Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD De Gruyter
Résumé : COST Action E35 : Fracture mechanics and micromechanics of wood and wood composites with regard to wood machining
The data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permits to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes ( milling, sawing, peeling, etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimise cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size tool-machines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: ( 1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation ( batch approach), and ( 2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control system for the machining processes ( interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With a focus on potential industrial applications, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Although not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technological knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process.
ISSN: 0018-3830

hal-01032121
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032121
DOI : 10.1515/HF.2009.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
Coastlines and islands are particularly affected by the development of tourism worldwide. Between "desired costal" and "fantasy Islands", these coveted spaces, with both their tangible and intangible dimensions, are opening to tourism. Attracted by the economic opportunities they so desperately need, and more or less aware of their comparative advantages and limitations, they deliver the most vulnerable preserved resources, the most vulnerable, which are the subject of complex relationships and issues.
Les littoraux et les îles sont des espaces particulièrement prisés par le développement du tourisme à travers le monde. Entre « désir de rivages » et « île fantasmée », ces espaces convoités, tant pour leurs dimensions tangibles qu’intangibles, s’ouvrent au tourisme. Séduits par les opportunités économiques dont ils ont tant besoin, plus ou moins conscients de leur avantage comparatif et de leurs limites, ils livrent des ressources préservées, des plus vulnérables, autour desquelles se construisent de complexes relations et enjeux.
ISSN: 1779-0980

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01368499
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01368499
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01368499/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01368499/file/le-tourisme-dans-les-environnements-littoraux-et-insulaires-permanences-limites-et-perspectives%20%282%29.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les îles sont devenues les principaux marchés mondiaux pour le tourisme balnéaire en profitant de leur richesse naturelle et culturelle. Dans le même temps, les îles sont des territoires fragiles avec des ressources limitées, raison pour laquelle un développement durable de l’activité touristique est une nécessité. L'étude de la consommation des ressources naturelles par le tourisme est une étape essentielle pour détecter les menaces que cette activité cause à l'environnement et donc la mise en œuvre de mesures plus durables. Dans cet article, nous analysons la consommation des ressources naturelles dans cinq régions touristiques de Minorque. Les données ont été recueillies auprès des fournisseurs, des établissements touristiques et au travail d’enquête terrain, ainsi cela nous a permis d'estimer la consommation d'eau et d'électricité, la production et la collecte des déchets pour les études de cas. Les consommations élevées d’eau et de déchets observés indiquent la nécessité d'entreprendre des actions. D'autre part, les résultats montrent que les coûts environnementaux les plus élevés proviennent des établissements touristiques fondés sur la faible densité de ménage.
Islands have become world’s leading markets for sun and sand tourism taking advantage of their natural and cultural richness. At the same time, islands are fragile territories with limited resources, reason why a sustainable development of tourism is a necessity. The study of natural resources consumption by tourism is an essential step to detect the threats that this activity is causing to the environment and thus implement measures to go towards a more sustainable direction. In this article we analyze the natural resources consumption in five tourist areas of Menorca. Data were gathered from supplier companies, tourist establishments and through fieldwork, and allowed us to estimate water and electricity consumption, generation and collection of waste for the case studies. The high observed ratios of water consumption as well as waste generation and collection ratios indicate the need to undertake actions. The results showed the higher environmental costs of tourism settlements based on low density of household.
Espagne
Minorque

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6267
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6267

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The large majority of methods proposed in literature for handwriting recognition assume that words are produced drawing large parts of the ink without lifting the pen, other than horizontal bars and dots. This fundamental assumption, however, does not always hold: while some educational systems provide explicit training for producing continuous handwriting, minimizing the number of pen-up during the production of a word, others do not. As a consequence, whenever the handwriting presents pen-up within a word, the recognition performance can drop significantly. In a preliminary study, we presented an algorithm for discriminating among different types of ink appearing in handwriting, namely isolated characters, cursive, dots, horizontal and vertical bars, based on the use of a suitable set of features. In this paper, we have characterized the discriminative power of each considered feature according to different measures and we have proposed a method for combining the different feature rankings. We have also used the Fischer's Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for exhaustively selecting the best feature subsets with increasing number of features. Finally, we have compared the results obtained by using the feature subsets provided by LDA with those obtained with the feature subsets selected according to our feature ranking. The experimental results, on different datasets of handwritten words, showed that our approach successfully achieves its aim allowing to reduce the computational cost without affecting the overall performance of the recognition process.
17th Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society
Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe

