Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les îles de la Caraïbe orientale sont particulièrement exposées aux éruptions volcaniques. L’ensemble des Petites Antilles comprend en effet une vingtaine de volcans actifs, aux styles éruptifs parmi les plus dangereux et destructeurs. La définition de facteurs de vulnérabilité autorise des comparaisons et un classement des îles en fonction de leur niveau d’exposition. Cette approche permet d’attirer l’attention sur la nécessité d’une gestion proactive des risques volcaniques en contexte insulaire.
The Eastern Caribbean islands are particularly exposed to volcanic eruptions. The Lesser Antilles arc indeed includes a score of active volcanoes, whose eruptive styles are among the most dangerous and destructive. The definition of vulnerability factors leads to some comparisons and a classification of the islands according to their level of exposure. This approach draws the attention to the imperative need for a proactive management of the volcanic risks in this insular context.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.316
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/316

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Publisher : Paris : Baillière [1980-. Latest Publisher : Paris : Elsevier
Résumé : National audience
Pneumocystis jiroveci (anciennement P. carinii) est un champignon opportuniste responsable de pneumopathies chez les patients immunodéprimés. Les pneumocystoses des patients non infectés par le VIH se distinguent des pneumocystoses du sida par des difficultés diagnostiques accrues, et un pronostic plus sombre. Il est donc indispensable de cibler les immunodépressions les plus à risque, qui bénéficieront d’un traitement par triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole à faible dose au long cours, très efficace en prophylaxie des pneumocystoses : ainsi, les vascularites des moyens et petits vaisseaux, les hémopathies lymphoïdes B (leucémie lymphoïde chronique ou aiguë, lymphome malin non hodgkinien) et les cancers solides sous corticothérapie prolongée doivent faire envisager cette prophylaxie. À l’inverse, la généralisation de la prophylaxie à l’ensemble des patients porteurs de pathologies inflammatoires sous corticothérapie n’est pas justifiée. La prise en charge des pneumocystoses des patients non infectés par le VIH suit les principes établis pour les pneumocystoses du sida. Le diagnostic de certitude repose sur la mise en évidence de kystes de P. jiroveci sur des prélèvements respiratoires, tandis que la PCR ne permet pas formellement, en 2015, de différencier colonisation et infection. Le traitement repose sur le triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole à fortes doses. Par contre, l’intérêt de la corticothérapie adjuvante pour les patients hypoxémiques, parfaitement documenté au cours du sida, est discuté pour les autres immunodépressions, d’autant que les patients sont en général déjà sous corticoïdes au moment du diagnostic de pneumocystose. Celle-ci est cependant préconisée par plusieurs experts et sociétés savantes, compte tenu du bénéfice démontré sur la morbi-mortalité au cours du sida. Abstract Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P. carinii) is an opportunistic fungus responsible for pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystosis in non-HIV-infected patients differs from AIDS-associated pneumocystosis in mostly two aspects: diagnosis is more difficult, and prognosis is worse. Hence, efforts should be made to target immunocompromised patients at higher risk of pneumocystosis, so that they are prescribed long-term, low-dose, trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole, highly effective for pneumocystosis prophylaxis. Patients at highest risk include those with medium and small vessels vasculitis, lymphoproliferative B disorders (chronic or acute lymphocytic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and solid cancer on long-term corticosteroids. Conversely, widespread use of prophylaxis in all patients carrier of inflammatory diseases on long-term corticosteroids is not warranted. The management of pneumocystosis in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients follows the rules established for AIDS patients. The diagnosis relies on the detection of P. jiroveci cyst on respiratory samples, while PCR does not reliably discriminate infection from colonization, in 2015. High-doses trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is, by far, the treatment of choice. The benefit of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for hypoxic patients, well documented in AIDS patients, has a much lower level of evidence in non-HIV-infected patients, most of them being already on corticosteroid by the time of pneumocystosis diagnosis anyway. However, based on its striking impact on morbi-mortality in AIDS patients, adjuvant corticosteroid is recommended in hypoxic, non-HIV-infected patients with pneumocystosis by many experts and scientific societies
ISSN: 0248-8663

hal-01237080
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237080
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237080/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237080/file/Pneumocystose%20chez%20les%20patients%20immunod%C3%A9prim%C3%A9s%20non%20infect%C3%A9s%20par%20le%20VIH.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.10.002

