeur(s) : Sage Publications
Résumé : It is becoming increasingly clear that humans impact marine ecosystems and their biodiversity to a very considerate degree, and evidence of the scale of impact is growing. An enabling factor for this has been a change in focus from local-level studies to increased emphasis on meta-analysis of global or regional-level analysis of fisheries' impact, Results include the facts that the world's total fish catches have been decreasing over the last decade or more; that larger, predatory fishes (table fish) are becoming increasingly scarcer; and that we are appropriating the ocean shelves' primary productivity to the same level as we are for terrestrial ecosystems. Ecosystems are being eroded in countries throughout the world, and though one might get the impression from the IUCN Red List that it is mainly a developed-country problem, it is alarming that the impact of severe overfishing may be on an even larger scale for developing countries. We describe aspects of the risks overfishing poses to marine ecosystems, and point out how ecosystem approaches to fisheries can be used to evaluate the potential impact of alternative fishing policy scenarios.
Il devient de plus en plus clair que les activités humaines altèrent les écosystèmes marins et leur biodiversité à un degré considérable, et les preures de l'échelle des impacts anthropiques s'accumulent. Un des facteurs déterminants de cette prise de conscience réside dans le changement d'échelle des études de l'impact des pêches qui sont passées d'un niveau local à un niveau global ou régional au travers d'études de type méta-analyse. Les résultats obtenus les plus évocateurs incluent le fait que la totalité des captures mondiales de poissons a diminué pendant la dernière décennie ou plus; que les grands prédateurs (l'essentiel des poissons "de table") deviennent de plus en plus rares; et que nous nous approprions la productivité primaire des plateaux continentaux au même titre que nous nous sommes appropriés celle des écosystèmes terrestres. Les écosystèmes sont érodés dans les pays du monde entier, et bien que la liste rouge de l'IUCN laisse penser que c'est principalement le problème des pays développés, il est alarmant de constater que l'impact de la surpêche excessive pourrait être une échelle bien plus grande encore pour les pays en voie de développement. Nous décrivons certains aspects des risques que pose la surpêche pour les écosystèmes marins, et mettons en exergue comment l'approche écosystémique des pêches peut être employée pour évaluer l'impact potentiel de scénarios alternatifs de règlementation des pêches.
Social Science Information (0539-0184) (Sage Publications), 2007-03 , Vol. 46 , N. 1 , P. 67-86

Droits : 2007 Sage Publications
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-6123.pdf
DOI:10.1177/0539018407073656
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6123/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Here, we synthesize conceptual frameworks, applied modeling approaches, and as case studies to highlight complex social-ecological system (SES) dynamics that inform environmental policy, conservation and management. Although a set of “good practices” about what constitutes a good SES study are emerging, there is still a disconnection between generating SES scientific studies and providing decision-relevant information to policy makers. Classical single variable/hypothesis studies rooted in one or two disciplines are still most common, leading to incremental growth in knowledge about the natural or social system, but rarely both. The recognition of human dimensions is a key aspect of successful planning and implementation in natural resource management, ecosystem-based management, fisheries management, and marine conservation. The lack of social data relating to human-nature interactions in this particular context is now seen as an omission, which can often erode the efficacy of any resource management or conservation action. There have been repeated calls for a transdisciplinary approach to complex SESs that incorporates resilience, complexity science characterized by intricate feedback interactions, emergent processes, non-linear dynamics and uncertainty. To achieve this vision, we need to embrace diverse research methodologies that incorporate ecology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics and other disciplines that are anchored in empirical data. We conclude that to make SES research most useful in adding practical value to conservation planning, marine resource management planning processes and implementation, and the integration of resilience thinking into adaptation strategies, more research is needed on (1) understanding social-ecological landscapes and seascapes and patterns that would ensure planning process legitimacy, (2) costs of transformation (financial, social, environmental) to a stable resilient social-ecological system, (3) overcoming place-based data collection challenges as well as modeling challenges.
Ocean and Coastal Management