hal-01165877
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01165877
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01165877/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01165877/file/IGS_2015_submission_13.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : IGARSS 2015, Milan, ITA, 26-/07/2015 - 31/07/2015
International audience
LiDAR remote sensing has been shown to be a good technique for the estimation of forest parameters such as canopy heights and aboveground biomass. Whilst airborne LiDAR data are in general very dense but only available over small areas due to the cost of their acquisition, spaceborne LiDAR data acquired from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) have a coarser acquisition density associated with a global cover. It is therefore valuable to analyze the integration relevance of canopy heights estimated from LiDAR sensors with ancillary data such as geological, meteorological, and phenological variables in order to propose a forest canopy height map with good precision and high spatial resolution.In this study, canopy heights extracted from both airborne and spaceborne LiDAR, were first extrapolated from available environmental data. The estimated canopy height maps using random forest (RF) regression from the airborne or GLAS calibration datasets showed similar precisions (RMSE better than 6.5 m). In order to improve the precision of the canopy height estimates regression-kriging (kriging of RF regression residuals) was used. Results indicated an improvement in the RMSE (decrease from 6.5 to 4.2 m) for the regression-kriging maps from the GLAS dataset, and from 5.8 to 1.8 m for the regression-kriging map from the airborne LiDAR dataset.
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2015 IEEE International
Milan, Italy

hal-01244677
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01244677
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01244677/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01244677/file/mt2015-pub00044297.pdf
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326729

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé :  
Cross-species analyses of plant functional traits have shed light on factors contributing to differences in performance and distribution, but to date most studies have focused on either leaves or stems. We extend these tissue-specific analyses of functional strategy towards a whole-plant approach by integrating data on functional traits for 13 448 leaves and wood tissues from 4672 trees representing 668 species of Neotropical trees. Strong correlations amongst traits previously defined as the leaf economics spectrum reflect a tradeoff between investments in productive leaves with rapid turnover vs. costly physical leaf structure with a long revenue stream. A second axis of variation, the 'stem economics spectrum', defines a similar tradeoff at the stem level: dense wood vs. high wood water content and thick bark. Most importantly, these two axes are orthogonal, suggesting that tradeoffs operate independently at the leaf and at the stem levels. By simplifying the multivariate ecological strategies of tropical trees into positions along these two spectra, our results provide a basis to improve global vegetation models predicting responses of tropical forests to global change.
Ecology Letters

hal-01032142
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032142
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01517.x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La Martinique est actuellement en proie un taux de chômage chronique élevé et une augmentation constante du coût de la nourriture et des autres produits essentiels. La catastrophe écologique s’ajoute à ce problème sociétal avec la contamination par la chlordécone d'environ un tiers de la surface de la terre et les eaux environnantes de cette île. La chlordécone est extrêmement toxique et récalcitrante, son utilisation fut interdite aux Etats-Unis dès 1979 mais elle fut utilisée continuellement jusqu'en 1993. L’agriculture alternative est un moyen pratique pour atténuer le malaise social profond résultant d’un taux de chômage chroniquement élevé et d’une dépendance totale envers les couteuses importations alimentaires de la France métropolitaine. L'un des objectifs de base de cette approche serait de ne pas utiliser de produits chimiques. La culture de certaines plantes solanacées comestibles, comme le poivron, semble être possible dans cet environnement avec l’installation de serres semi-ouvertes, dans lesquelles la lumière naturelle, les précipitations et les températures chaudes toute l'année sont abondantes. Dans cette perspective, l'empreinte carbone de telles productions réalisées en Martinique pourraient être livrées au Royaume-Uni avec une empreinte carbone sensiblement inférieure à celle de poivrons cultivés dans des serres chauffées autonomes d’Europe.
Martinique is currently beset by, among other things, chronic high unemployment rate and steadily rising cost of food and other life essentials. Overlaying this societal problem is the continuing ecological disaster of chlordecone contamination of about 1/3 of the land surface, and surrounding waters. Chlordecone is extremely toxic and recalcitrant; its use was banned in the USA in 1979, but it was used continually until 1993. Alternative agriculture is a practicable means to alleviate the deep social unrest arising from chronically high unemployment rate and near total dependency on costly food imports from metropolitan France. One of the basics aims of this approach would be the zero use of synthetic chemicals for pest-and weed-control for all crops. Cropping of certain edible Solanaceae fruits, viz, bell pepper, appears to be feasible under a semi-open greenhouse environment, in which natural sunlight, rainfall and warm year-round temperatures would be deployed maximally. The carbon footprint of this prospective Martinique produce delivered to the UK might be substantially lower than that of bell peppers grown in stand-alone heated greenhouses in mainland Europe.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6710
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6710