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Clin Microbiol Infect ABSTRACT: Atypical Toxoplasma gondii strains, unrelated to archetypal clonal lineages (I, II, III), have been reported more frequently over the last decade in areas other than Europe and North America. A newly described form of toxoplasmosis, 'Amazonian toxoplasmosis' (AT), has been reported since 2002 in French Guiana. It is characterized by severe cases and atypical strains linked to a neotropical forest-based cycle. We report on the cases of AT that required intensive care management. We performed a prospective observational study on hospitalized adults in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from 2002 to 2008. Clinical and laboratory data, microbiological findings and outcomes were recorded. Data, including the ICU simplified acute physiology score and the pneumonia severity index, were calculated. Epidemiological risk factors for AT were assessed through questionnaires. Eleven non-immunodeficient patients were admitted to the ICU in Cayenne for life-threatening pneumonia associated with disseminated toxoplasmosis. Mechanical ventilation was necessary in seven patients, four of whom required immediate orotracheal intubation. Cardiac and ophthalmological abnormalities were found in five and four patients, respectively. One patient died from multiple organ failure. The genetic characterization of Toxoplasma DNA using six microsatellite markers revealed unique and atypical genotypes in eight patients. All patients presented epidemiological risk factors for AT. In French Guiana, significant T. gondii-related infectious syndrome associated with the lungs, a high level of LDH activity and the reported risk factors for AT was strongly suggestive of disseminated toxoplasmosis with a possible trend toward life-threatening pneumonia.
ISSN: 1198-743X

hal-00678752
https://hal-unilim.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678752
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03648.x
PUBMED : 21958195

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the chronic respiratory disease with the most important burden on public health in terms of morbidity, mortality and health costs. For patients, COPD is a major source of disability because of dyspnea, restriction in daily activities, exacerbation, risk of chronic respiratory failure and extra-respiratory systemic organ disorders. The previous French Language Respiratory Society (SPLF) guidelines on COPD exacerbations were published in 2003. Using the GRADE methodology, the present document reviews the current knowledge on COPD exacerbation through 4 specific outlines: (1) epidemiology, (2) clinical evaluation, (3) therapeutic management and (4) prevention. Specific aspects of outpatients and inpatients care are discussed, especially regarding assessment of exacerbation severity and pharmacological approach.
Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires

hal-01560287
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560287
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.03.034
PUBMED : 28552256

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : Two recurring syndromes threaten the viability of the shrimp industry in New Caledonia, which represents the second largest export business. The "Syndrome 93" is a cold season disease due to Vibrio penaeicida affecting all shrimp farms, while the "Summer Syndrome" is a geographically restricted vibriosis caused by a virulent lineage of Vibrio nigripulchritudo. Microbiological procedures for diagnosis of these diseases are time-consuming and do not have the ability to discriminate the range of virulence potentials of V. nigripulchritudo. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR method to simultaneously detect these two bacterial species and allow for pathotype discrimination. The detection limits of this assay, that includes an internal amplification control to eliminate any false-negative results, were determined at 10 pg purified DNA and 200 cfu/ml. After confirming the effectiveness of our method using experimentally infected animals, its accuracy was compared to standard biochemical methods during a field survey using 94 samples collected over 3 years from shrimp farms encountering mortality events. The multiplex PCR showed very high specificity for the detection of V. penaeicida and V. nigripulchritudo (inclusivity and exclusivity 100%) and allowed us to detect the spreading of highly pathogenic isolates of V. nigripulchritudo to a farm adjoining the "Summer Syndrome area." This assay represents a simple, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for implementing timely risk management decisions but also understanding the seasonal and geographical distribution of these pathogens.
Microbial Ecology (0095-3628) (Springer), 2012-01 , Vol. 63 , N. 1 , P. 127-138