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01224152
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224152/file/1-s2.0-S096456911500126X-main.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Mapping spatial distributions of disease occurrence can serve as a useful tool for identifying exposures of public health concern. Infant mortality is an important indicator of the health status of a population. Recent literature suggests that neighborhood deprivation status can modify the effect of air pollution on preterm delivery, a known risk factor for infant mortality. We investigated the effect of neighborhood social deprivation on the association between exposure to ambient air NO2 and infant mortality in the Lille and Lyon metropolitan areas, north and center of France, respectively, between 2002 and 2009. We conducted an ecological study using a neighborhood deprivation index estimated at the French census block from the 2006 census data. Infant mortality data were collected from local councils and geocoded using the address of residence. We generated maps using generalized additive models, smoothing on longitude and latitude while adjusting for covariates. We used permutation tests to examine the overall importance of location in the model and identify areas of increased and decreased risk. The average death rate was 4.2‰ and 4.6‰ live births for the Lille and Lyon metropolitan areas during the period. We found evidence of statistically significant precise clusters of elevated infant mortality for Lille and an east-west gradient of infant mortality risk for Lyon. Exposure to NO2 did not explain the spatial relationship. The Lille MA, socioeconomic deprivation index explained the spatial variation observed. These techniques provide evidence of clusters of significantly elevated infant mortality risk in relation with the neighborhood socioeconomic status. This method could be used for public policy management to determine priority areas for interventions. Moreover, taking into account the relationship between social and environmental exposure may help identify areas with cumulative inequalities.
ISSN: 0048-9697

inserm-00838330
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00838330
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.027
PUBMED : 23563257

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : Terrestrial and marine biodiversity provides the basis for both ecosystems functioning and numerous commodities or services that underpin human well-being. From several decades, alarming trends have been reported worldwide for both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Therefore the sustainable management of biodiversity requires a double viewpoint balancing ecological conservation with the welfare of human societies. Understanding the underlying trade-offs, synergies and interactions imposes the development of interdisciplinary researches and methods. In that respect, bio-economic or ecological economic modeling is likely to play a major role. The present paper intends to elicit the key features, strengths and challenges of bio-economic approaches especially in mathematical and computational terms. It first recall the main bio-economic methods, models and decisional instruments used in these types of analyses. Then the paper shows to what extent bio-economic sustainability lies between equilibrium, viability and optimality mathematical frameworks. It ends up by identifying new major challenges among which the operationalization of ecosystem based management, the precautionary principle and the implementation of governance are especially important. Computational Management Science Computational Management Science Look Inside
Computational Management Science (1619-697X) (Springer), 2013-12 , Vol. 10 , N. 4 , P. 353-364

Droits : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28208/26510.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s10287-013-0194-2
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28208/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
1. The use of targets to provide measurable objectives and benchmarks for management, conservation, andrestoration of ecosystems is commonplace. In the marine and coastal realms, targets have been successful insetting sustainable limits to fisheries harvests, thresholds for pollutants, and recommended amounts ofrepresentative habitat included in marine protected area (MPA) networks. Quantifiable targets can dissuadegovernments from making dubious claims about investments in ocean protection that sound impressive butcannot be verified. Examples are presented where protection targets have been used successfully for marinemanagement, and instances where measurable and meaningful benchmarks serve to allow tracking of true progress.2. However, the setting of targets can also be a double-edged sword. In some cases, targets have proven useful,but in many instances, interventions made to fulfil targets not only give a false illusion of progress or even success,they present opportunity costs that impede further conservation.3. Some of these issues were raised in the 2003 article ‘Dangerous Targets?: Unresolved issues and ideologicalclashes around marine protected areas’ that appeared in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and FreshwaterEcosystems. Since its publication, the article’s warnings about how targets can sometimes be dangerous andcounter-productive have led to intense debate among scientists and policy-makers alike, and the paper has beencited in more than 500 publications. Yet today, more than a dozen years after the first ‘Dangerous Targets’publication, new targets are driving more MPA designations and conservation strategies than ever before, andthe ‘dangerous’ aspects of target setting have been largely ignored.4. This paper discusses old ‘dangers’ in the context of new developments in marine conservation, including thelingering problem of having simplistic metrics drive marine policies, and the unintended result that can often occurwhen outputs (percentage of area under MPA designation) do not align with true outcomes of effectivemanagement and conservation. Newly emerging ‘dangers’ in letting areal targets (percentage of area underMPA designation) drive MPA designations are also discussed, including how the rush to fulfil obligations toprotect a certain proportion of area is taking place in planning, separate from broader level, and potentiallymore holistic, marine spatial planning (MSP).5. The paper suggests five recommendations that would allow policy-makers to use targets more effectively,including: (1) increase transparency in planning, especially around specific goals and objectives of MPAestablishment; (2) use time-based areal targets when representativity is a goal of the protected area strategy; (3)
ISSN: 1052-7613

