Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in essential cell processes and it is abnormally activated in similar to 30 % of cancers and cognitive disorders. Two ERK isoforms have been described, ERK1 and ERK2; ERK2 being regarded by many as essential due to the embryonic lethality of ERK2 knock-out mice, whereas mice lacking ERK1 are viable and fertile. The controversial question of why we have two ERKs and whether they have differential functions or display functional redundancy has not yet been resolved. Results: To investigate this question we used a novel approach based on comparing the evolution of ERK isoforms' sequences and protein expression across vertebrates. We gathered and cloned erk1 and erk2 coding sequences and we examined protein expression of isoforms in brain extracts in all major clades of vertebrate evolution. For the first time, we measured each isoforms' relative protein level in phylogenetically distant animals using anti-phospho antibodies targeting active ERKs. We demonstrate that squamates (lizards, snakes and geckos), despite having both genes, do not express ERK2 protein whereas other tetrapods either do not express ERK1 protein or have lost the erk1 gene. To demonstrate the unexpected squamates' lack of ERK2 expression, we targeted each ERK isoform in lizard primary fibroblasts by specific siRNA-mediated knockdown. We also found that undetectable expression of ERK2 in lizard is compensated by a greater strength of lizard's erk1 promoter. Finally, phylogenetic analysis revealed that ERK1 amino acids sequences evolve faster than ERK2' s likely due to genomic factors, including a large difference in gene size, rather than from functional differences since amino acids essential for function are kept invariant. Conclusions: ERK isoforms appeared by a single gene duplication at the onset of vertebrate evolution at least 400 Mya. Our results demonstrate that tetrapods can live by expressing either one or both ERK isoforms, supporting the notion that ERK1/2 act interchangeably. Substrate recognition sites and catalytic cleft are nearly invariant in all vertebrate ERKs further suggesting functional redundancy. We suggest that future ERK research should shift towards understanding the role and regulation of total ERK quantity, especially in light of newly described erk2 gene amplification identified in tumors.
ISSN: 1471-2148

hal-01546165
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546165
DOI : 10.1186/s12862-015-0450-x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
We show first results of 3D simulation of sea currents in a realistic context. We use the full Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous fluid. The problem is solved using a second order incremental projection method associated with the finite volume of the staggered (MAC) scheme for the spatial discretization. After validation on classical cases, it is used in a numerical simulation of the Pointe à Pitre harbour area. The use of the fictious domain method permits us to take into account the complexity of bathymetric data and allows us to work with regular meshes and thus preserves the efficiency essential for a 3D code.
ESAIM : Proceedings
Guidel, France

hal-00770270
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00770270
DOI : 10.1051/proc/201235025

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Recently, a large amount of work has been devoted to the study of spectral clustering — a powerful unsupervised classification method. This paper brings contributions to both its foundations, and its applications to text classification. Departing from the mainstream, concerned with hard membership, we study the extension of spectral clustering to soft membership (probabilistic, EM style) assignments. One of its key features is to avoid the complexity gap of hard membership. We apply this theory to a challenging problem, text clustering for languages having permeable borders, via a novel construction of Markov chains from corpora. Experiments with a readily available code clearly display the potential of the method, which brings a visually appealing soft distinction of languages that may define altogether a whole corpus.
ISSN: 0031-3203

hal-00329991
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329991
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2008.06.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD De Gruyter
Résumé : International audience
This article examines the case of Kali'na, a minority Indigenous language of French Guiana, from the point of view of descriptive categories available in the literature (namely dominated language, minoritized language, endangered language). These terms are discussed, favouring more dynamic categories which focus on processes (minoritization/deminoritization). The article uses both micro- and macrosociolinguistic levels of analysis. At the macro level, indicators are proposed to gauge the minorization of Kali'na as it occurs on the scale of Guiana as a whole, by observing attitudes towards Kali'na language and culture, particularly as expressed in the media and in epilinguistic comments made by speakers. At the local level, we explore the effects of the recognition by the State of a Kali'na township and their influence on language minoritization in the village and more generally at the level of the linguistic community. We also attempt to determine to what extent, as far as interactions are concerned, alternations and code switching between Kali'na and French might constitute indicators of the process of minoritization or deminoritization or of language death currently underway.
ISSN: 0165-2516