Droits : Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00063/17398/15169.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00248-011-9951-3
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00063/17398/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Mutations in the telomerase complex (TERT and TR) are associated with pulmonary fibrosis and frequent hematologic manifestations. The aim of this study was to characterize the prognosis of lung transplantation in patients with TERT or TR mutations. METHODS: Patients with documented TERT or TR mutations who received a lung transplant between 2007 and 2013 in France were identified via an exhaustive search of the lung transplantation network, one expert genetic laboratory, and the clinical research network on rare pulmonary diseases. RESULTS: There were 9 patients (7 men) with TERT (n = 6) or TR (n = 3) mutations who received a single (n = 8) or a double (n = 1) lung transplant for pulmonary fibrosis. Median age was 50 years (range, 35-61 years) at diagnosis and 52 years (range, 37-62 years) at the time of lung transplantation. Thrombocytopenia was present in 7 patients before lung transplantation. After lung transplantation, 6 patients developed myelodysplasia and/or bone marrow failure, directly contributing to death in 4 cases. Anemia was observed in 9 patients, and neutropenia was observed in 3 patients. The median survival after lung transplantation was 214 days (range, 59-1,709 days). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with mutations of the telomerase complex are at high risk of severe hematologic complications after lung transplantation, in particular, bone marrow failure. Specific recommendations should be developed for appropriate guidance regarding hematologic risk assessment before transplantation and management of the post-transplantation immunosuppressive regimen.
ISSN: 1053-2498

hal-01146848
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01146848
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01146848/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01146848/file/Severe%20hematological%20complications%20after%20lung%20transplantation_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.healun.2014.11.010

Éditeur(s) : Communication, ICES Conference and Meeting (CM), 2010, Nantes
Résumé : Chlordecone is a very persistent insecticide used in banana plantations of the French West Indies between 1972 and 1993. Chlordecone residues were found in inland water, in agricultural and freshwater products, and in marine organisms. This pollution has become of great concern in 2007. Therefore, a governmental action Plan was launched to better assess the pollution and to improve the consumer’s protection. Within this plan, 1048 samples from 69 different species of marine fishes and crustaceans were collected all around both the Guadeloupe and the Martinique Islands and analyzed. The results confirm the presence of chlordecone in marine organisms, with highly variable concentrations (from the detection limit to 1000 μg.kg-1). In 17.9 % of the samples, concentrations exceeded 20 μg.kg-1, the maximum acceptable level in fish according to the French regulation (Anon, 2008). Two main features of this contamination were characterized. 1) Because of the sedimentation of contaminated suspended soil particles, the sheltered bays are more exposed to chlordecone than the open coast where terrigenous flux are dispersed. 2) Species biology, particularly their lifestyle and diet, appear to influence contamination levels. Thus, the more contaminated species live in relation with sediment or are at high trophic level. These results have directly supported political decisions in order to prevent too high exposure of consumers to chlordecone. Fishing activities in sheltered bays have been forbidden for potentially highly contaminated species like benthic crustaceans and top predators. Further studies are under way to assess the importance of the trophic transport of chlordecone within the foodweb, and to evaluate the historical deposition of this insecticide in sediment and its further bioavailability.

Droits : 2010 ICES/CIEM ; Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00014/12511/9361.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00014/12511/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
PURPOSE: Multiple myeloma, a hematological malignancy generally affecting elderly people, was diagnosed at the beginning of the pregnancy of a 33-year-old woman. We carried out a literature review in order to evaluate the consequences of this cancer on pregnancy and of pregnancy on multiple myeloma, as to determine the specific follow-up required. METHODS: A systematic search for articles of interest published between 1949 and 16 November 2010 was performed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and EMBASE, using the words "multiple myeloma" and "pregnancy". We identified 398 publications of potential interest, 20 of which were selected and included in the analysis. RESULTS: The selected articles included 26 cases. No specific risk factors were identified in pregnant women. The most common presentations were bone pain and/or anemia, as in the general population. Pregnancy seemed to have no effect on multiple myeloma progression. Most pregnancies went to term, with only two medical terminations and six cesareans performed before term, due to the severity of the cancer. No effect of the cancer or its treatment by chemotherapy during pregnancy was found in the children. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy does not seem to be contraindicated in women with multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, the management of pregnant patients with multiple myeloma is a diagnostic, therapeutic and social challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary approach and regular follow-up. Decisions should be taken based on the severity of the disease, its prognosis and maternal choice.
ISSN: 0932-0067

hal-00682571
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682571
DOI : 10.1007/s00404-011-1985-8
PUBMED : 21786002