hal-01380963
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01380963
DOI : 10.1002/aqc.2675

Résumé : After a period of rapid development of the sites (an increase in both reared surface area and production), tropical shrimp aquaculture is currently being faced with critical problems due to economical and ecological constraints. In many countries with favourable conditions for shrimp aquaculture such as indonesia or Vietnam, sites are often badly selected and/or over-exploited. This conducts to sorne extent to decreases or collapses in the production due to the difficulty in predicting the maximum production capacity of the sites. Furthermore, it appears that production sustainability depends on many factors among which socio-economy and ecolo gy are of prime importance. The STD3 project titled « Assessment of tropical shrimp aquaculture impact on the environment in tropical countries using hydrobiology, ecology and remote sensing as helping tools for diagnosis )) was initiated in 1994, with the aim to study the sustainability of marine shrimp aquaculture in tropical areas, main! y Indonesia and Vietnam, through the following tasks: (i) improve site selection and study the impact of aquaculture on marine environments presenting a variable sensitivity to organic sewage, (ii) analyse the socio-economical aspects and profitability of the aquaculture industry and of common resources (iii) use remote sensing and geographical data bases for diagnosis and monitoring of site degradation (iv) reinforce the capacity of Asian scientists through training. Severa! aquaculture sites have been investigated in the Lampung region (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the Mekong delta (Vietnam) and on the West coast of New-Caledonia, providing a large range of typical ecosystems encountered in Asia and in the Pacifie, from coralline sites to coastal plains with mangrove and deltaic areas. The study concerned the spatial structure and seasonal influence of these ecosystems, the temporal variation during the course of the project (3 years) and the relation between the ecological structure and farm productions. Remote sensing provides a synoptic vision over large land expanses. Severa! scenes were processed for landuse mapping using conventional classification techniques. Concerning water quality assessment, a general relation for the Java sea was found between image and field data in terms of total suspended matter. Applying this relation to a new site in Sumatra has provided an initial approach to water type and, together with land use mapping, a preliminary assessment of the suitability of the area to shrimp aquaculture development. Socio-economic research has been focused on the identification ofneeds for collective action, including public policy, in the perspective of shrimp farming sustainability. The main concern is in the regulation of shrimp farming intensification and extensification at the scale of coastal ecosystemic entities in a common property resource management perspective. The common considered here is coastal water quality. Comparing the local development profiles and the institutional grounds for the design and implementation of collective management rules shows that variables such as land tenure system, farm owner socio-economic profile, social homogeneity or heterogeneity of the farmers are key factors to analyse the potential for sustainability. The defmition of water quality and the possible means to ensure its collective management are discussed. The main conclusion is that the economie incentives to farming development are strong but there is no significant difference among traditional, semi-intensive and intensive systems in terms of economie efficiency or wealth distribution. The description of the functioning of the different kinds of ecosystems make it possible to give an advice concerning the positioning of the activity inside the ecosystem, and furthermore to have a reference state in order to determine the impact of the activity on the coastal environnement. This impact can be summarized as an increase in the concentration of total suspended matt€?r, of particulate organic matter and of sulfate reducing bacterias. This organic ma~.er is either issued from rearing activities or from telluric origine, due to mangrove eradication when building the ponds. An evaluation of the relationship existing between productivity and characteristics of each ecosystem bas been conducted by correlating ecological indicators data (concentration of total suspended matter, particulate organic matter, chlorophyll, percentage of pheopigments in total pigments and cyanobacteria and sulfatereducing bacteria in water and sediments) with the average production of the farms. This comparison lead to the compilation of a scale of observed production integrating the range of these environmental parameters with shrimp production levels, bound to facilitate the positioning of shrimp farming in relation with the confmement leve! of each ecosystem. Lastly, ali geographie data originated from the various compartments of the study have been geo-referenced and loaded into a geographical information system. This allows to display any query made on spatial variables and their related statistical data, including the ir variations over the last few years and to reveal patterns and phenomena otherwise not obvious.
Le programme mis en oeuvre par la DRV (Paris, CREMA-L'Houmeau, DELIAO Brest, COP Tahiti, GIE/RA Nouvelle Calédonie), dans le cadre d'un projet européen STD3 «(Sciences et Technique au Service du Développement», en collaboration avec l'Université de Montpellier II, l'Ecole Nationale d'Agronomie de Rennes, l'ITC (Hollande), l'Institut Océanographique de Nha Trang (Vietnam), le BADC de Jepara et le BPPT de Jakarta (Indonésie), avait pour but la mise au point de méthodes permettant d'améliorer la sélection des sites ainsi que le suivi du développement et de l'impact de l'aquaculture des crevettes Péneides en milieu tropical pour éviter la surexploitation. Quatre axes de recherche ont été défmis : a) identifier la nature et quantifier les rejets de déchets issus de ce type d'aquaculture, b) définir les caractéristiques écologiques des écosystèmes susceptibles d'accueillir l'activité aquacole et suivre leur évolution sous l'influence des rejets, c) déterminer l'influence de la gestion des fermes et des ressources (aspects économiques) sur les performances de productivité, d) déterminer la capacité de la télédétection comme outil de diagnostic d'impact à l'échelle de la région, e) mener un programme de formation d'étudiants et jeunes chercheurs Vietnamiens et Indonésiens.