hal-00239307
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00239307
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00239307/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00239307/file/2006-leglise-alby-IJSL.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Whereas it is well established that prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can disrupt children's behavior, early postnatal exposure has received relatively little attention in environmental epidemiology. To evaluate prenatal and postnatal exposures to PCB-153, a proxy of total PCB exposure, and their relation to inattention and activity in 5-year-old Inuits from the Cord Blood Monitoring Program. Prenatal exposure to PCBs was informed by cord plasma PCB-153 levels. We used a validated pharmacokinetic model to estimate monthly infants' levels across the first year of life. Inattention and activity were assessed by coding of video recordings of children undergoing fine motor testing. We used multivariable linear regression to evaluate the association between prenatal and postnatal PCB-153 levels and inattention (n=97) and activity (n=98) at 5years of age. Cord plasma PCB-153 was not associated with inattention and activity. Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in estimated infant PCB-153 levels at 2months was associated with a 1.02% increase in the duration of inattention (95% CI: 0.04, 2.00). Statistical adjustment for the duration of breastfeeding slightly increased regression coefficients for postnatal level estimates, some of which became statistically significant for inattention (months: 2-4) and activity (months: 2-5). Our study adds to the growing evidence of postnatal windows of development during which children are more susceptible to neurotoxicants like PCBs.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01134338
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01134338
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.004
PUBMED : 25796081

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Motivation: Data management and quality control of output from Illumina sequencers is a disk space- and time-consuming task. Thus, we developed Aozan to automatically handle data transfer, demultiplexing, conversion and quality control once a run has finished. This software greatly improves run data management and the monitoring of run statistics via automatic emails and HTML web reports. Availability and Implementation: Aozan is implemented in Java and Python, supported on Linux systems, and distributed under the GPLv3 License at: http://www.outils.genomique.biologie.ens.fr/aozan/. Aozan source code is available on GitHub: https://github.com/GenomicParisCentre/aozan.
Bioinformatics

hal-01545317
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545317
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx154

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The solution of the Poisson equation is an essential stage in the calculation of quantum properties of materials as it appears both in the electrostatic Hartree term and in the Fock exchange operator. We discuss here an integral method for the calculation of Poisson potential and demonstrate its integration with a Density Functional Theory (DFT) code. We show some results on elongated carbon chains.
2015 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA 2015
Torino, Italy