Résumé : This paper aims to establish a comprehensive Iist of exotic species introduced into Atlantic French waters over the last century as well as their origin, and the vectors involved in the process. At least 104 non indigenous species have been recorded in the Atlantic and Channel coastal wa• ters. Among those species, only a few (Bonamia ostreae, Crepidula fornicata) have resulted in highly significant negative impacts and side-effects on the coastal activity. In contrast, the introduction of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas can be considered to be successful, sustaining a large industry counting more than 4,000 companies and 150,000 tons of yearly production. Over the last decade, French and European laws have strenghtened the controls over exotic species introductions, limiting their impacts. These new regulations and increased awareness from the scientific community with regard to coastal industry and biodiversity have reduced significantly the cases of deliberate introduction, while the risk analysis requirement has improved the overall management. However, in spite of these improvements, cases remain significant, mostly by accidental and/or increased vectors of introduction such as the ballast waters and sediment. Moreover, global changes should now be considered as a major issue, Iikely inducing future geographic distribution changes over a large European coastal range. Understanding the invasion population dynamics for exotic species remains a challenging research issue currently addressed by the French INVABIO multidisciplinary program.
Invasive aquatic species of Europe. Distribution, impacts and management. E. Leppäkoski, S. Gollasch & S. Olernin (eds).

Droits : 2002 Kluwer Academie Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
https://w3.ifremer.fr/archimer/doc/00000/3100/

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life-history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.
Fish And Fisheries (1467-2960) (Wiley-blackwell), 2014-03 , Vol. 15 , N. 1 , P. 65-96

Droits : 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23522/21409.pdf
DOI:10.1111/faf.12007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23522/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The identification and economic valuation of ecosystem services (ES) are becoming important components of coral reef management. In many contexts, protection of human assets against coastal floods is one of the most important ES provided by coral reefs. The methods utilized to characterize this ES should be able to accommodate situations with low data availability, without sacrificing robustness. In this paper, we suggest such an approach that utilizes expert opinion and does not require copious amounts of data. Our primary objective is to find a balance between simple and complex models that can be used in a data scarce environment, to produce an economic valuation of the coral reef ES of protection against coastal floods. The approach has three steps: (i) identify geographic zones and assets at risk, (ii) identify the contributing role of coral reefs in the protection of coasts and, (iii) value the annual repair costs of assets through the avoided damage cost approach. The proposed method seems appropriate for advocacy with policy makers, but appears to be less effective for small scale approaches, such as those required for Payment for ES negotiations or marine spatial planning.
Ecosystem Services

hal-01359394
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359394
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.005

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Sur la terre ferme, la sécurité est devenue un thème récurrent de la vie politique, des imaginaires voire de la réalité. Dans le monde de la croisière au contraire, la communication vend un univers idyllique. Or la réalité de la vie à bord du navire n’est pas faite que de bonheur, et les armateurs, les voyagistes, les équipages et les autorités administratives anticipent des situations qui mettent en péril les passagers. La gestion des épidémies ne se limite pas à la grippe H1N1, moment exceptionnel qui cache la réalité fréquente des épidémies de gastro-entérite. Le quotidien sécuritaire est aussi constitué par les risques plus traditionnels : le feu et le naufrage. La croisière également s’accompagne de viols et violences sur des croisiéristes, voire de disparitions de passagers. Ces trois dangers de la croisière font l’objet de mesures de santé publique, de définition de normes de sécurité internationales depuis 1914, et de mesures législatives récentes, puisque le dernier texte a été promulgué par le président Obama en juillet 2010. L’Europe montre un retard important dans l’organisation de cette politique, gage de développement de l’industrie de la croisière.
On land, security has become a recurring theme in the political life of the imagination or reality. In the world of cruising the contrary, communication sells idyllic world. The reality of life on the ship is not made that happiness, and shipowners, operators, crews and administrative authorities anticipate situations that endanger passengers. Outbreak management is not limited to the H1N1 exceptional moment that hides the reality of frequent outbreaks of gastroenteritis. The daily safe is also constituted by the more traditional risks: fire and sinking. The cruise also accompanied by rape and violence on cruise or disappearances of passengers. These three dangers of the cruise are the subject of public health measures, definition of international safety standards since 1914, and recent legislation, since the final text was issued by President Obama in July 2010. Europe shows a significant delay in the organization of the political guarantee for the development of the cruise industry.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5220
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5220