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Composite materials incorporating vegetable fibres have known an increasingly interest during the past few decades. These environmental friendly materials are low-cost and offer advantages such as reduction of electrical consumption by air conditioning. Moreover, the use of vegetable fibres in replacement of synthetic fibre is interesting in developing countries where the availability of tropical plants and agricultural waste is important. This paper presents an initial investigation on the use of a construction material, composed of cement and pre-treated (heat or alkaline treatments) sugar cane bagasse fibres. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of fibre content and treatment on thermal conductivity, specific heat, flexural strength and density. The addition of retified fibres reduces composites thermal conductivity and yields a weaker specific heat in comparison with composites made with alkaline fibres. From mechanical point of view, composites made with alkaline fibres have a better flexural strength than others.
12th International Inorganic-bonded Fiber Composites Conference
Aalborg, Denmark

hal-00807543
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00807543

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the chronic respiratory disease with the most important burden on public health in terms of morbidity, mortality and health costs. For patients, COPD is a major source of disability because of dyspnea, restriction in daily activities, exacerbation, risk of chronic respiratory failure and extra-respiratory systemic organ disorders. The previous French Language Respiratory Society (SPLF) guidelines on COPD exacerbations were published in 2003. Using the GRADE methodology, the present document reviews the current knowledge on COPD exacerbation through 4 specific outlines: (1) epidemiology, (2) clinical evaluation, (3) therapeutic management and (4) prevention. Specific aspects of outpatients and inpatients care are discussed, especially regarding assessment of exacerbation severity and pharmacological approach.
Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires

hal-01560287
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560287
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.03.034
PUBMED : 28552256