hal-01398278
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01398278

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The purpose of our study is to model a geothermal reservoir. When geothermal reservoir are assumed to be composed of pure water, the transfer of mass and energy is classically described by two balance equations: mass balance equation and the energy balance equation. In addition to those equations, fluid velocity ist classically given by the Darcy law while thermodynamic properties, inferred from theoretical or empirical equations of state, are used to close the mathematical system. Once this system is closed, there exist different solutions. The first one is to solve for pressure and temperature with a variable switch to saturation in the two-phase region (e.g. TOUGH2). The second one is to solve for pressure and enthalpy to increase stability of phase transition between single and two-phase states (e.g. Hydrotherm). We adopted the second option and chose te use a splitting method to get rid of the complexity of coupling equations and a finite volume method for the spatial discretization. Selecting object-oriented languages, we developed a multi-language framework, combining Python, Fortran and a C++ implementation of IAPWS (from the freesteam project) including the supercritical equations, in porous media velocity is given by Darcy law and to close the system physical properties are determined by the IAPWS-IF97 thermodynamic formulation. We resolve the equations in pressure and enthalpy instead of pressure and temperature in order to increase stability and to handle easier the passage from a single-phase to a two-phase system. We solve the system by using a splitting method - to get rid of the complexity of coupling equations - and a finite volume method. We offer some freedom to users thanks to the implementation of several methods like explicit or implicit Euler, Runge-Kutta or BDF2 for time solvers or GMRES and BICGSTAB for the linear solver. We can handle several boundary conditions like no-flow - describing a boundary which can not exchange matter with the exterior - or like a mixed-therm condition - a Dirichlet condition to the pressure and a Dirichlet or an outflow condition to the temperature in order to describe a recharge or a discharge zone - ... We're developing a multi-language framework, combining Python, Fortran and the C++ implementation of IAPWS (from the freesteam project). All these languages are object-oriented. We've applied this simulation model to the dogger in Paris, France, to several one-dimensional systems and a two-dimensional one made by Coumou with the CSMP++ platform. The dogger is a reservoir exploited to produce heat by pumping water at 70 and reinjecting it in the reservoir at 40. In the one-dimensional systems we wanted to observe the process of heat transfer from a higher temperature boundary to a smaller one in a high-energy domain. The last simulation shows the natural convection of water in a fault. For every simulation we compared the solutions we found with an other code (TOUGH2 or CSMP++) and they agreed. The next step will be to model the geothermal plant in Guadeloupe, West Indies. It's the only place in France - and in the West Indies so far - producing electricity with the earth power. The temperature can reach up to 1000 and the pressure range is around a few hundreds MPa. In some surface zones we can see two-phase water at atmospheric pressure. In the 1980s Bouillante was a laboratory for France. Since 1995 Bouillante has given 30GWh electricity a year to the Guadeloupeans.
PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering
Stanford, United States

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-00944133
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00944133
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00944133/document
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00944133/file/Copol.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SAGE Publications (UK and US)
Résumé : International audience
In the literature, the enamelin gene ENAM has been repeatedly designated as a possible candidate for caries susceptibility. Here, we checked whether ENAM variants could increase caries susceptibility. To this aim, we sequenced coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of ENAM in 250 children with a severe caries phenotype and in 149 caries-free patients from 9 French hospital groups. In total, 23 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found, but none appeared to be responsible for a direct change of ENAM function. Six SNPs had a high minor allele frequency (MAF) and 6 others were identified for the first time. Statistical and evolutionary analyses showed that none of these SNPs was associated with caries susceptibility or caries protection when studied separately and challenged with environmental factors. However, haplotype interaction analysis showed that the presence, in a same variant, of 2 exonic SNPs (rs7671281 and rs3796704; MAF 0.12 and 0.10, respectively), both changing an amino acid in the protein region encoded by exon 10 (p.I648T and p.R763Q, respectively), increased caries susceptibility 2.66-fold independent of the environmental risk factors. These findings support ENAM as a gene candidate for caries susceptibility in the studied population.
ISSN: 0022-0345

hal-01545476
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545476
DOI : 10.1177/0022034514522060

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Spatial variability of ground motion may be explained by local soil conditions; it is the so-called "site effects". Site effects are responsible for increasing duration and important amplification of strong ground motion during earthquakes and must be considered as a key parameter in local seismic hazard assessment. French West Indies are prone to strong site effects because of a particular geology, characterized by soft soil deposits and strong alteration of volcanic deposits. In this framework, and considering that French West Indies are considered as a high seismicity level zone in the French building code, part of seismic hazard mitigation policy consists in technical studies to perform identification and mapping of zones characterized by homogeneous seismic response and quantification of associated ground motion. It is the aim of seismic microzonations. In this presentation, we will expose the methodology used on the scale of municipalities for mapping homogeneous seismic areas, based on a study of geological and geotechnical conditions and some geophysical testings. Then, a study of vulnerability of buildings allows to estimate the probability of damage on various sectors for a scenario of risk corresponding to the seismic microzonation.
19ème Conférence Géologique de la Caraïbe
Le Gosier, Guadeloupe, France

hal-00614300
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00614300

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Among the 20 000 human gene products predicted from genome annotation, about 3000 still lack validation at protein level. We developed PepPSy, a user-friendly gene expression-based prioritization system, to help investigators to determine in which human tissues they should look for an unseen protein. PepPSy can also be used by biocurators to revisit the annotation of specific categories of proteins based on the 'omics' data housed by the system. In this study, it was used to prioritize 21 dubious protein-coding genes among the 616 annotated in neXtProt for reannotation.
DATABASE

hal-01342472
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01342472
DOI : 10.1093/database/baw070
PUBMED : 27173522