Droits : 1998 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00132/24357/22357.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00132/24357/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
ISSN: 0962-8436

hal-01282464
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282464
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : The area of forest plantations is increasing worldwide helping to meet timber demand and protect natural forests. However, with global change, monospecific plantations are increasingly vulnerable to abiotic and biotic disturbances. As an adaption measure we need to move to plantations that are more diverse in genotypes, species, and structure, with a design underpinned by science. TreeDivNet, a global network of tree diversity experiments, responds to this need by assessing the advantages and disadvantages of mixed species plantations. The network currently consists of 18 experiments, distributed over 36 sites and five ecoregions. With plantations 1-15 years old, TreeDivNet can already provide relevant data for forest policy and management. In this paper, we highlight some early results on the carbon sequestration and pest resistance potential of more diverse plantations. Finally, suggestions are made for new, innovative experiments in understudied regions to complement the existing network.
ISSN: 0044-7447

hal-01204232
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204232
DOI : 10.1007/s13280-015-0685-1
PRODINRA : 324368
PUBMED : 26264716

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : French Polynesia started it's Fish Aggregating Device programme in June 1981 with the positioning of the first buoy offshore of the main island of Tahiti. Since then, 251 structures have been installed throughout the 5 archipelagoes of this French overseas territory. The shape and size of the devices have evolved 8 times over this period, however, a single model has not yet been adopted. Trials are currently underway using lighter structures similar to those found in the Indian Ocean. The anchoring lines have progressively been modified through better knowledge of material and product availability, as well as better understanding of environmental constraints. The programme is entirely financed by the territorial government and managed by the public sector. This ongoing technical assistance, aimed towards the local small-scale coastal fishery, is considered an important factor to maintaining this activity alive. Up until 1997, this economical support policy of outer island populations far from the metropolis central town, along with incidental fishing methods around FADs, have given mitigated results without nevertheless putting into cause this programme. The use of 'drifting handlines' retained at the surface by small indicator floats are one of the contributing factors to the degradation of the anchor lines. It is now commonly accepted that a new fishing strategy must be adopted so that professional coastal fishermen become more aware with regards to an expensive work tool due to local bathymetric conditions, so that fishing effort is increased through the development of better adapted fishing techniques, and finally so that community spirit rules over individualism.Original Abstract: Le programme d'ancrage de DCP en Polynesie francaise a vu le jour en juin 1981 avec l'implantation d'un premier dispositif au large des cotes de Tahiti. Depuis cette date, ce sont 251 structures qui ont ete installees dans les cinq archipels de ce pays d'outre-mer. La forme et la taille des bouees ont evolue huit fois sans etre definitivement arretees a un seul modele et des essais sur des structures legeres de type " Ocean Indien " sont en cours. Les lignes d'ancrage ont fait l'objet de modifications progressives en raison de meilleures connaissances des produits ainsi que des contraintes du milieu environnant. Ce programme est finance en totalite par le territoire de la Polynesie francaise et gere par le secteur public. Il s'adresse a la pecherie artisanale et cotiere qui considere depuis de nombreuses annees cette assistance technique comme un atout indispensable au maintien de son activite. La politique d'engagement de ce soutien economique jusqu'en 1997 aupres