Éditeur(s) : Université de Montpellier II
Résumé : The sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, has been subjected to intensive aquaculture on the Mediterranean cost for ten years. Marine fish hatcheries are key factors in the aquaculture field, and face different pathologies, especially one of viral origin (nodavirus) that could challenge their feasibility. Consequently, we have tried to provide some data on larvae and spawning stocks. Firstly, we have studied the immunoglobulins, components of the specific humoral immunity, and their role as antibodies. On adult basses, these immunoglobulins are tetrameric molecules with high molecular weight (850 kD), made of heavy (H) - 80 kD and light (L) - 26 kD chains. In the eggs, simplest forms such as monomeric or dimeric are brought to the fore; they are located under the chorionic membrane. Secondly, we have studied the development of the immunity system on larvae, preparing IgM assays with ELISA method, the study on the organogenesis of the main lymphoid organs, and using flow cytometry for the ontogenesis of IgM producing cell. Based on this experience, we can propose a date for the immunocompetence onset of the bar, i.e. from the 54th day of the hatchery phase. Finally, we made the most of these different results to study a viral pathology (nodavirus) in spawners and larvae. We defined an experimental contamination model for larvae and eggs, and we highlighted that eggs born from vaccinated hen fishes were protected against the nodavirus.
Le bar, Dicentrarchus labrax, fait l'objet d'une aquaculture intensive sur le littoral Méditerranéen depuis une dizaine d'années. Les écloseries marines représentent un des maillons clefs de cette filière aquacole, et sont confrontées à différentes pathologies, dont une d'origine virale (nodavirus), pouvant remettre en cause leur faisabilité. Aussi, nous avons tenté d'apporter quelques données concernant la protection des larves et des géniteurs reproducteurs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les immunoglobulines, éléments de l'immunité spécifique humorale ainsi que leur rôle anticorps. Chez les bars adultes ces immunoglobulines sont des molécules tétramériques de haut poids moléculaire (850 kD), composées de chaînes lourdes (H) de 80 kD et légères (L) de 26 kD. Dans les oeufs, des formes plus simples, monomériques ou dimériques, sont mises en évidence et sont localisées sous la membrane chorionique. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la mise en place du système immunitaire spécifique chez les larves, en effectuant le dosage des IgM par ELISA, l'étude de l'organogenèse des principaux organes lymphoïdes, puis celle de l'ontogenèse des cellules productrices d'IgM par cytométrie de flux. L'ensemble de cette étude nous permet de proposer une date d'acquisition de l'immunocompétence à partir du 54ème jour d'élevage chez le bar. Enfin, ces différents résultats ont été mis à profit dans le cadre d'une pathologie virale (nodavirus) touchant les reproducteurs et les larves. Après avoir défini un modèle de contamination expérimental des larves et des oeufs, nous avons mis en évidence une protection des oeufs lorsque ceux-ci proviennent d'une femelle vaccinée (vaccin expérimental) contre le nodavirus.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1997/these-1265.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1265/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Coral reefs are amongst the richest and more emblematic ecosystems of the world. These hotspots of biodiversity provide many services to Human societies, bringing leisure and economic added values. In many areas, especially developing countries, these ecosystems are submitted to both climate change (rise of sea temperature and level, acidification) and human coastal pressures (urbanisation, resources exploitation). In this context, an increasing number of Marine Protected Areas is settled on coral reefs environments in order to ensure their conservation and to mitigate local pressures. Hence, one of MPAs Managers' missions is to bring ecological and social data together to build integrated indicators of effectiveness. In Reunion Island, a MPA called the Marine reserve of La Réunion was settled in 2007 along a densely urbanised and populated fringing reef coast. In order to better evaluate its MPA effectiveness, the manager requires the integration of social stakes to the management plan. A uses monitoring protocol was developed in this purpose using an ultra light aircraft and a camera. Data on 15 different recreational and non-recreational uses were acquired between 2010 and 2013, flying 48 times a year, and entered into a Geographic Information System. A huge resulting database allowed the building of an initial knowledge of the spatio-temporal distribution of uses within the Reserve. It also enabled the analysis of the uses' evolution regarding various factors of variations (amenities, facilities, shark attacks, tourism, etc.). Finally, we assessed the contribution to management efficiency using social indicators (governance, pressure indicators), and to interdisciplinary research in bringing ecologic and uses data together. This thesis brings a brand new information about coastal human activity and spatio-temporal dynamics of direct pressures on reef. This tool, designed to be reproducible and cost-optimized, enables the production of a set of indicators. Its integration to the management plan exclusively depends on the strategic choices of the manager.
Les récifs coralliens figurent parmi les biomes côtiers les plus emblématiques de la planète. Ces points chauds de la biodiversité mondiale sont convoités par les sociétés humaines pour leurs qualités paysagères et leur plus-value économique. Exposés au même titre que de nombreux écosystèmes côtiers aux changements climatiques (élévation de la température, acidification des océans), ils sont de toutes parts soumis à une anthropisation littorale mal maitrisée (urbanisation, surexploitation des ressources). Dans ce contexte, de plus en plus d' Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) s'établissent sur des écosystèmes anthropisés, les amenant à intégrer l'Homme au coeur de la gestion. À La Réunion où l'urbanisation littorale est dense et où le paysage des usages littoraux ne cesse de s’étoffer, une Réserve Naturelle Marine (RNMR) a été établie en 2007 sur un récif frangeant. L’évaluation de l’efficacité de cette AMP par son gestionnaire doit se faire par le biais d'un ensemble d'indicateurs écologiques et socio-économiques. C’est en vue d’apporter des connaissances sur la fréquentation et les usages pratiqués au sein de la RNMR que cette thèse a été initiée. Elaboré sur la base d'un suivi en ULM, un protocole a été reproduit chaque année entre 2010 et 2013 et a permis la constitution d'une base de données spatialisée, dont l'exploitation a produit trois types de résultats: i) une connaissance initiale de la répartition spatio-temporelle des usages au sein de la RNMR; ii) une compréhension de l'évolution des dynamiques spatio-temporelles à la lumière des facteurs de variations identifiés (aménagements, aménités, crise requin, tourisme, etc.), et iii) une contribution à la gestion par le développement d'indicateurs sociaux (gouvernance, pressions), et à la recherche interdisciplinaire par une confrontation des données de fréquentation et des données écologiques du milieu. La réflexion menée dans le cadre de cette thèse apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les usages et la fréquentation des littoraux coralliens à La Réunion, et leur traduction en termes de pression anthropique directe. Pensé pour être reproductible et optimisé en termes de coût, cet outil permet la production d’un ensemble d’indicateurs dont l’intégration au plan de gestion dépend exclusivement des choix stratégiques du gestionnaire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/
tel-01308703
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703/file/Th%C3%A8se_Lemahieu.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : De nombreuses études, dans des domaines variés (économie, statistiques, géographie…), s’attachent en effet à saisir les contraintes que fait peser la géographie sur la réussite économique des îles. Pour la plupart d’entre elles, l’insularité se présente comme une donnée négative qui génère une série de handicaps difficilement surmontables (exiguïté du territoire, faible peuplement, surcoûts, etc.). Cependant les perspectives de développement de ces territoires isolés en permanence par la mer, dotés de possibilités réduites en termes d’espace, de ressources naturelles ou humaines, ou de taille de marché, ne sont pas systématiquement vouées à l’échec.
Numerous studies in various fields (economics, statistics, geography, etc.), have attempted to define the constraints posed by geographic reality on the economic success of the islands. For the most part, these studies present insularity as a handicap difficult to overcome (limited territorial extent, sparse population, higher costs, etc.). Nevertheless the development prospects of these territories permanently isolated by the sea, with reduced opportunities in terms of space, natural resources or human, or market size, are not necessarily doomed to failure