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : We present a detailed rock-magnetic and archaeomagnetic study of two brick kilns, named OSA and OSB, discovered at the location of Osterietta, in northern Italy. The magnetic properties of representative samples have been investigated to identify the nature of the magnetic carriers, their domain state and thermal stability, and investigate their suitability for archaeomagnetic determinations. Thermally stable, mainly pseudosingle domain (PSD) magnetite is identified as the main magnetic carrier. The full geomagnetic field vector has been determined for the two kilns, including directional and intensity analysis. Archaeointensities have been recovered with both the classical Thellier and the multi-specimen protocols. The multi-specimen procedure was performed with a very fast-heating oven developed at Montpellier, France. A Matlab® code for anisotropy correction during the Thellier experiment is provided. The archaeointensity results obtained from both techniques for the OSA kiln are of high quality and in good mutual agreement. For the OSB kiln, Thellier results are characterized by large standard deviation and the multi-specimen (MSP) technique was not successful. The obtained full geomagnetic field vector (declination, inclination and intensity) has been used for the archaeomagnetic dating of the two structures suggesting that the OSA kiln was for the last time used between 1761?1841 A.D. and the OSB kiln between 1752?1831 A.D., at 95% probability. This study shows that intensity determinations do not restrict the dating results when referring to the last few centuries, as this period is characterized by very small intensity variations.
ISSN: 0039-3169

hal-01236052
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01236052
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-015-0413-0

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : Some major challenges for geophysicists and structural geologists using three-dimensional boundary element method codes (3D-BEM) are: (1) reducing the amount of memory required to solve large and dense systems and (2) incorporation of inequality constraints such as traction inequality constraints (TIC) and displacement inequality constraints (DIC). The latter serves two purposes. First, for example, inequality constraints can be used to simulate frictional slip (using TIC). Second, these constraints can prevent element interpenetration while allowing opening mode (using DIC). We have developed a method that simultaneously incorporates both types of functionality of the inequality constraints. We show that the use of an appropriate iterative solver not only avoids the allocation of significant memory for solving the system (allowing very large model computation and simplifying parallelization on multi-core processors), but also admits interesting features such as natural incorporation of TICs and DICs. Compared to other techniques of contact management (e.g., Lagrange multipliers, penalty method, or complementarity problem), this new simple methodology, which does not use any incremental trial-and-error procedures, brings more flexibility, while making the system more stable and less subject to round-off errors without any computational overhead. We provide validations and comparisons of the inequality constraints implementation using 2D analytical and numerical solutions.
ISSN: 1420-0597

hal-00561035
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00561035
DOI : 10.1007/s10596-009-9170-x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
We describe the simulation of an exterior problem using a magnetic field deriving from magnetostatics, with a numerical method mixing the approaches of C. I. Goldstein and L.-A. Ying. This method is based on the use of a graded mesh obtained by gluing homothetic layers in the exterior domain. On this mesh, we use an edge elements discretization and a recently proposed mixed formulation. In this paper, we provide both a theoretical and numerical study of the method. We establish an error estimate, describe the implementation, propose some preconditioning techniques and show the numerical results. We also compare these results with those obtained from an equivalent boundary elements approach. In this way, we retain that our method leads to a practical numerical implementation, a saving of storage, and turns out to be an alternative to the classical boundary elements method.
ISSN: 0749-159X

hal-00730196
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00730196
DOI : 10.1002/num.10064