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Presses université de Laval
Résumé : International audience
This article aims to specify the challenges related to adapting the Disability Creation Process (DCP) model to the experience of chronic disease, specifically Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this perspective, a conceptual clarification is proposed because the DCP is mainly used to study populations in situations of disability due to motor, sensory, mental or behavioral disabilities. However, this model seems to be able to adequately read the specific experience of HIV, and help to understand differently life trajec-tories of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Indeed, HIV infection, despite its status as a "chronic disease", continues to contribute to the risk of social isolation. Body modifications induced by the disease or its treatment has an impact on how others view PLHIV. They expose the visibility of HIV status and, ultimately, the fear of social exclusion. In this respect, the analysis of the DCP may allow us to understand the varia-tions in the quality of social participation and identify the phases of vulnerability by focusing on body image in particular induced by the infection or treatments. This approach provides the opportunity for new insight into the influence of social environments (particularly health management or community support) with re-gards to the lifestyle and the daily experiences of socially disadvantaged people.
Cet article tente de spécifier les enjeux d’une adaptation du modèle du Processus de production du handicap (PPH) au vécu de la maladie chronique, et plus spécifiquement du virus de l’immunodéfi-cience humaine (VIH). Dans cette perspective, un éclaircissement conceptuel est proposé, car le PPH a principalement été utilisé pour étudier les populations vivant des situations de handicap liées à des incapa-cités motrices, sensorielles, intellectuelles ou comportementales. Ce modèle semble toutefois en mesure de renouveler la lecture de l’expérience spécifique du VIH, et d’aider à saisir autrement les trajectoires de vie des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH). En effet, l’infection au VIH, malgré son statut de « maladie chronique », demeure associée à un risque d’isolement social. Les modifications corporelles induites par la maladie ou par son traitement confronte les PVVIH au regard de l’autre. Elles exposent à la visibilité du statut sérologique et, in fine, à la peur de l’exclusion sociale. Dans ce cadre, l’analyse du Processus de production du handicap peut permettre de comprendre les variations de la qualité de la participation sociale et d’identifier les phases de vulnérabilité en s’intéressant notamment au rapport au corps induit par l’infection et les traitements. Cette approche offre l’opportunité d’un nouvel éclairage sur le poids des envi-ronnements sociaux (notamment des dispositifs de prises en charge sanitaire ou d’accompagnement communautaire) sur les habitudes de vie et l’expérience quotidienne d’un public fragilisé socialement.
ISSN: 1499-5549

hal-01681423
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681423

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background & Aims: The severity of liver diseases is exacerbated by the death of hepatocytes, which can be induced by the sensing of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from the gut microbiota. The molecular mechanisms regulating these cell death pathways are poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the role of the receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), a protein known to regulate cell fate decisions, in the death of hepatocytes using two in vivo models of PAMP-induced hepatitis. Methods: Hepatitis was induced in mice by independent injections of two different bacterial PAMPs: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-DNA) motifs. The role of RIPK1 was evaluated by using mice specifically lacking RIPK1 in liver parenchymal cells (Ripk1(LPC-KO)). Administration of liposome-encapsulated clodronate served to investigate the role of Kupffer cells in the establishment of the disease. Etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-decoy receptor, was used to study the contribution of TNF-alpha during LPS-mediated liver injury. Results: Whereas RIPK1 deficiency in liver parenchymal cells did not trigger basal hepatolysis, it greatly sensitized hepatocytes to apoptosis and liver damage following a single injection of LPS or CpG-DNA. Importantly, hepatocyte death was prevented by previous macrophage depletion or by TNF inhibition. Conclusions: Our data highlight the pivotal function of RIPK1 in maintaining liver homeostasis in conditions of macrophage-induced TNF burst in response to PAMPs sensing. Lay summary: Excessive death of hepatocytes is a characteristic of liver injury. A new programmed cell death pathway has been described involving upstream death ligands such as TNF and downstream kinases such as RIPK1. Here, we show that in the presence of LPS liver induced hepatic injury was due to secretion of TNF by liver macrophages, and that RIPK1 acts as a powerful protector of hepatocyte death. This newly identified pathway in the liver may be helpful in the management of patients to predict their risk of developing acute liver failure. (C) 2017 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0168-8278

hal-01532060
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532060
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.005
PUBMED : 28088582