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.509
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/509

Résumé : Dans le cas des DOM, singulièrement la Guadeloupe, qui sont à l'aube de l'expérimentation de réformes profondes de politiques économiques, l'élaboration d'un outil de simulation macroéconomique tel qu'un MEGC apparaît naturellement comme une exigence plus que souhaitable. Ce recours à la construction de modèles spécifiques pour les DOM est en parfaite cohérence avec l'une des principales conclusions du rapport d'information diligenté par le Sénat aux lendemains de la crise sociale du début de l'année 2009. Les appels à projet de la Commission europèenne et du Ministère de l'Outre-mer vont justement dans le sens de pallier celte carence puisque la politique économique des RUP de façon générale est conduite à vue sans aucun outil d'investigation ex ante. Nous avons conçu plusieurs modèles. Parmi eux, CloDyn est le premier modèle macroéconomique pour les DOM à vocationopérationnelle. Composée de plus de 2000 équations, ce modèle d'équilibre général calculable tient compte de nombreuses rigidités sur les marchés des biens et services et du travail et se décline sous deux versions: statique et dynamique. Les élasticités ont fait l'objet d'estimations économétriques. Il tient compte de nombreuses spécificités tant au niveau de la fiscalité de ces régions (octroi de mer, taxe sur les carburants, subventions à l'exportation) que du coût des facteurs (exonérations des charges sur les bas salaires, sur rémunératio des fonctionnaires). Il repose sur une formalisation des mécanismes en oeuvre dans ces économies que nous avons appelé le DOM disease pour expliquer les dysfonctionnements persistants sur le plan macroéconomique.
In the case of the French overseas regions, particularly of Guadeloupe, which are just beginning to experiment with economic policies radical reforrns, the development of a macroeconomic simulation tool such as a CGE model appears naturally as a highly desirable requirement. The use of the construction of specifie models for DOM is fully consistent with a major finding of the report commissioned by the Senate in the aftermath of the social crisis of the early 2009. As a malter of facts, the purpose of the calls for project initiated by the European Commission and the Ministry of Overseas is to remedy this deficiency, since the RUP economie policy is generally to conduct no investigation tool ex ante. We designed several models. Among them, CloDyn is the first operational DOM-based macroeconomic rnodel. Composed of more than 2000 equations, this computable general equilibrium model takes into account many rigidities in the markets for goods and services and labor and is available in two versions: static and dynamic. Elasticities have been econometrically estimated. lt rests on many features of both taxation (dock dues, fuel tax, export subsidies) and the cost factors (exemption from charges on low wages, remuneration of civil servants). Il is based on a formalization of the mechanisms at work in these economies we calied the DOM disease to explain the persistent failures in such economies. lt also evaluates the monetary poverty among households with the use of a block of microsimulation model and we allow a profane in GAMS to use this tool and conduct its own analytical work thanks to a user friendly interface.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0411/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD MDPI
Résumé : International audience
AbstractThis review provides a global overview of microporous silica based membranes for desalination via pervaporation with a focus on membrane synthesis and processing, transport mechanisms and current state of the art membrane performance. Most importantly, the recent development and novel concepts for improving the hydro-stability and separating performance of silica membranes for desalination are critically examined. Research into silica based membranes for desalination has focussed on three primary methods for improving the hydro-stability. These include incorporating carbon templates into the microporous silica both as surfactants and hybrid organic-inorganic structures and incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles into the silica matrix. The literature examined identified that only metal oxide silica membranes have demonstrated high salt rejections under a variety of feed concentrations, reasonable fluxes and unaltered performance over long-term operation. As this is an embryonic field of research several target areas for researchers were discussed including further improvement of the membrane materials, but also regarding the necessity of integrating waste or solar heat sources into the final process design to ensure cost competitiveness with conventional reverse osmosis processes. © 2012 by the authors.
ISSN: 2073-4441

hal-01683200
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683200
DOI : 10.3390/w4030629