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Measuring biodiversity requires empirical techniques to effectively estimate it from real data. The well-known underestimation of the number of species applies to low orders of diversity in general. I test nine estimators including three new ones on geometric and lognormal distributions that represent realistic, hyper-diverse communities. The best two estimators allow a good estimation of diversity of orders over 0.5, even when the sampling effort is low. I provide criteria to choose the estimator and the necessary code in the R package entropart.
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212435

hal-01212435
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212435
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212435v2/document
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212435/file/Estimation.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Our understanding of the contribution of interspecific interactions to functional diversity in nature lags behind our knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns. Although two-species mutualisms are found in all types of ecosystems, the study of their ecological influences on other community members has mostly been limited to third species, while their influence on entire communities remains largely unexplored. 2. We hypothesized that mutualistic interactions between two respective ant species and an epiphyte mediate the biological traits composition of entire invertebrate communities that use the same host plant, thereby affecting food webs and functional diversity at the community level. 3. Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) is both a phytotelm ('plant-held water') and an ant-garden epiphyte. We sampled 111 bromeliads (111 aquatic invertebrate communities) associated with either the ant Pachycondyla goeldii or Camponotus femoratus. The relationships between ants, bromeliads and invertebrate abundance data were examined using a redundancy analysis. Biological traits information for invertebrates was structured using a fuzzy-coding technique, and a co-inertia analysis between traits and abundance data was used to interpret functional differences in bromeliad ecosystems. 4. The vegetative traits of A. mertensii depended on seed dispersion by C. femoratus and P. goeldii along a gradient of local conditions. The ant partner selected sets of invertebrates with traits that were best adapted to the bromeliads' morphology, and so the composition of the biological traits of invertebrate phytotelm communities depends on the identity of the ant partner. Biological traits suggest a bottom-up control of community structure in C. femoratus-associated phytotelmata and a greater structuring role for predatory invertebrates in P. goeldii-associated plants. 5. This study presents new information showing that two-species mutualisms affect the functional diversity of a much wider range of organisms. Most biological systems form complex networks where nodes (e. g. species) are more or less closely linked to each other, either directly or indirectly, through intermediate nodes. Our observations provide community-level information about biological interactions and functional diversity, and perspectives for further observations intended to examine whether large-scale changes in interacting species/community structure over broad geographical and anthropogenic gradients affect ecosystem functions.
ISSN: 0269-8463