des populations d'iles et atolls tres eloignes de la capitale ainsi que l'incidence de la technique de peche la plus repandue autour des DCP ont abouti a des resultats mitiges sans pour autant remettre en cause ce programme. En effet, les lignes a main derivantes et retenues en surface par une petite bouee temoin sont un des principaux facteurs de degradation des lignes d'ancrage. Il est desormais reconnu par tous les intervenants qu'une nouvelle strategie doit etre deployee afin que les pecheurs cotiers professionnels soient mieux responsabilises face a un outil de travail onereux en raison de la bathymetrie environnante, pour que l'effort de peche soit accru par l'utilisation de techniques de peche mieux adaptees, et enfin que l'esprit communautaire prime sur l'individualisme.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/12649.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La gestion des écosystèmes de l’archipel guadeloupéen, à l’image des écosystèmes du Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, pâtissent des frontières administratives qui limitent la portée de certaines initiatives en matière de politiques d’aménagement ou de protection ; les démarches de coopération entre les différentes divisions administratives doivent être encouragées. Des efforts sont réalisés dans cette optique à une échelle intercommunale, avec l’élaboration d’un contrat de rivière (pour la Grande rivière à Goyaves) sous l’égide de la Communauté des Communes du Nord Basse-Terre. Cette coopération intercommunale devrait permettre de définir un nouveau cadrage pour une politique d’aménagement solidaire entre les communes avec un périmètre d’action cohérent.
Ecosystem management of the islands of Guadeloupe, like that of the ecosystem of the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, is limited by the administrative boundaries that constrain the scope of some of the policy, management or protection initiatives. Cooperation between the various administrative divisions needs to be encouraged. Efforts are being made in this regard on a inter municipality scale with the elaboration of river development plan of “Grand Rivière” (Goyaves Commune) with the collaboration of the Community of Commons Northern Basse-Terre. This inter municipality cooperation will be able to define a new framework for a planning policy among municipalities within a functional area.
Guadeloupe
Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.505
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/505

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The modernization of agriculture is under scrutiny. It is currently debated within the growing concept and practice of agroecology that applies ecological fundaments to the design and the management of sustainable agroecosystems. In matter of ecologization of agriculture, agroecological transition may be considered as a privileged pathway. It relies on two main forms: the weak (that intends to reduce the use of chemicals by alternative practices such as their substitution by biological inputs) versus strong modernization of agriculture (based on the valorization of biodiversity providing ecosystemic services). In this article, through an analysis of the technological innovations used for the enhancement of mycorrhiza (symbiotic interactions between plants and soil microorganisms) as an illustration of the implementation of the agroecological transition in France, we wonder in what extent a strong modernization of agriculture is likely to occur.This paper shows how the conceptual framework of socio-technical regime is useful to analyze the dynamics of the agroecological transition. Our demonstration relies on an empirical material (survey of the main actors of the mycorrhiza supply chain) that permits to understand how is structured the dominant system and how it impedes the development of the alternative niche. We then give some prerequisites in terms of public action to define in what extent the niche can be supported and can compete the current system.
54. ERSA Congress "Regional development & globalization: Best practices"
Saint-Petersburg, Russia

hal-01606449
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01606449
PRODINRA : 387723