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecoscience
Résumé : International audience
Hymenoptera pollinators and figs (ripe or unripe) of Ficus vallis-choudae are protected from the predatory activity of myrmicine ants (Atopomyrmex mocquerisi; Crematogaster clariventris; Cremato gaster sp.) by other ants (Camponotus acvapimensis and Camponotus brutus; Formicinae) who attack neither unripe figs nor the pollinator. On trees occupied by Atopomyrmex and Crematogaster, and on trees invaded by columns of workers after recruitment by scouts, the predatory activity begins when the fig wasps emerge. Then, the ants attack unripe figs (asynchronization in ripeness), destroying whole figs of certain trees. The male function of the trees through pollen dispersal by fig wasps is, therefore, severely reduced, while the female function (seed dispersal) is affected only on unripe figs before fig wasp emergence. We recorded 13 ant species on the 73 Ficus vallis-choudae of the Batchenga savanna (Cameroon) studied, but only the five previously cited species were able to occupy an entire fig tree. The three Myrmicinae which have a status of dominant (large colony size; strong territoriality vis-à-vis other dominant species; can tolerate non-dominant species) tended scale insects. Both Camponotus species (and the eight other ant species) are non-dominant (small colony size), but are able to occupy a whole tree under certain conditions (here, when they tend the tettigometrid Hilda undata) and to be territorial. Their status corresponds, therefore, to that of sub-dominant. Tests of aggressiveness showed that each ant species is aggressive towards alien conspecifics. C. brutus individuals were tolerated on fig trees occupied by Atopomyrmex mocquerisi or by Crematogaster clariventris, while workers of both latter species, who do not tolerate one another, were not tolerated on fig trees occupied by C. brutus. In this situation, the cost-benefit for the trees depends on the ant species that occupies their foliage; C. brutus, when tending tettigometrids, is advantageous. There is, therefore, an indirect influence of the tettigometrids on the production of fig pollinating wasps and seeds. Chez Ficus vallis-choudae, les figues, matures ou non, et leurs hyménoptères pollinisateurs sont protégés de l'activité prédatice de la part de trois espèces de fourmis Myrmicinae (Atopomyrmex mocquerisi; Crematogaster clariventris; Crematogaster sp.) par d'autres fourmis (Camponotus acvapimensis et Camponotus brutus; Formicinae) qui, elles, ne s'attaquent ni aux figues non matures, ni aux pollinisateurs. L'action prédatrice des Atopomyrmex et des Crematogaster débute à l'émergence des pollinisateurs et sétend sur des figuiers qu'elles n'occupent pas grâce à la formation de colonnes recrutées par des ouvrières éclaireuses. Ensuite, elles attaquent les figues moins mûres (asynchronie dans la maturation), toutes les figues d'un arbre pouvant être détruites. La fonction mâle de l'arbre est donc sévèrement réduite via la prédation des pollinisateurs. La fonction femelle est moins affectée, les figues, au moment de l'émergence des pollinisateurs ayant des graines matures. Nous avons recensé 13 espèces de fourmis sur les 73 Ficus vallis-choudae étudiés dans la savane de Batchenga (Cameroun), mais uniquement les cinq espèces citées ci-haut peuvent occuper un figuier entier. Les trois Myrmicinae sont des « dominantes » (grosses colonies; forte territorialité contre les autres dominantes; peuvent tolérer des « non-dominantes » ) qui exploitent des cochenilles. Les deux Camponotus (ainsi que les huit autres espèces) appartiennent au lot des « non-dominantes » (petites colonies), mais dans certaines situations (ici, lorsqu'elles exploitent le Tettigometridae Hilda undata) elles peuvent aussi occuper un arbre entier et en défendre l'accès. On les qualifie alors de « sub-dominantes » . Des tests d'agressivité ont permis de montrer que chaque espèce est agressive vis-à-vis d'ouvrières étrangères conspécifiques, que les ouvrières de Camponotus brutus sont tolérées sur les figuiers occupés par Atopomyr ex mocquerisi ou par Crematogaster clariventris, alors que les ouvrières de ces deux espèces, qui ne se tolèrent pas entre elles, ne sont pas tolérées sur les figuiers occupés par Camponotus brutus. Dans ces conditions, le rapport coût/bénéfice pour l'arbre dépend de l'espèce de fourmi qui l'occupe, Camponotus brutus étant l'espèce avantageuse, grâce à l'exploitation des tettigomètres. En conséquence, il y a une influence indirecte du tettitogomètre sur la production d'insectes pollinasiteurs et de graines.
ISSN: 1195-6860

hal-01214443
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01214443
DOI : 10.2307/42902390

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Dans la période post-abolitionniste - entre 1848 et 1861 - des milliers de Kongos arrivèrent en Guadeloupe avec le statut d’immigrés pour relancer la production sucrière. Méprisés, ils eurent beaucoup de mal à s'intégrer dans la société créole et ne le firent qu'au prix d'un abandon progressif de leurs traditions, de leur langue, de leur culture et de leur identité. La famille Massembo, malgré un coût social et psychologique, avait conservé et perpétué ses traditions culturelles kongos à travers la cérémonie du « grapp a kongo ». Aujourd’hui, elle est quasiment sortie des ténèbres et son identité affirmée et reconnue.
In the post-abolitionist - between 1848 and 1861 - thousands of Kongos arrived in Guadeloupe with the status of immigrants to boost sugar production. Despised, they had great difficulty integrating into society Creole and did not at the cost of a move away from their traditions, language, culture and identity. Massembo family, despite a high social and psychological had preserved and perpetuated cultural traditions Kongos through the ceremony of "cluster has Kongo". Today it is virtually out of the darkness and identity affirmed and recognized.
Guadeloupe
Congo