Résumé : This report makes the synthesis of the works and the results acquired thanks to the development of the project Pace-Net (2010-2013) registered in the 7th framework program of the European Commission aiming to create a scientific and technological network between Europe and the Pacific in front of main common stakes. These concern the biodiversity and the environmental management, the climate change, the energy, the water, the agriculture and the forest, the natural risks, the fisheries and aquaculture and the trans-cutting approaches
Ce rapport effectue la synthèse des travaux et des résultats acquis à la faveur du développement du projet Pace-Net (2010-2013) inscrit dans le 7 ème programme cadre de la Commission Européenne et visant à faire naître un réseau scientifique et technologique entre l'Europe et le Pacifique face aux grands enjeux posés. Ceux-ci concernent la biodiversité et la gestion environnementale, le changement climatique, l’énergie, l’eau, l’agriculture et la forêt, les risques naturels, la pêche et de l’aquaculture et les approches intégratrices.

Droits : Pace-Net Network - All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31488/29898.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31488/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
Human leishmaniasis are widely spread diseases with different clinical forms caused by about 20 species within the Leishmania genus. Leishmania species identification is relevant for therapeutic management and prognosis, especially for cutaneous and muco-cutaneous forms. Several methods are available to identify Leishmania species from culture, but they have not been standardized for the majority of the currently described species, with the exception of MultiLocus Enzyme Electrophoresis. Moreover, these techniques are expensive, time-consuming and not available in all laboratories. Within the last decade, mass spectrometry (MS) has been adapted for microorganism identification, including Leishmania However, no commercial reference mass spectral database is available. In this study, a reference mass spectral library (MSL) for Leishmania isolates, accessible through a free web-based application (mass spectral identification, MSI), was constructed and tested. It includes mass spectral data for 33 different Leishmania species, including species that infect humans, animals and phlebotomine vectors. Four laboratories on two continents evaluated MSI performance using 268 samples of which 231 were Leishmania strains. All Leishmania strains, but one, were correctly identified at least at the complex level. A risk of species misidentification within the L. donovani, L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis complexes was observed, as already reported with other techniques. The tested application was reliable, with identification results comparable to those obtained with reference methods, but with a more favorable cost-efficiency ratio. This free online identification system relies on a scalable database and can be implemented directly in the user's computers.
ISSN: 0095-1137

hal-01571305
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01571305
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00845-17
PUBMED : 28724559

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Investigative Pathology
Résumé : International audience
Recent studies suggest that psoriasis may be more severe in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, particularly in those with the inflammatory stage of steatohepatitis [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]. Herein, we investigated the impact of diet-induced steatohepatitis on the severity of imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis. Mice fed with a high-fat diet developed steatohepatitis reminiscent of human NASH with ballooning hepatocytes and significant liver fibrosis. Mice with steatohepatitis also displayed moderate cutaneous inflammation characterized by erythema, dermalinfiltrates of CD45(+) leukocytes, and a local production of IL-17A. Moreover, steatohepatitis was associated with an epidermal activation of caspase-1 and cutaneous overexpression of IL-1 beta. Imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis was exacerbated in mice with steatohepatitis as compared to animals fed with a standard diet. Scale formation and acanthosis were aggravated, in correlation with increased IL-17A and IL-22 expression in inflamed skins. Finally, intradermal injection of IL-17A in standard diet-fed mice recapitulated the cutaneous pathology of mice with steatohepatitis. The results show that high-fat diet induced steatohepatitis aggravates the inflammation in psoriasiform dermatitis, via the cutaneous production of IL-17A. In agreement with clinical data, this description of a novel extrahepatic manifestation of NASH should sensitize dermatologists to the screening and the management of fatty liver in psoriatic patients.
ISSN: 0002-9440

hal-01390977
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390977
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.012
PUBMED : 27423696