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The identification and economic valuation of ecosystem services (ES) are becoming important components of coral reef management. In many contexts, protection of human assets against coastal floods is one of the most important ES provided by coral reefs. The methods utilized to characterize this ES should be able to accommodate situations with low data availability, without sacrificing robustness. In this paper, we suggest such an approach that utilizes expert opinion and does not require copious amounts of data. Our primary objective is to find a balance between simple and complex models that can be used in a data scarce environment, to produce an economic valuation of the coral reef ES of protection against coastal floods. The approach has three steps: (i) identify geographic zones and assets at risk, (ii) identify the contributing role of coral reefs in the protection of coasts and, (iii) value the annual repair costs of assets through the avoided damage cost approach. The proposed method seems appropriate for advocacy with policy makers, but appears to be less effective for small scale approaches, such as those required for Payment for ES negotiations or marine spatial planning.
Ecosystem Services

hal-01359394
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359394
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
With the health of the world’s oceans threatened as never before, it is becoming increasingly apparent that Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) play a vitally important role in protecting marine and coastal habitats. Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective draws on the results of a major EU-sponsored research project related to the establishment of networks of MPAs in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that transpired from February 2011 to January 2016. Featuring contributions by leading university- and national research institute-based scientists, chapters utilize the latest research data and developments in marine conservation policy to explore issues related to ways in which networks of MPAs may amplify the effectiveness and conservation benefits of individual areas within them. Topics addressed include the broader socio-economic impacts of MPAs in the Mediterranean and Black Seas; the use of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) to resolve conflicts between marine resource use and protection; special protection measures under the EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD); ecological value assessments in the Black Sea; the Ecosystem Approach (EA) for managing marine ecosystems; MPAs along Turkey’s Black Sea coast; MPAs and offshore wind farms; and managing and monitoring MPA networks within and between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.Timely and important, Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective offers invaluable insights into the role of MPAs in preserving the welfare and long-term viability of our world’s oceans.
Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective

ISBN : 978-1-119-07577-6
hal-01562040
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01562040

Résumé : By looking at the common thread between 4 programs* in which the IFREMER Palavas (34, Languedoc-Roussillon region in France) station took part, this report show the evolution over 20 years in the perception of the pathology of farmed fish, and of the sea bass in particular (Dicentrarchus labrax). During the 1990’s farming techniques became sufficiently reliable to enable to distinguish between problems of a zootechnical nature and those with a pathological origin. In anticipation of future illnesses, the necessary tools and monitoring were implemented in order to study the immune system of the sea bass. These methods arose from the recent creation of anti-immunoglobin monoclonal probes in the sea bass. These techniques, together with others, served to search for a solution to the nodavirus epidemic which struck in1996. In the absence of a cure for this virus, the research focused on knowledge of the virus, its epidemiology and vaccine development. Despite interesting scientific results, the solution withheld to curb the Nodavirus epidemic was zootechnical. This pragmatic outcome catalysed reflections on the role of pathology, leading to notions of health, animal well-being and image. Management choices in the health of farmed fish stocks became a parameter, amongst others, included in a global commercial and farming policy. * Définition des critères d’évaluation de l’immunocompétente chez le loup et le turbot. UMR1 Université Montpellier II IFREMER ; Nodavirus disease of cultured marine fish in Europe. FAIR PL98 4036 EU; Recherche de moyens de dépistage et prévention de la nodavirose du bar. ANVAR 9804041J ; Welfare and Health in Sustainable Aquaculture WEALTH. E.U N°501984.
En prenant comme fil conducteur les travaux de 4 programmes* auxquels a participé la station IFREMER de Palavas (34), ce rapport montre l’évolution sur 20 ans de la perception de la pathologie des poissons d’élevages et du loup en particulier (Dicentrarchus labrax). Dans les années 1990 les techniques d’élevages devinrent suffisamment fiables pour permettre de distinguer les problèmes d’origines zootechniques de ceux d’origines pathologiques. En prévision des futures maladies potentielles, les outils d’étude et de suivi du système immunitaire spécifique du loup furent mis en place. Ils découlaient de la création récente de sondes monoclonales anti-immunoglobulines de loup. Ces techniques, couplées à d’autres, servirent à chercher une solution à l’épidémie de nodavirose des années 1996. En l’absence de traitement pour un virus l’accent fut mis sur la connaissance du virus, de son épidémiologie et de la vaccination. Bien que les résultats scientifiques furent très satisfaisants la solution trouvée pour juguler l’épidémie de Nodavirose fut zootechnique. Cette issue pragmatique catalysa une réflexion sur le rôle de la pathologie qui maturait depuis plusieurs années et qui déboucha sur la notion de santé, de bien être des animaux et d’image. Les choix de gestion de la santé des cheptels devinrent un paramètre, parmi d’autres, s’incluant dans d’une politique globale d’élevage et commerciale * Définition des critères d’évaluation de l’immunocompétente chez le loup et le turbot. UMR1 Université Montpellier II IFREMER ; Nodavirus disease of cultured marine fish in Europe. FAIR PL98 4036 EU; Recherche de moyens de dépistage et prévention de la nodavirose du bar. ANVAR 9804041J ; Welfare and Health in Sustainable Aquaculture WEALTH. E.U N°501984.