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5795
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5795

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
DNA sequencing technology is becoming more accessible to a variety of researchers as costs continue to decline. As researchers begin to sequence novel transcriptomes, most of these data sets lack a reference genome and will have to rely on de novo assemblers. Making comparisons across assemblies can be difficult: each program has its strengths and weaknesses, and no tool exists to comparatively evaluate these data sets. We developed software in R, called Sequence Comparative Analysis using Networks (SCAN), to perform statistical comparisons between distinct assemblies. SCAN uses a reference data set to identify the most accurate de novo assembly and the ``good'' transcripts in the user's data. We tested SCAN on three publicly available transcriptomes, each assembled using three assembly programs. Moreover, we sequenced the transcriptome of the oomycete Achlya hypogyna and compared de novo assemblies from Velvet, ABySS, and the CLC Genomics Workbench assembly algorithms. One thousand one hundred twenty-eight of the CLC transcripts were statistically similar to the reference, compared with 49 of the Velvet transcripts and 937 of the ABySS transcripts. SCAN's strength is providing statistical support for transcript assemblies in a biological context. However, SCAN is designed to compare distinct node sets in networks, therefore it can also easily be extended to perform statistical comparisons on any network graph regardless of what the nodes represent.
ISSN: 0737-4038

hal-01544800
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544800
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/mst087

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Energy is a critical enabler. In tropical countries, access to modern electricity is vital to reducing poverty and improving health, increasing productivity and promoting economic growth. However, the International Energy Agency reported in 2015 more than 1.2 billion people still did not have access to electricity in 2013, around 80% of them live in developing and tropical countries. Then, the same agency report also in 2016 around 6.5 million premature deaths each year can be attributed to air pollution. Therefore, it is time to support appropriate renewable energy developments, particularly the river hydrokinetic developments seems to be a better solution in tropics because of large and powerful rivers in these areas.In French Guiana, 35% of the inland populations are still not connected to the electrical grid (Région Guyane, 2012). This could be ascribed to the fact that extending grid wires hundreds of kilometers through difficult terrain and thick jungles just to serve a small remote village is economically unviable initiative (Ajan et al., 2003; Anyi et al., 2010). As an alternative, French Guiana and most of the tropical countries resort to diesel-powered generators which requires significant imports of expensive fuel, difficult to bring into remote areas (Région Guyane, 2012).This works proposes guidelines to estimate river hydrokinetic fluxes in the vicinity of remote communities in tropics. The method is applied to identify and characterise potential sites along an important reach of the Maroni river in French Guiana. First, a novel method to carry out river terrain elevation model is presented and some results about the Maroni river are reported. It begins from how to conduct ADCP survey, which corrections on them should be made and ends up by interpolating bathymetry over curvilinear profiles which handle the flow lines. That approach involves how mutli-source data (sparse ADCP-cross profiles, incomplete LiDAR tiles and hydroligic data) are merged and combined to estimate local cross section shape, maximum water depth and carry out cross profile in ungauged sites.This is followed by a deep characterisation about time-evolution of hydrokinetic fluxes field in the areas of interest by implementation of a full 2D hydrodynamic model (TELEMAC2D) over an important reach of the Maroni river. To optimise computational cost, river sections outside the areas of interest are modelled as a porous media where only the flows variables up and down stream must fulfil the field data.
CAS
Deshaies, Guadeloupe