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Medical Association (AMA)
Résumé : International audience
IMPORTANCE Although frequently used in treating intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis, empirical antifungal therapy, initiated for suspected fungal infection, has not been shown to improve outcome. OBJECTIVE To determine whether empirical micafungin reduces invasive fungal infection (IFI)-free survival at day 28. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study of 260 nonneutropenic, nontransplanted, critically ill patients with ICU-acquired sepsis, multiple Candida colonization, multiple organ failure, exposed to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, and enrolled between July 2012 and February 2015 in 19 French ICUs. INTERVENTIONS Empirical treatment with micafungin (100mg, once daily, for 14 days) (n = 131) vs placebo (n = 129). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end pointwas survival without proven IFI 28 days after randomization. Key secondary end points included new proven fungal infections, survival at day 28 and day 90, organ failure, serum (1-3)-beta-D-glucan level evolution, and incidence of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. RESULTS Among 260 patients (mean age 63 years; 91 [35%] women), 251 (128, micafungin group; 123, placebo group) were included in the modified intent-to-treat analysis. Median values were 8 for Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, 3 for number of Candida-colonized sites, and 99 pg/mL for level of (1-3)-beta-D-glucan. On day 28, there were 82 (68%) patients in the micafungin group vs 79 (60.2%) in the placebo group who were alive and IFI free (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35 [95% CI, 0.87-2.08]). Results were similar among patients with a (1-3)-beta-D-glucan level of greater than 80 pg/mL (n = 175; HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 0.85-2.33]). Day-28 IFI-free survival in patients with a high SOFA score (> 8) was not significantly different when compared between the micafungin vs placebo groups (HR, 1.69 [95% CI, 0.96-2.94]). Use of empirical micafungin decreased the rate of new invasive fungal infection in 4 of 128 patients (3%) in the micafungin group vs placebo (15/123 patients [12%]) (P =.008). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among nonneutropenic critically ill patients with ICU-acquired sepsis, Candida species colonization at multiple sites, and multiple organ failure, empirical treatment with micafungin, compared with placebo, did not increase fungal infection-free survival at day 28.
ISSN: 0098-7484

hal-01405822
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01405822
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2016.14655
PUBMED : 27706483

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A better understanding of the key ecological processes of marine organisms is fundamental to improving design and effective implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) and marine biodiversity. The movement behavior of coral reef fish is a complex mechanism that is highly linked to species life-history traits, predation risk and food resources. We used passive acoustic telemetry to study monthly, daily and hourly movement patterns and space use in two species, Schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus) and Stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride). We investigated the spatial overlap between the two species and compared intra-specific spatial overlap between day and night. Presence-absence models showed different diel presence and habitat use patterns between the two species. We constructed a spatial network of the movement patterns, which showed that for both species when fish were detected by the array of receivers most movements were made around the coral reef habitat while occasionally moving to silt habitats. Our results show that most individuals made predictable daily crepuscular migrations between different locations and habitat types, although individual behavioral changes were observed for some individuals across time. Our study also highlights the necessity to consider multiple species during MPA implementation and to take into account the specific biological and ecological traits of each species. The low number of fish detected within the receiver array, as well as the intraspecific variability observed in this study, highlight the need to compare results across species and individuals to be used for MPA management.
ISSN: 0141-1136

hal-01169390
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01169390
DOI : 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The development of transport infrastructures lead to increase the exposure of population to high noise levels. The objective of this work is to define an indicator representative of the health risk induced by noise pollution in urban environment and adapted to the geographical resolution of IRIS. The methodology for the definition of the indicator considers in a first part the health aspect with the health data for the following effects: annoyance, sleep disturbance and cardiovascular diseases. Then, in a second part, methodology considers some effects related to the urban context since the configuration of urban space can change the exposure of population to noise and the perception of noise. The work is achieved with a GIS software and the input acoustical data comes from noise maps calculated for the END. The indicator seems to be relevant and interesting as it brings health information.
InterNoise 2010 Noise and Sustainability
Lisbonne, Portugal

halshs-00664636
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00664636