Droits : 2013 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26103.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26105.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26106.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Au cours du mois de septembre 2008, quatre cyclones s’abattent sur Haïti. Ces catastrophes entrainent la mort de plusieurs centaines d’Haïtiens et la destruction de nombreuses infrastructures sanitaires, éducatives, agricoles… Cet article a le souci de dresser un bilan des territoires affectés par ces cyclones et de montrer l’ampleur de dommages et les conséquences profondes qu’ils laissent sur la société haïtienne. Il s’attachera aussi à interroger les modalités de gestion mises en place pour la période post catastrophe.
During the month of September 2008, four hurricanes hit Haiti. These cataclysms caused hundreds of dead and destroyed many infrastructures including but not limited to, sanitary, educational and agricultural. This article is an overview of the impact of these hurricanes on the affected areas. We inquire about the hugeness of the damages and the severe consequences on the society. We interrogate as well the management policy adopted for the post-catastrophe period
Haïti
Gonaïves

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4851
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4851

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Small-scale fisheries have traditionally received less research effort than large-scale fisheries and are generally under-studied in Europe. In spite of their comparatively low volume of catches and economic importance, small-scale fisheries are socially important and an integral part of the European coastal zone. Considering the high heterogeneity of situations and the paucity of quantitative data, we used an analytical methodology based on the comparative method. We carried out an analysis of small-scale fisheries (SSFs) in Europe based on a selection of nine case studies. Our objective was to obtain a comprehensive description of small-scale fleets covering different areas/fisheries/species, encompassing the diversity and specific conditions under which SSFs operate, in order to demonstrate the ecological and social sustainability of this often overlooked fisheries segment. A common approach formulated so that the case studies could be compared with the case histories of other competing users, required that for each set of criteria – technical, biological, socio-economic, and institutional – a set of relevant items and indicators was established. An analysis of characteristics common to the selected case studies is conducted and an attempt made to extend our comparisons to the whole of the European Union. Our results show that (as compared with large-scale fleets, their main competitor) small-scale fleets: (i) are composed of smaller vessels and, consequently, travel lower distances to fishing grounds, and are more reliant on coastal areas; (ii) have smaller crews (although the global employment figure is similar to that of large-scale fleets in Europe); (iii) use mostly, but not exclusively, passive gears; (iv) use multi-purpose fishing approaches, and can change the fish species they target during the year; (v) have lower extraction rates; (vi) have lower total capital investments (including fishing rights), turnover and costs; and (vii) have lower fuel consumption, making them less sensitive to changing oil prices. Dependence on subsidies is lower (viii). Involvement in fisheries management is variable, conservation and access regulation measures are largely local in origin. For the selected case studies, the most significant competitors are large-scale fleets, and recreational fisheries, but other sources of interaction (water quality, invasive species, etc.) cannot be ignored.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2013-02 , Vol. 140 , P. 1-13

Droits : 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00118/22934/20757.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2012.11.008
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00118/22934/