hal-01514240
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01514240

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le débat théorique sur les migrations et la famille connait une ambivalence allant du postulat de la migration comme une logique « individualiste » et de distanciation de la famille à celui de la migration vue comme une stratégie de survie portée par le réseau familial. C’est dans le but de contribuer à ce débat que le présent texte aborde l’analyse du processus migratoire sous l’angle des stratégies déployées par les migrants « Hloua » de la côte béninoise. Quatre dimensions ont particulièrement retenu notre attention : la prise de décision, le financement et l’organisation du voyage, l'intégration dans le milieu d’accueil, et les rapports maintenus avec le milieu d'origine.L’analyse s’appuie sur les récits de migration collectés auprès de migrants de retour ou de membres de familles restés au village, ceci dans le cadre d’une enquête plus large sur la pauvreté et les stratégies de survie dans le milieu de la pêche artisanale (Avloh, Ayiguinnou et Agoué) au Bénin. Cette analyse de récit a été complétée par des analyses de type quantitatif sur la fréquence des recours pour l’organisation et la prise de décision, la fréquence de recours pour l’insertion résidentielle et professionnelle, et le montant des envois de fonds. Les résultats montrent la place centrale du réseau familial le long du processus migratoire depuis la prise de décision, l’organisation du voyage, le « confiage » de la femme et des enfants du migrant, à l’établissement résidentiel et l’insertion professionnelle dans le milieu d’accueil. Ce réseau organise et structure efficacement le phénomène migratoire en intervenant lors des étapes décisives. Cependant, une fois insérés, les rapports maintenus avec le réseau familial se limitent pour la plupart à une solidarité affective, caractérisée par des contacts téléphoniques ou transferts de message et quelques envois de fonds largement en deçà des attentes. Ce qui fait dire de plus en plus que le migrant diminue le capital social de la famille sans pour autant y contribuer de façon substantielle sur le plan financier : Un paradoxe qui pourrait bien trouver son explication dans les recherches futures sous une perspective dynamique des migrations.
The theoretical debate on migration and family is ambivalent. Migration can be seen from an “individualist’’ and distant logic of the family or, on the other hand, migration can be viewed as a strategy of survival for the family network. It is in the objective of contributing to this debate, the present article will analyze the migration process from a migrant strategy perspective, more specifically from the perspective of the “Hloua” migrants off the Benin coast. Four dimensions are of particular interest: the decision making process, the cost and organization of the trip, integration in the host community and the maintenance of relations with the host community. Within a large scale research on poverty and the strategies of survival of artisan fishing (Avloh, Ayiguinnou et Agoué) in Bénin, the present analysis is based on migration stories collected from returning migrants or from family members still living in the village. This story analysis has been completed with quantitative analyses on the frequency of the use of organization and decision making, the frequency of the use of residential and professional insertion, and the amount of remittances. The results show the central place of family ties during the migratory process from the start of the decision making process, the travel planning, the entrusting of the women and children of the migrant, to the residential establishment and the professional insertion in the host society. This network organizes and structures efficiently the migratory phenomenon by intervening during the decisive steps. However, once inserted, the connections maintained with the family network are limited for the majority to an affective solidarity characterized by telephone contacts or message transfers, and sometimes remittances sent back largely lower to the family’s expectations. This results more and more in the migrant diminishing the social capital of the family without always contributing in some substantially way on the financial side. A paradox which could find its explanation in future researches under a perspective of migrations’ dynamics.
Bénin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5785
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5785

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : One of the major challenges in forest ecology is to understand the ecology, physiology and potential responses of the> 250000 species of vascular plants of the planet through the categorization of this diversity into functional groups. This approach is essentially based on functional traits analysis, but few investigations were made in tropical areas. The aim of this study was to determine functional groups in two contrasted tropical ecosystems, dry (DF) and mountain rain (MRF) forest (respectively rainfall of 1 200 mm/year and 10 000 mm/year). Guadeloupe Island in FWI presents both these ecosystems spread over less 100 km. In a first time, we developed an original species typology based on 7 "soft" traits, easy to measure (stomatal density, leaf trichom density, chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen content, specific leaf area, wood density, leaf area, plant height). The method was based on principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) applied to these traits measured at the individual level (Blazy et al., 2009). In a second time, we evaluated the relevance of these soft trait-based groups compared to a typology based on 5 "hard" ecophysiological traits, more costly to quantify but with higher functional significance (difference between predawn and minimum leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, maximal carbon assimilation rate, leaf water potential at 90% of loss of stem hydraulic conductivity). When performed on the dominant canopy species in DF and MRF (a total of 13 species and 60 mature individuals), the typological approach based on soft traits seems relevant to discriminate groups with a distinct functional reality. Through both ecosystems, we obtained 4 homogenous groups. Two were exclusively composed by DF's or MRF's species, indicating that a functional strategy can be linked to specific environmental conditions. The two other groups showed a mix of DF and MRF species indicating that different functional strategies can coexist in the same environment. These mixed groups seem distinct by their ecophysiological features, particularly in term of hydraulic characteristics. One group was composed by drought tolerant species, water spender species, with a high xylem embolism resistance, whereas the second one was composed by water saver species, less resistant to embolism. Therefore, a determination of functional groups based on soft traits could be useful to model ecosystem's responses to environmental changes on a global scale.
Book of Abstracts - isem 2013 - Ecological Modelling for Ecosystem Sustainability
Toulouse, France

hal-00964668
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964668