hal-00817509
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00817509

Résumé : Avec un taux d’incidence cumulée de 56 cas pour 100 000 habitants, la Guadeloupe est la deuxième région de France la plus touchée par le VIH. La plupart des publications sur le VIH/Sida en Guadeloupe sont essentiellement descriptives, issues de rapports d’activité. La base hospitalière, alimentant la Base de données Hospitalière française sur l’infection à VIH, n’a été que très peu exploitée pour la recherche. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer les aspects fondamentaux de la prise en charge de l’infection VIH. Ainsi le dépistage tardif, le retard à la prise en charge spécialisée, l’interruption du suivi, les infections opportunistes et les décès sont étudiés ainsi que leurs facteurs prédictifs.Dans ce travail articulé autour de six publications, nous avons mis en évidence les points suivants : tout d’abord, le diagnostic très tardif (CD4<200/mm3) concernait 40,12 % des adultes infectés par le VIH suivis en Guadeloupe. Comparé à la France métropolitaine, ce taux est encore très élevé et souligne l’importance de poursuivre les efforts de dépistage. Pour pouvoir bénéficier d’une prise en charge précoce, le patient doit être dirigé dans un centre de traitement de l’infection par le VIH sans tarder. Or, le retard dans cette prise en charge spécialisée touchait 36 % des patients. L’analyse des éléments associés à ce retard a permis d’en identifier les facteurs de risque.Pour optimiser les résultats thérapeutiques, les patients nécessitent un suivi régulier. Ainsi, le système de santé devrait avoir comme objectif, entre autres, la rétention des patients dans le circuit de soins. Or, plus de 22 % des patients de cette cohorte étaient perdus de vue et jamais revus. Les patients plus jeunes, ceux au stade B de la classification CDC et ceux non traités par TTARV étaient plus à risque d’interruption de suivi, dès la première année suivant le diagnostic de l’infection VIH.Bien que la proportion des patients suivis sous ARV soit proche de 100 %, il en existe toujours développant un Sida. La comparaison avec la Guyane et la France métropolitaine montre que les trois premières affections classantes en Guadeloupe étaient la candidose oesophagienne, le syndrome de cachexie liée au VIH et la pneumocystose. Il existait des différences notables avec la métropole, mais aussi avec la Guyane. Ce taux élevé de syndrome de cachexie liée au VIH pose question. Derrière ce diagnostic, pourraient se cacher d’autres maladies opportunistes non diagnostiquées, mais également des différences de codage. Le recul de la mortalité avec le temps a entraîné une modification qualitative des causes de décès. Celles rapportées dans la littérature étaient les mêmes que celles observées dans notre étude. Contrairement à la métropole où le cancer représentait la première cause de mortalité, en Guadeloupe, les infections liées au Sida constituaient la première cause de décès.Ce travail de thèse s’est donc efforcé de dégager, pour l’une des régions de France les plus affectées par le VIH, quelques grands indicateurs à partir de la Base Hospitalière FHDH. Cette base ne comportait pas toujours toutes les informations souhaitées, mais le nombre substantiel d’observations donnait une puissance importante aux variables étudiées. Ces résultats, bien que confirmant souvent les connaissances empiriques des cliniciens, aura pu aider à mieux appréhender l’épidémie du VIH en Guadeloupe.
With an accumulated incidence rate of 56 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, Guadeloupe is the second French region most affected by HIV. Most of the publications on HIV/AIDS were essentially descriptive, stemming from annual reports. The Guadeloupean Hospital Database on HIV was scarcely exploited for research. The objective of this work was to estimate the fundamental aspects of HIV/AIDS in Guadeloupe. So late presentation for care, delay between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation, follow-up interruption, incidence of depression, opportunistic infections and deaths were studied as well as their predictive factors. We were able to highlight the following points: first, the very late HIV diagnosis (CD4< 200 / mm3) concerned 40, 12 % of HIV- infected adults followed in Guadeloupe. 36 % of patients had delays between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation. However, more than 22 % of patients were permanently lost to follow-up and never seen again. The first three classifying affections were oesophageal candidiasis, HIV-wasting syndrome and pneumocystosis. The causes of deaths reported in the literature were similar to those observed in our study. AIDS-related infections were the first cause of deaths.This thesis work thus tried to generate, in one of the most HIV-affected French regions, some indicators from the French Hospital Database on HIV. This database often did not contain all the desired informations, but the important number of observations allowed to have high power for the studied variables. These results, although often confirming the clinicians' empirical knowledge, may help understand some aspects of the HIV epidemic in Guadeloupe.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0786/document

Résumé : Ce travail analyse le dancehall, dernière forme en date de la musique jamaïcaine, à travers les questions de violence et de sexualité. Cette musique rencontre des difficultés sur le plan local et international non seulement à cause des thématiques abordées mais aussi par la manière dont elles sont traitées. Ainsi, le traitement de la violence à travers le gun talk, ces textes faisant l’apologie des armes à feu, entraîne des critiques, on leur reproche d’être des incitations à la violence physique, psychologique, au désordre social et on juge leur influence négative. Par ailleurs, l’approche très explicite et très crue de la sexualité entraîne également des critiques du fait de la teneur misogyne et homophobe de certaines chansons.Par conséquent, cette étude du dancehall explique les raisons pour lesquelles le contexte particulier de la Jamaïque a conduit à ce genre de propos. Puis, elle démontre que les textes incriminés pour homophobie ou misogynie renferment une codification de la sexualité qui va au-delà de l’orientation sexuelle et de l’opposition hétérosexualité/homosexualité, pour ériger un modèle valorisant et valorisé en termes de pratiques sexuelles (le coït pénis/vagin). Pour répondre à ces questions, cette analyse s’appuie sur une série d’outils offrant une vision cohérente de cette musique : les travaux précédents sur le dancehall, les traductions d’un large éventail de chansons, l’utilisation de l’Internet qui permet de suivre les derniers déroulements de ce phénomène culturel en constante évolution et enfin les entretiens et les enquêtes menés sur le terrain.
Completely different to play a part in the social unrest that this country is facing. The second part of the thesis focuses on the issues of violence and sexuality in dancehall music. It shows how politics and religion have a strong influence on the population and offer some legitimacy to the lyrics which lead to the controversies surrounding dancehall music. On the one hand, religion is the cornerstone of this society (although Jamaicans have integrated some principles and do not pay much attention to others) and determines what should be endorsed or rejected. On the other hand, the politicians apply some sort of physical and psychological violence to maintain their leading position. In addition, these politicians rely on the contempt for homosexuality to create cohesion within a society that is deeply characterized by divisions and tensions of all kinds. In the Jamaican context that is deeply influenced by patriarchal values, the individuals of the lower social strata (especially males) who experience difficulties to obtain a valorizing social status can turn to violence and criminal activities, and will hang to heterosexuality and “moral” sexual practices as vehicles to restored self-esteem (this vision of sexuality is one of the only valorizing aspects of masculinity that any individual can rely on regardless of their social status). Consequently, these sexual archetypes are expressed through the lyrics of dancehall music and are promoted by the artists of dancehall, self-proclaimed spokesperson for the Jamaican population. The third part addresses the issue of the perception of dancehall music on the international level through the issue of sexuality and homosexuality. This part shows that even though the language used by the artists can be hardly understood, some lyrics leave the listeners with different way of interpreting the message, especially when it comes to threatening some people physically or psychologically on the ground of sexual orientations and practices. These songs which express strong criticism towards some individuals have triggered vehement reactions from sexual minority groups. Different campaigns on the international level have forced the artists to tone down their lyrics. These campaigns show how the music is also utilized by these gay groups to fight against discrimination. Because of or thanks to the media attention that Jamaican music enjoys, the homosexuals are able to expose to the public opinion the physical and psychological violence they are experiencing in Jamaica. In addition, the close geographic, cultural and economic relationship between Jamaica and the USA shows, on the one hand, how homosexuality is perceived on the island as an imposed foreign value and on the other hand, how this Caribbean country is labeled as a homophobic nation. And finally, the influence of Jamaica on the international level allows us to analyze dancehall music in the French Caribbean islands. This chapter shows how these local artists can use the Jamaican codes and adapt them to their own reality when they correspond with the values of their own society.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0728/document

Éditeur(s) : Paris : Librairies associez
Résumé : Cachet de la bibliothèque de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Bordeaux. Recueil de textes règlementaires publiés entre 1664 et 1738 concernant notamment la Traite, l'esclavage, les engagés. Le recueil contient notamment une édition de 1685 du Code noir (p. 81).
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 17
Provenance : Ville de Bordeaux. Bibliothèque municipale
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/BBX19002
BBX19002

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
‘Biological identity’ is the result of interactions between the environment and the genome. These interactions, however, were not taught before 2001. In the French syllabus for 16-year-old students, two of the five sections on genetics deal with biological identity. We analysed the texts and images of the chapters relating to these two sections in the three most commonly used textbooks. The results showed that, using strategies specific to each textbook, all focused predominantly on the genetic determination of the phenotype, and on the idea of the ‘genetic code’. We then analysed the conceptions of 35 trainee Biology teachers, using their answers to a questionnaire. For most of them, psychological identity does not illustrate the notion of biological identity: the Cartesian dualism of body/ soul is very influential. The analysis of the trainee teachers' conceptions showed their poor understanding of genome/ environment interactions and of the process of epigenesis. Fortunately, since 2001, in France genome/ environment interactions have been introduced into the new Biology syllabus.
ISSN: 0021-9266

hal-01537729
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01537729
DOI : 10.1080/00219266.2003.9655857